助动词与情态动词教案
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2021年01月30日 13:42
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-
语
法
复
习
十
一
:
助
动
词
与
情
态
动
词
(一)助动词有
be, have, do, will, shall
。它们本身没有词义,只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合
谓语,用来表示时态和语态,构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。
1
、
be (am, is, are, were, been)
(l)
“
be + -ing
”构成进行时态;(
2
)“
be +
过去分词”构成被动语态;(
3
)“
be +
动词不定式”
构成复合谓语:①表示按计划安排要发生的事。
The prime minister is to visit Japan next year.
总理
将于明年访问日本。②
用于命令。
You're to do your homework before you watch TV.
你得做完了作业才
能看电视。
2
、
have (has, had)
(1)
“
have+
过去分词”构成完成时态。如:
Have you seen the film ? (2)
“
have been + -ing
”构成
完成进行时态。如:
What have you been doing these days?
这些日子你一直在干什么
?
3
、
do (does, did)
(1)
“
do
not
+
动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如:His
brother
doesn’t
like
playing
basket.;
(2)
“
Do +
主语
+
动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。
Does he go
to
school by bike every day? (3)
“
do +
动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如:I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in
我确实去看望他了,但他不在家。
Do do some work.
请一定做点什么;
(4)
代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重
复。
My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.
, shall (would, should)
“
will (sha ll+
动词原形”构成一般将来时,一般来说
shall
用于第一人称,
wi ll
用于第二人称或第
三人称,口语中常用
will
代替
shll< br>,如:
We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.
(二)情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要” 、“必须”或
“应当”等之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用,必须和不带< br>to
的不定式连用
构成谓语动词。只有情态动词
ought
要和带to
的动词不定式连用,在句中作谓语用。
将情态动词置于主语 之前即构成其疑问式,在情态动词之后加
not
既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的
基 本用法分述如下:
1
、
can
和
could (could
为
can
的过去式
)
的基本用法
(1)
表示能力,如:
He can speak English better than you. (2)
在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、
“猜测”或“可能性”,如:
Can this green bike be Liu Dong's? (3)
表示“许可”时
c an
可以和
may
换
用,如:
You can (may) go home now. (4)
如果要表示语气婉转,可用
could
代替
ca n
,这时
could
不再是
can
的过去式,如:
Coul d you come again tomorrow? (5)can
和
be able to
都可表示能力,两者在意思上
没有什么区别。但是
can
只能有现在式和 过去式,而
be able to
则有更多的形式,如:
He will be able to
do the work better.
2
、
may
和
might (might
为
may
的过去式
)
的基本用法
(1)
表示允许或征询对方许可,有“可以”之意,如:
You may use my dictionary.
在回答对方说“可
以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时,一般多不用< br>may
或
may
not
,以避免语气生硬或不容气。而用比较婉转
的说法进行回答。如:
---- May I use this dictionary? ---- Yes, please.
或
---- Certainly.
在请
求对方许可时,如果
Might I
…
?
就比用
May I
…
?
语气更婉转些,如:
May I have a look at your new
computer?
但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时,要用
must
not
代替
may
not
,如:
----
May
we
swim
in this lake? ----
No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous.
(2)may
或
might
都可以表示可能性,表
示“或许”、“可能”之 意,如果用
might
表示可能性,则语气更加不肯定,如:
They may
(might)
be
in
the library now .
3
、
must
的基本用法
(1)must
表示“必须”、“应该”之意,其否定式
must not
,缩写形式为
mustn't
,表示“不应
该”,“不准”、“不许可”或“禁止”之意,如:
We
must
study
hard
and
make
progress
every
day.
You
mustn't
touch
the
fire.
(2)
对以
must
提出的疑问句,如作否定回答时,要用
needn't
或用< br>don't
(doesn't)
have to (
不
必
)
来回答,而不用
mustn't
,因为
mustn't
表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意,如:
----
Must we finish the work tomorrow? ---- No, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish it
in three days. ( 3)
在肯定句中
must
可以表示推测,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,如:
---- Whose new
bike can it be? ---- It must be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one.
4
、
can, could, may, must
后接完成式的用法
(1)can, could
后接完成式的用法 :①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑”或“不
肯定”的态度,
Could he have said so?
②在肯定句中,可以表示过去可能做到而实际并没做到的事情,< br>有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。如:
---- When did you answer her letter? ---- Only yesterday. ----
It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure. (2)may, might
后接完成式的用法
①
表示对过去 某事的推测,认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用
might
,语气就比较婉转或更加 不肯
定,如:
Mary might have learned some Chinese before.
②可以表示过去本来可以做到而实
际没有做到
的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气,如:
You
didn't
do
the
work
well
that
day.
You
might
have
done
it better. (3)must
后接完成式的用法:表示对过去某事的推测,认为某事在过去一定做到
了,如:
Liu
Dong isn’t in the classroom. He mu
st have gone to the library.
5
、
have to
的基本用法:
have to
和
must
的意义相近,只是
must
侧重表示说话人的主观看法,而
6
、
ought to
的基本用法
(l)
表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事,语气比< br>should
强,例如:
Everyone ought to obey the
traffic regulations. (2)
表示推测,注意与
must
表示推测时的区别:
He must be home by now .(
断定他
已到家
)
,
He ought to be home by now .(
不十分肯定
)
,
This is where the oil must be.(
比较直率
)
,
This is where the oil ought to be. (
比较含蓄
)
;
(3)
“
ought + have+
过去分词”表示过去应做某事
而
实际未做。例如:
Y
ou ought to have helped him. (but you didn’t)
这时,
ought
与
should
可以互
相换用。注意,在美国英语中
ought
to
用于否定和疑问句时
to
可以省略。例如:
Ought
you
smoke
so
much?
You oughtn’t smoke so much.
have to
则表示客观需要,如:
I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.
7
、
dare
的基本用法
(l)dare
(dared
为其过去式
)
作情态动词用时,主要用于否定句,疑问句和条件从句中,如:
Dared
he
bread the traffic regulations again? (2)
在现 代英语中
dare
常用作行为动词,其变化与一般行为动词
相同,如:
She dares to stay at home alone at night.
8
、
need
的基本用法
(1)need
作情态动词用时,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,如:
He needn't worry about us now.
(2)need
也可作为行为 动词用,
可用于肯定句,
否定句和疑问句中,
其后可接名词、
代词、
动名词或带
to
的
动词不定式为其宾语。如:
You need to practise reading aloud every day. (3)needn't
后接 完成式可以
表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情,如:
----
Did
you
answer
the
letter
yesterday?
----
Yes,
I
did.
----
But you needn’t have answered it.
9
、
shall
的基本用法
(1)shall
用 作情态动词时,用于第二、三人称,表示说活人的意愿,可表示“命令”、“警告”、
“强制”、“威胁 ”或“允诺”等意,如:
He shall go first, whether he wants to or not. (2)
在疑问
句中,
shall
用于第一、三人称, 表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示,如:
Shall I open the door?
10
、
should
的基本用法
(1)should作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”,有“应该”之意,如:
You
should
learn
from
each other. (2)should
后接 完成式表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情,或是做了本来不应该做的事情。
如:
You should have give him more help.
11
、
will
的基本用法
(1)
用于各人称,可以表示“意志”或“决心”,如:
I have told him again and again to stop
smoking, but he will not listen. (2)
在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询 问对方
的意愿,如:
Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium? (3)will
可以表示一种习惯性的动作,有“总是”或“会要”之意,如:
Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
12
、
would
的基本用法
(1)would
作为
will
的过去式,可用于各人称,表示过去时间的“意志”或“决心”,如:< br>He
promised
he would never smoke again. (2)
在疑问句中,用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或许问对方的
意 愿时,比用
will
的气更加婉转,如:
Would you like some more coffee? (3)
在日常生活中,学用“
I
would like to
…”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意,以使语气婉转,如:
I would like to do first.
(4)would
可以表示过去的习惯动作,比
used
to
正式,并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如:
Last
year
our
English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he
would visit me every week. (5)
表料想或猜想,如:
It would be about ten when he left home./ What
would she be doing there?/ I thought he would have told you about it.
13
、
used to, had better, would rather
的用法
(1)used to
表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在间接引语中,其形式可不变,例如:
He
told us he used to play foot ball when he was young.
在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中,
可有两种形式。疑问句:
Did you use to/ Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
否定
句:
I
usedn’t
to
/
didn’t
use
to
go
there.
(usedn’t 也可写作
usen’t);否定疑问句:Usen’t
you
to/
Didn’t
you
use
to
be
interested
in
the
theatre? 强调句:
I
certainly
used
to/
did
use
to
smoke,
but it was a long time ago.
;其反意疑问句或简略回答中,也有两种形式:
She used to be very fat.
didn’t she?/ use(d)n’t she? Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did./ Used you to get up early
in
the
morning?
Yes,
I
did./
used
to.
(2)had
be tter
意为“最好”,后接不带
to
的不定式,例如:
----
We had better go now . ---- Yes, we had (we'd better/ we had better).
/ Hadn’t we better stop
now?
(Had we better not stop now?)/ I think I’d better be going.
(
用于进行时态,表“最好立即”
)/ You
had better have done that (
用于完成时态,表未完成动作
)
注:
had better
用于同辈或小辈,对长辈不
可用。
(3)would rather
意为“宁愿”,表选择,后接不带
to
的不定式,例如:I’d rather not say
anything./
Would
you
rather
work
on
a
farm?/ ----
Wouldn’t
you
rather
stay
here?
----
No,
I
would
not. I’d rather go there. 由于
would rather
表选择,因
而后可接
than
,例如:
I would rather work
on a farm than in a factory. / I would rather watch TV than go to see the film/ I would rather