不定式的基本形式与结构
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2021年01月31日 23:17
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不定式的基本形式与结构
动词不定式指通常由
to
加上动词原形
(
如
to write)
所构成的一种非限定性
动词形式，但在有些情况下
to
可以省 略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体
(
如上
to be writing
，
to have written)
，也有被动态
(
如
to be written)
，所有的主
动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都
有不定 式形式。助动词除
be
和
have
外，
没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语
法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
2
．不定式的用法
1)
不定式结构作主语
get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy
since they separated more than 40 years ago
．
finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge
．
在上述情况下，如果不 定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语
(
形
式主语
it
不可由
that
或
this
等其他代词代替
)
，而将不定式 放到后面。如：
made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan
since they separated more than 40 years ago
．
admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time
．
不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过
for
sb. to do sth.
结构表达：
is quite important for us to read good books during a general
review
．
is not difficult for those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容词
(
如
careless
，
cle ver
，
considerate
，
foolish
，
go od
，
impolite
，
kind
，
naug hty
，
nice
，
silly
，
stupid
等
)
作表语时，不定式后可
以加
of
来引导出其逻辑主语：
is very kind of you to tell me the truth
．
is stupid of him to do such a silly thing
．
2)
不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带
to
的不定式，
另一种是
“
及物动词
疑问词
带
to
的不定式。
及物动词
带
to
的不定式结构
:
只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有
: afford
，
agree
，
aim
，
appear
，
ask
，
believe
，
care
，
claim
，
decide demand
，
desire
，
determine
，
expect
，
fail
，
happen
，
hesitate
，
hope
，
intend
，
learn
，
long
，
manage
，
offer
，
pretend
，
promise
，
prepare
，
refuse
，
seek
，
swear
，
undertake
，
want
，
wish
等。
managed to solve the complicated problem.
stranger offered to show me the way.
. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
动词
疑问代
(
副
)
词
不定式：
这类动词常见的有
advise
，
decide
，
find out
，
forget
，
inquire
，
know
，
learn
，
see
，
regard
初中英语语法总结，
remember
，
teach
，
tell
，
understand
，
wonder
等。常见的疑问代
(
副
)
词有
: what
，
when
，
where
，
which
，
how
，
whether
等。
does not know when to start.
can decide whether to continue or to stop.
3.I will show you how to deal with it. < br>有时，不定式可由
it
代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：
动词
(
如
find
，
think
，
consider
，
feel
等
) it
形容词
不定式。
considers it necessary to make friends with him.
find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
3)
不定式做表语
一种情况为主语是不定式< br>(
表示条件
)
；表语也是不定式
(
表示结果
)
：
see is to believe.
work means to earn a living
．
另一种情况为主语是以
aim
，< br>duty
，
hope
，
idea
，
job
，
plan
，
problem
，
purpose
，
thing
，
wish
等名词为中心的短语，或以
what
引导的名词性从
句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用：；例如：
aim is to study abroad in the near future
．
most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price
．
I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience
．
4)
不定式作定语
不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型：
第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如：
was really nothing to fear
．
gave me an interesting book to read
．
如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如：
needs a friend to play with
．
girl has nothing to worry about
．
have a strict teacher to listen to
．
gh the film had been on for ten minutes
，
I still was not able
to find a chair to sit on
．
第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如：
you got a key to unlock the door?
action to be taken is correct
．
is nothing to be gained by pretending
．
第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词 通常是表示企图、
努力、倾向、目的、愿望、
is
算、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability
，
attempt
，
effort
，
impulse
，
inclination
，
wish
等。例如：
daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her
．
2.I have no wish to quarrel with you
．
r of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.
5)
不定式作状语
不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语：
are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the
area
．
are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking
place in the area
．
was lucky to arrive before dark
．
was lucky because he arrived before dark
．
作目的状语：
raised her voice to be heard better
．
raised her voice so that she could heard better
．
went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam
．
went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam
．
作结果状语：
French football team played so successfully as to defeat the
Brazilians
．
French football team played so successfully that they even
defeated the Brazilians
．
got to the station only to be told the train had gone
．
got to the station and was told that the train had gone
．
不带
to
的不定式的使用
动词不定式通常带
to
，但在有些搭配中不带
to
，在另一些搭配中可带
to
可不
带
to
。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带
to
不定式：
1)
在
can
／
could
，
/may
／< br>might
，
will
／
would
，
shall< br>／
should
，
must
，
need
，
dare
等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带
to
。
2)< br>在表示感觉意义的动词，如
see
初中英语语法总结，
feel
，watch
，
notice
，
smell
，
hear< br>，
observe
等后，或是表示
“
致使
”
意义的动 词，如
have
，
let
，
make
等后，动词不定式不带
to
。例如：
1.I often heard him say that he would study hard
．
2.I must have him see his own mistakes
．
但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带
to
不定式一般转换为带
to
不定式。
例如：
was often heard to say that he would study hard
．
he had finished speaking
，
he was made to answer innumerable
questions
．
3)
在动词
help
之后 可用不带
to
的不定式，也可用带
to
的不定式。例如：
the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.
4)
在
had better
，
would rather
，
may
／
might as well
，
rather than
，
can
not but
等搭配之后初中英语语法总结，动词不定式也不带
to
。例如：
you feel to ill to go out
，
I would rather not stay at home
tonight
．
could not but criticize his foolish behavior.
5)
在
make do
，
make believe
，
let drop
，
1et fall
，
1et fly
，
let slip
，
let
drive
，
let go off
，
hear say
，
hear tell
，
leave go of
等固定搭配中，用不带
to
的动词不定式。例如：
let go of the rope
．他们松开了绳子。
let fly a torrent of abuse at me
．约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。
3.I've heard tell of him
．我听说过他。
of the faculty were let go for lack of the students
．由于生源不
足，一些教职员工被解雇了。
6)
在介词
but
初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结，
excep t
之后，如果其前有
动词
do
的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带
to
，反之则必须带
to
，表示
“
不得
不初中英语语法总结，只 能
”
。例如：
will do anything except work on the farm
．
was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender
．
spy was both hungry and cold
；
there was nothing left for him but
to give in
．
4.I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining
．
下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带
to
：
can not help but
，
can not choose but
，
can not but
，
do nothing but
，
have nothing to do but
。例如：
I can not but admire his courage.
如果上述句中有
do
，
to
省略：
I did nothing but watch TV last night
．
如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带
to
：
I have no choice but to give up my idea.
7)
紧跟在
why
或
why not
之后的动词不定式总是 不带
to
。但是，紧跟在
who
，
what
，
wh ich
，
whether
等连接词后的不定式带
to
。例如：
Why stand up if you can sit down?
Why not ask your teacher when you don't understand the meaning?
You needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science
．