词义猜测题解题技巧.
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高考阅读理解词义猜测题解题技巧
猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，
也是高 考阅读理解中必考的题型。
它不但需要准确无误地
理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或 认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、
定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索 等确定词义。
一、题型特点与命题方式
此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其 是猜测词组、句义题。
因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背
景、句子结够、文章主旨、作者的观点 态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的
关键。
近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，
加大了猜测力度。
命题者着重考查考生利用同义
或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉 等理解生词的能力。
【命题趋势】
1
、要求根据阅读材料所提供 的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的
含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义 以及一些句子的意思。
2
、要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义 、对比、因果、联想、上下文
等线索确定词义的具体内容。
3
、代词复指理 解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用
“
逻辑关系梳理法
”
、
“
递向寻踪法
”
理清人
物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。
【设问形式】
The underlined word “…” in the second(third…) paragraph refers to(means) ______.
By saying “…” in the first(second…) paragraph, the author means
that ______.
In paragraph …, “…” can be replaced by “______”.
The meaning of “…” in paragraph… is related to ______.
Which of the following has the closest meaning to…(paragraph…)?
The underlined sentence in the … paragraph probably means that _____.
二、解题思路与应试技巧
做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、
句 子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。
因此熟练掌握一
些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。
命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，
我们要特
别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观 臆断。
下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。
1
、根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的 词或短语，
下面接着出现其定义或解释，
这就是判断
该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如 ：
Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
句子给予
annealing
以明确的定义，即
“
退火
”
。
It will be very hard but also very brittle
—
that is, it will break easily.
从后面
that is(
也 就是说
)
的解释中我们可以了解到
brittle
是
“
脆< br>”
的意思。
The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中
looks after sheep
就表明了
herdsman
的词义为
“
牧羊人
”
。
【考例】
（
2014
福建卷，
E
篇）
73.
The
underlined
words
“tipping
points”
most
probably
refer
to
“_______”.
A. freezing points
B. burning points
C. melting points
D. boiling points
【解析】
C
。请看原文：
In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal
emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting
（融化）
of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.
根据后一句的
such as the melting
（融
化）
of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.
可知
tipping points
的意思是
“
融点
”
。
（
2013
山东卷，
C
篇）
underlined word “daunting” in Paragraph 1 most probably means
__________.
A. discouraging
B. interesting
C. creative
D. unbearable
【解析】
A
。
请看文章第一段：
When Andrea Peterson landed her first teaching job, she faced the
daunting task of creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a
climate where standards-based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students
and teachers.
由后半句的解释
“…with
almost no money for equipment or supplies…”
可知此项任务不可能是
“interest ing”
或
“creative”
，而她的教学工作也与
“unbearab le”
无关，故
A
项正确。
2
、根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，< br>对前面的词进行解释，
这时可利用同位关系对
前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.
同位语部分
a large building in old times
给出了
castle
的确切词义，即古时候的
“
城堡
”
。
We are on the night shift
—
from midnight to 8 a.m.
—
this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明
night shift
是
“
夜班
”
的意思。
The “Chunnel”, a tunnel(
隧道
) connecting England and France, is now complete.
此句中
a tunnel connecting England and France
是
Chunnel
的同位语。因此，
The “Chunnel”
就
是英法之间的海底隧道。
【考例】
（
2013
上海卷，
C
篇）
82.
The
word
“favouritism”
in
paragraph
3
is
used
to
describe
the
phenomenon that________.
A. bright children also need certificates go get satisfying jobs.
B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs
C. poor children with certificates are favored in job markets
D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success
【解析】
B
。
请看原文：
Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly
respected schools and from families known to them
—
a form of favoritism will replace equality.
破折号后的句子是对前面进 行解释说明的，二者是同位关系，因此要猜测
favoritism
的意思
可从前面句 子的意思入手。答案为
B
。
3
、根据构词法（合成、派生、转化等）进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以 在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个
词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知 识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
“Our
parties
are
aimed
for children
2
to
10,”
Anaclerio
said,
“and
they’re
very
interactive
and
creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
文中
interactive
是由前缀
inter-(
相互的
)
和
active
（活动的 ，活跃的）而构成的，同时根据上
下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是
“
互动的”
。
Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?
possibility
是
possible
的同根名词，
据此可以判断定
possibility
意思是
“
可能性
”
。
【考例】
（
2014
全国卷
I
，
B
篇）
62.
The
underlined
word
“fixture”
in
Paragraph
3
probably
refers
to
something ______.
A. that people enjoy eating
B. that is always present
C. that is difficult to get
D. that people use as a gift
【解析】
B
。
请看文章原句：
The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold
pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.
从文章意思可知，< br>这种新型菠萝很畅销，当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客。另外根据构词知识可知，
该词的 词根是
fix
，含有
“
固定
”
之意。
4
、根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent.
So the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果
“
永远不能再运动
”
中，可以推测
permanent
的意思为
“
永远的，永久的
”
。
The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And
without
a
degree
from
a
prestigious
university,
they
fear
that
many
of
life’s
doors
will
remain
forever
closed.”
< br>学生认为考试分数低就不可能进入一所好大学，
而没有
“
名校
”
的毕业文凭，
将来生活中的很
多大门可能就会对他们永远关闭。由此推知
A prestigious university
应是
a famous university
（名校）
。
【考例】
(2014
北京卷，
C
篇
)
66.
The
underlined
sentence
in
the
last
paragraph
probably
means
that
______.
A. the problem is not approached step by step
B. the researchers so far have faults in themselves
C. the problem is too difficult for researchers to detect
D. research in this area is not enough to make generalized patterns
【解析】
D
。句意猜测题。由前面一句
“We have a very limited number of studies”
可知，由于
研究的对 象非常有限，所以对于房间设计影响人们的工作和情绪这一现象只是
“
管中窥豹
”，
局限性太强。
紧跟后面一句
“How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad,
generalized use of them?”
做了进一步说明，房间设计影响居住者 工作和情绪这一理论正确与
否还有待进一步验证。
(2014
安徽卷，
B
篇
)
60. The words “boats on land” underlined in Para
graph 2 refer to __
A. animals for taking goods
B. creatures for pulling plows
C. treasures of the folk culture
D. tools in the farming economy
【解析】
A
。
请看原文：
Of course, the good of oxen is not limited to plowing. In fact, they are seen
as “boats on land” for their ability to carry loads.
由划线词后原因的解释
for their ability to carry
loads
可以很轻松的得到结果：牛被看做
“
陆地之舟
”
，是一种运输货物的动物。
5
、根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词
it, that, this, he, him
或
them
可以指上文提到的人或物，其 中
it
和
that
还可以
指一件事。
有时代词指代的对象相 隔较远，
要认真查找；
也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行
总结，才能得出代词所指代的 事。例如：
Like
Schmid,
the
editors
of
several
self-published
art
magazines
also
champion
(
捍卫
)
found
photographs.
One
of
them,
called
simply
Found,
was
born
one
snowy
night
in
Chicago,
when
Davy
Rothbard
returned
to
his
car
to
find
under
his
wiper(
雨刷
)
an
angry
note
intended
for
someone else: “Why’s your car HERE at HER place?”
them
指的是前面出现的
self-published art magazines
。
However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of
scientists are seriously thinking about it.
it
指的是月球人
(moon people)
所问的问题（
the question
）
。
【考例】
(2014
四川卷，
E
篇
) 58. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “______”.
A. the energy benefit
B. the forest loss
C. climate change
D. burning ethanol
【解析】
A
。
请看原文：
Finally, over many years, the energy benefit from burning ethanol would
make up for the forest loss. But by then, climate change would have progressed so far that it might
not help.
燃烧乙醇带来的能源方面的好处可能会弥 补失去森林的损失，
但是到那时，
气候的
变化已经太大，
“
这
”
也于事无补了。由此判断，
it
指前面提到的
the energy benefit
。
(2014
安徽卷，
E
篇
) 73. What does the word “this” underlined in the third paragraph refer to?
A. We will lose much more than we can gain.
B. Humans have begun destroying rainforests.
C. People have a strong desire for resources.
D. Much carbon dioxide comes from burning rainforests.
【解析】
A
。
this
指代前文提到的
“but we will suffer much more than we will benefit”
，意思是
“
砍
伐森林带来短期利益，但是从长远来看，我们遭受的损失远大于获得的 利益
”
。因此选择
A
项。
(2014
浙江卷，
A
篇
) 42. What does the underlined phrase “her gift” (Paragraph 2) r
efer to?
A. Her words.
B. Her smile.
C. Her flowers.
D. Her politeness.
【解析】
B
。
请看原文：
She smiled. It was a nice smile
—
warm and reassuring
—
and I retuned her
gift by smiling back.
从前句话中可以知道
her gift
指的是
“smile”
。
6
、根据同义关系进行猜测
当词或短语之间有并列连词
and < br>或
or
时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，
由此确定同等关系中 的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。
Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.
This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
作者为避免重 复使用
endanger
一词，用其同义词
jeopardize
来替代它， 由此推知其词义为
“
使
……
陷入危险，危及、危害
”
。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as
harmful.
句中
detrimenta l
是个生词，但判断出
harmful
替代
detrimental
后，不难推断出其词义为
“
不
利的，有害的
”
。
【考例】
（
2014
重庆卷，
B
篇）
62. What doe
s the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to?
A. Ways that help one to focus.
B. Words that help one to feel less tense.
C. Activities that turn one’s attention away.
D. Habits that make it hard for one to relax.
【解析】
C
。请看原文：
When thi
ngs are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can’t
achieve something. Then, there are other distractions, such as family or hobbies.
由前面的
other
可
知
distractions
是与第 一句意思基本相同，第一句话表达的是让人注意力分散的事情，结合
上下文可知
答案为
C
。
（
2014
天津卷，
A
篇）
37. What does the underlined
phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably
mean?
A. Change suddenly. B. Change significantly.
C. Disappear mysteriously. D. Disappear very slowly.
【解析】
D
。请看原文：
Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the
people
and
the
other
by
the
government.
As
in
many
areas,
old habits
died
hard,
and
the
place
continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.
根据下文
“the place
continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost”
可知前后是同义关系，
die hard
意思是
“
顽固< br>”
，同
D
项意义接近。
7
、根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如
but,
however,
otherwise
等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从
而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
另外，分号也可以表示转折、
对比或不相干的
意义。例如：
She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but
一词表转折，
因此
but
前后的意思正好相反。
后 半句的意思是她今天
“
第一节上了一半才
来
”
，因此反向推理，可得 出她平时一向
“
准时
”
的结论。
【考例】
（
2014
陕西卷，
C
篇）
50.
The
phrase
“hold
water”
in
the
last
paragraph
most
probably
means“_______”.
A. to be believable
B. to be valuable
C. to be admirable
D. to be suitable
【解析】
A
。请看文章原句：
Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs
don’t hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives’ tales
文章中本句意思是：即使科学
能告诉我们一些传统的想法是经不起检验的，
但
“
老人言
”
中还有很 多正确的东西。
根据前后
转折的意思可知，
hold water
在此处意思是：经得起检验的，值得相信的。
(2014
江苏卷，
A
篇
) 56. The underlined wor
d “ally” in Para. 3 most likely means somebody or
something that is ______.
A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you
C. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you
【解析】
B
。请看原文：
We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take
control of it and make it our ally.
前一句说“
我们可以让时间流逝或让它成为我们的敌人
”
，下
面一句由
o r
引出，表示相反的意思，即：我们可以控制时间，让时间成为我们的朋友来支
持我们。
8
、通过上下文理解猜测词义
通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。
【考例】
（
2014
重庆卷，
A
篇）
59. What does the underline
d word “antics” refer to?
A. Smart words.
B. Unusual actions.
C. Surprising Looks. D. Anxious feelings.
【解析】
B
。由上文
she
rushed
in,
seized
the
phone,
tore
off
the
wires,
and
shouted
at
the
phone…And she swept it into the wastebasket.
以及
She stepped to the doorway and shouted at the
rest
of
the
house,
“Now
hear
this!
All
objects
in
this
room
—
if
you
do
anything
to
upset
my
husband, out you go!”
可知， 作者的妻子听到作者的吼叫声后，做了一些古怪的事情，如将
电话机扔进垃圾箱、
对着屋子里的 东西喊话等。
而正是她的这些古怪的行为让作者突然意识
到了自己的失控。由上文这些信息可推 知
“antics”
指的是
Unusual actions
。