学术综合英语答案
玛丽莲梦兔
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2021年01月31日 18:19
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健康教育宣传-李玲玉年龄
学术综合英语答案
【篇一：学术综合英语
1-6
课课文及翻译】
ass=txt>
（做演讲）
of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable.
through
在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言
language we share experience, formulate values, exchange
ideas, transmit
来分享经验，表达
(
传递？
)
价值观，交换想法，传
播知识，
knowledge, and sustain culture. indeed, language is vital to
think itself.
传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror
reality but
also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to
events].
和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在
具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——
语序的调整。
good speakers have respect for language and know how it
works. words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. they have
special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. as a
speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and
know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and
appropriately.
好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让 它发挥更好的效果。词语
是演讲者演讲的重要
“
武器
”
，具有特殊的 用途，这和任何其他的工
作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要
懂得 如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。
using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using
numbers accurately to a accountant. never use a word unless
you are sure of its meaning. if you are not sure, look up the
word in the dictionary. as you prepare your speeches, ask
yourself
constantly, “what do i really wa
nt to say? what do i really
mean?” choose words that are precise and accurate.
演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确 定词
意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，
要不断地问自己：
“
我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？
”
用
词一定要精准。
using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your
meaning immediately. you can ensure this [by using familiar
words
（
that are known to the average person and require no
specialized background
）
; by choosing concrete words in
preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal
clutter].
用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这
一点，就要尽量使 用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；
多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。
using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. one
way (to make your
speech vivid)|is through imagery
，
or the creation of word
pictures. you can develop imagery by using concrete language,
simile, and metaphor. simile is an explicit comparison between
things
（
that are essentially different yet have something in
common
）
; it always contains the words “like”or “as”.
metaphor is an implicit
comparison between things that are different yet have
something i
n common; it does not contain the words “like” or
“as”.
生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，
可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻 要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐
喻。
明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相 同点的事物之间做一个明确的
比较，一般句中会含有
“
像
”
或
“
似
”
。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不
会出现
like
和
as
这些连接词。
another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the
rhythm of language. four devices for creating rhythm are
parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. parallelism
is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words,
phrases, or sentences. repetition is the use of the same word
or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses
or sentences. alliteration comes from repeating the initial
constant sounds of close or adjoining words. antithesis is the
juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.
我们还可以充分利用语言的节奏感使演 讲更加生动活泼。具体有以
下四种方式
——
排比，反复，押头韵和对偶。排比是指把一 组或一
系列相关的字词句以相似结构排列起来。反复是指在连续几个从句
或句子的开头或结尾处 使用相同的词和词组。押头韵则是通过重复
相邻之间单词首个辅音实现的。对偶通常是用平行的结构将相 反的
想法并列在一起。
using language appropriately means adapting to the
particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand. it also means
developing your own language style instead of trying to copy
someone else’s. if your language is appropriate in all respects,
your speech is much more likely to succeed.
用语恰当意味着遣词造句要与特定的场合，观众以及谈论的话题 相
适应。这也意味着你得建立自己的语言风格，不能简单抄袭他人。
如果使用的语言与各方面都 很契合，那么演讲就更有可能取得成功。
good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded
assertions. they need strong supporting materials to bolster
the speaker’s point of fact, the skillfu
l use of
supporting materials often makes the difference between a
good speech and a poor three basic types of
supporting materials are examples,statistics and testimony.
好的 演讲不能是空话连篇，也不能是一些毫无根据的论断；而是需
要有力的论据来支持演讲者的观点。事实上 ，能否有技巧地使用论
据会造成演讲效果的天壤之别。论据有以下三种基本形式：例子，
统计资 料，引用。
in the course of a speech you may use brief examples
—
specific instances referred to in passing
—
and sometimes you
may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a
stronger impression. extended examples
—
often called
illustrations, narrations, or anecdotes
—
are longer and more
etical examples describe imagery situations
and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the
audience. all three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to
reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas. to be more effective,
though, they should be vivid and richly
textured.
在演 讲时可以简单举例
——
即附带地提及几个具体的例子
——
有时
也需要 接二连三举例来加深印象。延伸举例
——
也叫解释、叙述或
轶事
——
更长更详尽。假设举例描述的是想象的情景，能够很好地
把想法传达给观众。这三种不同的例子都有助于 演讲者清晰地表达
观点，强调观点并使之打上演讲者的烙印。当然，要想演讲效果更
好，演讲本 身必须生动且结构丰富！
statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your
message, [as long as you use them sparingly and explain them
so they are meaningful to your audience.] above all, you
should understand your statistics and use them fairly.
numbers can easily be manipulated and distorted. make sure
{that your figures are representative of {what they claim to
measure},that you use statistical measures correctly, and that
you take statistics only from reliable sources.}
统计资料非常有助于演讲者传 递信息，因为当演讲者适量地运用这
些资料并加以解释时，听众就能更好地理解其中的意义。最重要的< br>是，演讲者必须理解这些统计资料并恰当使用。数字很容易被篡改、
误报，因此必须确保自己所使 用的数据不是张冠李戴的；必须确保
自己使用的统计措施是正确的；必须确保自己的统计资料来源是可< br>靠的。
testimony is especially helpful for student speakers, because
they are seldom
recognized as expects on their speech topics. citing the views
of people
（
who are experts
）
is a good way to make your
ideas more credible. when you include testimony in a speech,
you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their
words. as with statistics, there are guidelines for using
sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to
cite qualified unbiased sources. if the source is not generally
known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her
credentials.
引用他人观点看法对学生演讲者来说尤其有用，因为学生很少会被
视为他们演讲相关主题方面的专家。 引用专家的观点可以让你的想
法更可信。引用的时候，既可以逐字摘抄也可以自己总结一下。和
统计资料一样，引用也有原则可循
——
引用摘抄准确，来源合格无
偏见。如果观众对引 用来源不太熟悉，一定要（想办法）取得他们
的信任。
the impact of a speech is strongly affected by how the speech
is delivered. you
cannot make a speech without having something to say. but
having something to say is not must also know
how to say delivery does not call attention to
conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interestingly, and [without
distracting the audience].
演讲的效果如何很大程度上取决于演讲是怎么做的。无话可 说做不
好演讲，但要做好演讲，仅仅有话可说也是远远不够的，还要知道
如何说话才行。好的演 讲不是要唤起观众对演讲本身的注意，而是
要向观众清晰有趣地传递演讲者的想法，同时还要有观众聚精 会神
地聆听。
there are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading
verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text,
speaking with powerpoint, and speaking
extemporaneously, or impromptu. the last of these
—
speaking
extemporaneously
—
is the method (you probably will use for
classroom speeches and for most speeches
outside the classroom). when speaking extemporaneously,
you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline.
speaking with powerpoint is widely used now and very
effective indeed.
演讲有四种最 基本的方法：照本宣科式；背诵式；
ppt
辅助演讲式
和即兴演讲式。最后一项即兴演 讲是我们在课堂演讲和大部分课外
演讲中都要用到的方法
.
即兴演讲时，我们手上只有 简单的笔记或演
讲提纲。现在，用
ppt
辅助演讲十分普遍，效果显著。
certainly there are other factors you should consider, such as
personal appearance, bodily action, gestures, eye contact,
volume, pauses and so on. by paying enough attention to what
is mentioned above, you may present an effective speech.
当然还要考虑其他因素
——
譬如演讲者的个人形象，肢体语言，眼
神交流，声音的抑扬顿挫等等。尽量注意上述问题，演讲就会成 功！
unit 2 energy in transition
能源转型
the era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming
to an end. a transition to more expensive but less polluting
sources must now be managed.
能源资源 价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了，目前应向尽管价
格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。
john p. holdren
understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided
connection between energy and human well- being. energy
contributes positively to well- being by providing such
consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving
as a necessary input to economic production.
１．要了解这 一
转变，首先需要考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。能源为人类
提供了诸如取暖、照明等消 费服务的同时，也为经济生产活动提供
必要投入，从这个意义上讲，能源为人类幸福做出了积极贡献。然
而，人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，
这种代价不仅包括为获取和利 用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而
且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。
for most of human history, the dominant concerns about
energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy
－
well-
being equation. inadequacy of energy resources or (more often)
of the technologies and organizations for harvesting,
converting, and distributing those resources has meant
insufficient energy benefits and hence
inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. the
1970’s, then, represented a turning point. after decades of
constancy or decline in monetary costs
－
and of relegation of
environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status
－
energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. also
became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy
supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.
２．人类历史发展长河中，人 们主要关心的是能源和人类安康等式
中有利的一面。能源资源不足或者（更经常）开采、加工和分配这< br>些资源所需技术和机构的不足，会影响能源为人类带来的利益，对
人类也就意味着不方便、损失以 及对增长的各种限制。到了
20
世纪
70
年代，出现了一个转折点。此前的几 十年中，能源的资金成本一
直保持稳定，甚至有所下降，而且，其所牵扯的环境成本和社会政
治 成本一直处于次要地位。但是
20
世纪
70
年代开始，开发和利用
能 源的多方成本均显著增长。人们自然有理由认为：高昂的能源成
本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不足所产生 的威胁不相上下。同时，
也有人担心，依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需付出的代价，也许大
于其 所带来的利益。
the crucial question at the beginning of the 1990’s is whether
the trend that began in the 1970’s will prove to be temporary or
permanent. is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a
combination of new resources, new technology and changing
geopolitics bring it back? one key determinant of the answer
is the staggering scale of
【篇二：学术综合英语
unit1-unit5
课后翻译及答案】
tlines are essential to effective outlining, you
make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts
flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech
is coherent. you will probably use two kinds of outlines for
your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief
speaking outline.
in a preparation outline, you should state your specific
purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--
points using a consistent pattern. the speaking outline should
consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech.
it should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory.
in making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual
framework used in your preparation outline. keep the speaking
outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.
发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的 想
法是关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，
通常准备演讲你可以采用 两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言
提纲。
在准备提纲中，应该写出 你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方
式确定主要观点和次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成， 这
些提要在你讲话时能够给你一些帮助。发言提纲还应包括帮助你记
忆的重点词或重点短语。在 写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，
尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰、易于辨认 。
当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主
要 观点要明确，层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清晰。
不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。最后， 你应该经常看一下你的听众。
这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更顺利地
进行你的演讲。
before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of al,
get well prepared for it. then, you should make your major
points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well
organized. when speaking, you should not speak too fast, and
your language should be explicit. don’t always read the notes
you prepared beforehand. from time to time, you should look
at your audience. on one hand, you can show your respect to
your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on
with your speech more smoothly.
unit2
energy has a dual relationship with human most
of human history,man has been concerned mainly about the
benefit side of the energy
－
well-being equation thank to the
low costs involved in energy r,with the staggering
scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of
unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally
remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy
forms,energy entails increasingly higher costs,both external
and the one
hand,energy resources are reducing at an accelerating speed
and energy supply requires higher the other hand,the
external costs seem more worrisome
because energy use poses serious threats to public health and
safety,keeps disrupting the global ecosystem,and may trigger
large-scale military conflict.
能源和人类利益有着双重关系，人力历史发展长河中，由于利 用能
源成本低廉，人们主要关注能源和人类安康关系中有利的一面，然
而，过去一百年来人口以 空前速度增长，引起了能源需求的激增，
同时，人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长，因此，能源利用所需成本 越
来越高，无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。一方面，能源资源加速减
少，能源供应所需投入越来 越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本
呢更加令人忧虑，原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断
破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。
以上各种因素究竟如 何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，部分原
因是许多非环境因素实际上同环境因素相互交织在一起。比 如，造
成工程施工延误的原因，不但有管理上的限制，而且有工程、管理
以及质量监控等方面的 问题。然而在美国，过去
20
年中由于环境影
响，石油产品供应的资金成本至少上升了
25%
，而火电和核电生产
的资金成本则上升了
40%
，甚至更多。
it is difficult to quantify the total contribution of all these
factors to the monetary costs of energy supply, in part
because factors not related to the environment are often
entwined with environmental ones. for example, construction
delays have been caused not just by regulatory constraints but
also by problems of engineering, management and quality
control. nevertheless, in the us, environmental impacts have
increased the monetary costs of supplying petroleum products
by at least 25 percent during the past 20 years, and the costs
of generating electricity from coal and nuclear power by 40
percent or more.
unit 3
two fatal wrecks in less than a 24-hour period over the
thanksgiving weekend kolled three people, bringing to six the
numbei of death in the past two weeks on springfield city
streets.
with one month left in the year, at least 17 people have been
killed in fatality accidents in springfield, including the three
members of a chicago family who died the weekend before on
interstate 44.
on sunday, springfield husband and wife jon bauer, 58, and
juanita bauer, 59, died in the 2400 block of south glenstone
avenue.
according to police ,jon bauer’s southbound 2001 hyundai
santa fe sideswiped a 1995 chrysler cirrus ,also heading
southbound , driven by chadd rohde,27 ,of mountain home ,
ark, at around 10:30a.m .
jon bauer’s vehicle continued south and struck a brick wall
and utility pole at springfield nationgal cemetry.
the springfield fire department extracted the couple from the
vehicle .juanita bauer was pronounced dead at the scene. jon
bauer,who wan unconscious, was transported to ’s
regional medical center, where he was later pronounced dead.
traffic was shut down for four hours as police investigated the
crash.
在感恩节的周末，
24
小时内发生了2
起车祸，撞死了
3
个人，使得
过去两周里斯普林菲尔德城市道路上死亡 人数上升到
6
人。