非谓语动词及不定式的用法详解
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2021年01月31日 23:59
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非谓语动词
在英语中，
不是用作句子的谓语而是担任其它语法功能的动词叫 非谓语动词。
非谓语动
词有
3
种：不定式，动名词和分词。
不定式
不定式由
“
to do
”
构成，
其否定式
“
not to do
”
。
不定式可带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，
没有人称和数的 变化，但有语态的变化，不定式可作主，宾，定，状，补，表，不能单
独作谓语。
一
.
不定式的用法
1
作主语
To see is to believe.
It is right to give up smoking.
2
作表语
My job is to teach English.
3
作宾语
He wanted to go.
I find it hard to work with him.
We could do nothing but wait.
We have no choice but to wait.
can
’
t choose but do,
can
’
t help but do,
can
’
t but do
常见用不定式作宾语的动词
:
want, wish, like, decide, help, ask, agree, afford, arrange, care, determine, fail, guarantee,
hesitate,
hope,
hurry,
manage,
offer,
pretend,
promise,
seek,
prepare,
refuse,
swear,
expect, plan, would like, make up one’
s mind, be determined
4
作补语
He asked me to open the door.
常见用不定式作宾补的动词
:
advise, allow, permit, forbid, ask, beg, caue, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, like, order,
peruade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, consider
practice:
*
在感官动词
feel, hear, listen to, see, look, notice, watch, observe, overhear
（偷听）
和使
役动词
make, let, have
等后的补语中，
不定式不带
to
，
但这些句子变成
被动结构时，
就必须带
to
I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
5
作定语
He is looking for a room to live in.
There
’
s nothing to worry about.
但不定式所修饰的名词如果是
time, place
或
way,
不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。
We had no money and no place to live.
不定式作定语的用法：
(1)
用来修饰被序数词
,
最高级或
all, no, any
等限定的词
e.g. He was the best man to do the job.
This is the first factory to produce this kind of machine.
(2)
当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时
,
不定式既可用主
动语态
,
也可用被动语态
,
但其含义不同
.
e.g. Do you have anything to send ?
（
to send
的动作执行者是“你”
）
Do you have anything to be sent ?
（
to send
的动作执行者是“我“或”别人“）
(3)
用来修饰的词是抽象名词时
,
常用不定式作定语
,
常见的有
:
ability,
chance,
idea,
fact,
excuse,
promise,
answer,
reply,
attempt,
belief,
way,
reason,
moment, time
e.g. His wish to visit China is quite understandable.
(4)
在
’
形容词
+
不定式
’
结构作表语
,
宾语和定语时
,
常用的
to do
主动形式表被动
.
e.g. The book is difficult to read.
He is a man easy to get on with.
（
5
）
在不定式作表语
,
与被修饰词之间有动宾关系
,
而与句中的另一名词或代词之间有
主谓关系时
,
用主动表被动
.
e.g. He gave me some books to read.
6
作状语
I came here to see you.
(
表目的
)
in order to / so as to
We were excited to hear the news.
（表原因）
He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.
（表结果
7
疑问词
+
不定式，在句中起名词作用，可作主，宾，表
He didn
’
t know what to say.
How to solve the problem is very important.
My question is when to start.
8
作插入语
To tell the truth, I don
’
t agree with you.
to be sure
to be frank
to sum up
to begin /start with
to make matters worse
to be brief
二
不定式的时态，语态
1
一般式：表示的动作与谓语动作同时或在它之后发生
He pretended not to knowme when I met him in the street.
2
进行式：表示动作发生时，不定式动作正在发生
He pretended to be reading English when I entered the classroom.
3
完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前
He is said to have learned English in Britain for a year.
一般式
进行式
完成式
主动
to do
to be doing
to have done
被动
to be done
/
to have been done
The flowers need to be watered.
A railway is said to be being built now.
No harm seems to have been done.
四不定式的省略
为避免重复可用
to
来代 替前面的不定式，常出现在下列动词后
expect,
hope,
wish,
mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try
或出现在
be glad, be happy, would like/love
后
eg: I haven
’
t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.
--- Would you come to the party?--- I
’
d love to, but
…
如果在省略不定式中含有
be, have, have been
等系动词或助动词，这些词要保留。
eg: --- Are you on holiday?--- No, but I
’
d like to be.
--- I didn
’
t tell him the news. --- Oh, you ought to have.
动名词
动名词由动词
+ing
构成，具有动词和名词性质，其否定式在前加
not,
在句中起名词的
作用，可作主，宾，表，定语。
一
动名词的作用
1
作主语
Seeing is believing.
Choosing what to eat is not as easy as before.
There is no joking about such serious matters.
It is no use / good
arguing with him.
not any use / good
of little use / good
useless
动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别
Playing with fire is dangerous.
（泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous.
（指一次具体动作）
My father is a millionaire, but having money doesn
’
t solve all his problem.
To save money now seems impossible.
2
作表语
:
My job is teaching.
3
作宾语
I like swimming.
He is fond of playing football.
*
下列动词或动词短语之后只接动名词作宾语（不接不定式作宾语）
advise, allow, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(
考虑
), delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse,
finish, forgive, imagine, keep mind, miss(
错过
), practice, permit, risk, resist, suggest,can
’
t
help(
情不自禁
)
，
can
’
t stand(
无法忍受
), give up, feel like, put off, be busy, keep on, insist
on, look forward to, stick to, devote
…
to, get down to, be used to, object to, have difficulty
/ trouble (in), have a good time (in)
*
下列动词后可跟动名词作宾语，也可跟不定式作宾语，但意义不同。
forget
remember
regret
go on
stop
can
’
t help
try
mean
4
作定语
He has a reading room.
二
动名词的时态和语态
1
一般式：
动名词的动作没有明确表示是与谓语动作同时还是在其前发生时
We
’
re interested in playing chess.
His coming will be of great help to us.
2
完成式：如果动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前，用完成式
I
’
m sorry for not having kept my promise.
一般式
完成式
主动
doing
having done
被动
being done
having been done
He likes being helped.
He was afraid of being left alone.
The house showed no sign of having been damaged.
*
动名词的主动形式表被动意义
be worth doing
need/ want/ require/ deserve doing
stand/ bear doing
三
动名词的复合结构
动名词的逻辑主语一般是和句子的主语一致，但也有不 一致的情况。如果不一致，
则要在动名词前加上其逻辑主语，构成动名词的复合结构。
*
若动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语用物主代词或名词的所有格。
His coming made me very happy.
Peter
’
s coming made me very happy.
*
若动名词作宾语时，既可用物 主代词或名词的所有格，也可用人称代词宾格或名
词普通格。
She didn
’
t mind his (him) crying.