高中英语语法大全(强烈推荐!!)
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高中英语语法大全
词法
第
1
章
主谓一致
一
.
概念
:
主谓一致是指：
1
）
语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2
）
意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3
）
就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
例如：
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二
.
相关知识点精讲
1.
并列结构
作主语时谓语用
复数
，例如：
Reading and writing are very important.
读写很重要。
注意：
当主语由
and连结时，如果它表示
一个单一的概念
，即指同一人或同一物时，谓
语动词用
单数
，
and
此时连接的两个词前
只有一个冠词
。例如：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
钢铁工业对我们的
生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
答案
B.
注：
先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时 ，先排除
A.
，
C
。
本题易误选
D
，
因为
The
League
secretary
and
monitor
好象是两个人，
但仔细辨别，
monitor
前 没有
the
，
在英语中，
当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词
。
后面的职务用
and
相
连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选
B
。
2.
主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)
当
there be
句型 的主语是
一系列事物
时，谓语应与
最邻近
的主语保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
桌上有一支笔、一把小刀
和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
班上
有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。
2
）当
either
„
or
„
与
neither
„
nor
，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与
最邻近的
主语保持
一致
。如果句子是由
here,
there< br>引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和
最邻近
的主语
一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go.
不是你去，就是她去。
1
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
给你笔、信封和纸。
3.
谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有
with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as
等词组
成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的
主语部分一致
。例如：
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
教师和一些
学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.
他和我想去划船。
4.
谓语需用单数的情况
1
）代词
each
以及由
every, some, no, any
等构成的复合代词作主语时
，或主语中含有
each, ever
y
时
,
谓语需用单数。例如：
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch.
我的表坏了。
2
）当主语是
一本书
或一条格言
时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
《天方夜谭》是英语
爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3
）
表示
金钱，
时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词
作主语时，通常把这 些名词看作
一个整体
，
谓语一般用
单数
。例如：
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
用三个星期来
做准备。
Ten yuan is enough.
十元够了。
5.
指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1
）代词
what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all
等词的单复数由其
指代
的词的单复数
决定。例如：
All is right.
一切顺利。
All are present.
人都到齐了。
2
）
集体名词
作主语时 ，谓语的数要根据
主语的意思
来决定。如
family, audience, crew,
crowd, class, company, committee
等词后，
谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的
各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体
。例如 ：
His family isn't very large.
他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers.
他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但
集合名词
people,
police,
cattle,
poultry
等在任何情况下都用复数形式
。例如：
Are there any police around?
附近有警察吗？
3
）有些名词，如
variety,
number,
population,
proportion,
majority
等有时看作单数，
有时看作复数。例如：
A number of +
名词复数
+
复数动词。
The number of +
名词复数
+
单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.
与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1
）用
half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of
等引起主语时，
谓语
动词通常与
of
后面的名词
/
代词保持一致
。例如：
Most of his money is spent on books.
他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
大部分学生积极参
2
与体育运动。
2
）用
a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of
等引起主语时，谓语动词通
常用
单数
。例如：
A
series
of
accidents
has
been
reported.
媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth.
炉边有一堆木柴。
3
）如
many a
或
more than one
所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由
more than
„
of
作主语时，
动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致
。例如：
Many a person has read the novel.
许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.
百分之六十多的学生来
自这个城市。
三
.
巩固练习
（
）
1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them
_______ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was
C. was, were D. were, were
（
）
2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily
communication.
A. is playing B. have played
C. are playing D. play
（
）
3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and
grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
（
）
4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems
C. seemed D. are seemed
（
）
5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. has B. have
C. is having D. are having
’
（
）
6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
（
）
7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
（
）
8. When ______ the United Nations founded?
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（
）
9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried
C. was tried D. were tried
（
）
10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
（
）
11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
（
）
12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It
’
s a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
3
C. but my friends has D. but I have
（
）
13. No teacher and no student ______
．
A. are admitted B. is admitted
C. are admitting D. is admitting
（
）
14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
（
）
15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
（
）
16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
（
）
17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare
to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
（
）
18. In
those
days
John
with
his
classmates _____ kept
busy
preparing
for
the exam.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
（
）
19.
——
____ your clothes?
——
No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are
C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
（
）
20. The Smith
’
s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond
of their old houses.
A. were, were B. was, was
C. were, was D. was, were
（
）
21.
What
the teacher and
the students want to say _____ that either of the
countries ____ beautiful.
A. are, are B. is, is
C. are, is D. is, are
（
）
22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship
for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
（
）
23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or
sports meetings ______ their duty.
A. Each, are B. Both, is
C. Neither, are D. None, is
（
）
24.
——
What do you think of the ______ of the coat?
——
It
’
s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
（
）
25.
——
Are the two answers correct?
——
No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not
4
C. neither is D. either is not
（
）
26.
The
wind,
together
with
rain
and
fog, _____ making
sailing
difficult.
A. have been B. was
C. / D/ are
四
.
答案
1.C 2. A 3.
C 4.
B 5.
A 6. B 7.
B 8.
C 9.
B 10.
C 11.
D 12.
C 13.
B 14.
D 15.
A 16.
A 17.
C 18.
C 19.
B 20.
D 21.
B 22.
D 23.
B 24. C 25. C 26. B
第
2
章
动词的时态
一
.
概念
:
时态是英语 谓语动词的一种形式
,
表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态
.
英语中的时态是< br>通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的
.
英语有
16
种时态
,但中学阶段较常用的有十种
:
一般
现在时
,
一般过去时
,
一般将来时
,
过去将来时
,
现在进行时
,
过去进 行时
,
将来进行时
,
过
去完成时
,
现在完成时和现 在完成进行时
.
二
.
相关知识点精讲
1.
一般现在时的用法
1
）
经常性或习惯性的动作
，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：
every
„
,
sometimes,
at
„
, on Sunday
。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
每天早上我七点离开家。
2
）
客观真理，客观存在，科学事实
。例如：
The earth moves around the sun.
地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
上海位于中国东部。
3
）
表示格言或警句
。例如：
Pride goes before a fall.
骄者必败。
注意：此用 法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在
时。
例：
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4
）
现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性
。例如：
I don't want so much.
我不要那么多。
Ann writes good
English but does not speak
well.
安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：
Now I put the sugar in the cup.
把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now.
我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说 明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。
第二句中的
now
是进行时的标志，
表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，
所以后句用一般现
在时。
2.
一般过去时的用法
1
）
在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在 的状态。
例如：时间状语有：
yesterday,
last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982
等。例如：
Where did you go just now?
刚才你上哪儿去了？
2
）
表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作
。例如：
5
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是个孩子的时候，
常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3
）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth
到„„时间了
该„„了
。例如：
It is time for you to go to bed.
你该睡觉了。
It
is
time
that
sb.
did
sth.
时间已迟了
早该„„了
，例如
It
is
time you went to bed.
你早该睡觉了。
would
（
had
）
rather sb. did sth.
表示
'
宁愿某人做某事
'
。例如：
I'd
rather you came tomorrow.
还是明天来吧。
4
）
wish, wonder, think, hope
等用过去时 ，
作试探性的询问、请求、建议
等，而一般
过去时表示的动作或状态都
已成为 过去
，现已不复存在。
例如：
I
thought
you
might
have
some.
我以为你想要一些。
比较：
Christine was an invalid all her life.
（含义：她已不在人间。
）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
（含义：达比太太已不再住
在肯塔基州。
）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
（含义：现在还住在肯
塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意：
用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1
）动词
want, hope, wonder, think, intend
等。例如：
Did you want anything else?
您还要些什么吗？
I wondered if you could help me.
能不能帮我一下。
2
）
情态动词
could, would
。
例如：
Could you lend me your bike?
你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
3.
一般将来时
1
）
shall
用于第一人称，常被
will
所代替
。
will
在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first
？
我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
今晚七点回家好吗？
2
）
be going to +
不定式，表示将来。
a.
主语的意图，
即将做某事。例如：
What are you going to do tomorrow?
明天打
算作什么呢？
b.
计划，安排要发生的事
。例如：
The play
is going to be produced
next month
。
这出戏下月开播。
c.
有迹象要发生的事。
例如：
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a
storm.
看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3
）
be +
不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4
）
be about to +
不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing.
他马上要去北京。
注意：
be about to do
不能与
tomorrow, next week
等表示明确将来时的时间状语连
用。
4.
一般现在时表将来
6
1
）下列动词
come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return
的一般现在时可以表示将
来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排 好的事情
。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2
）
以
here, there
等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行
。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
铃响了。
3
）
在时间或条件句中
。例如：
When Bill comes
（不是
will come
）
, ask him to wait for me.
比尔来后，让
他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
我到了那里，就写信给你。
4
）
在动词
hope, take care that, make sure that
等的宾语从句中。
例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week.
我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
离开房间
前，务必把窗户关了。
5.
用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词
come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return
等现在进行时可以表示将
来。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow.
明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week?
你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
6.
现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；
也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：
have
（
has
）
+
过去分词。
7.
比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1
）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或 单纯叙述过去的事情，
强调动作
；
现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，
强调的是影响
。
2
）
一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，
而现在完成时通常与
模糊
的时间状语连用，
或
无时间状语
。
*
一般过去时的时间状语：
yesterday,
last
week
，„
ago,
in1980,
in
October,
just
now
等，皆为具体的时间状语。
*
现在完成时的时间状语：
for,
since,
so
far,
ever,
never,
just,
yet,
till/until,
up to now, in past years, always
等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：
this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently,
lately
等。
3
）
现在完成 时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，
动词一般是
延续性的
，
如
liv e,
teach,
learn, work, study, know.
。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有
come,
go,
leave,
start,
die,
finish,
become,
get married
等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years.
（在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years.
（是团员的状态可持续）
7
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如
yesterday, last, week, in 1960
）时，不能使
用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）
Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
8.
用于现在完成时的句型
1
）
It is the first / second time.... that
„结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例
如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time
（
that
）
I've heard him sing.
这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2
）
This is +
形容词最高级
+that
„结构，
that
从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I've
（
ever
）
seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
9.
过去完成时
1
）
概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|---->
其构成是
had +
过去分词构成。
那时以前
那时
现在
2
）
用法
a.
在
told, said, knew, heard, thought
等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said
（
that
）
she had never been to Paris.
她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b.
状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中 ，
发生在先，
用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般
过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
警察到达时，小偷们早
就跑了。
c.
表示意向的动词，如
hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose
等，
用过去完成时表示
原本„ ，未能„
。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
那时我们希望你能来，但
是你没有来。
3
）
过去完成时的时间状语
before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as
。
例如：
He said that he had learned some English before.
他说过他以前学过一些英
语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at
the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
10.
用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1
）
两个动作如按顺序 发生，又不强调先后，或用
then
，
and
，
but
等连词时，多用一
般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse
，
she screamed.
她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2
）
两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完 成，用过去完
成时。例如：
8
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3
）
叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.
将来完成时
1
）
构成
will have done
2
）
概念
a.
状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b.
动作完成：表 示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经
验。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
明天此时，你已经到达
上海了
12
现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a.
表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you.
我们正在等你。
b.
习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
他在写另一部小说。
（说话时并未在写，
只处于写作的状态。
）
c.
表示渐变，这样的动词有：
get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin
等。例如：
The leaves are turning red.
叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer.
天越来越热了。
d.
与
always, constantly, forever
等词连用，表示反复 发生的动作或持续存在的状
态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind.
你老是改变主意。
13.
过去进行时
1
）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2
）过去进行时 的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短
动作发生。
3
）
常用的时间状语有
this
morning,
the
whole
morning,
all
day
yesterday,
from
nine
to ten last evening, when, while
等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
我兄弟
骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station.
他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
我到达山顶时，
阳光灿烂。
14.
将来进行时
1
）
概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：
She'll be coming soon.
她会很快来的。
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
将来我一定去见他。
注意：将来进行时不用于表示
意志
，不能说
I'll be having a talk with her.
2
）
常用的时间状语有
soon,
tomorrow,
this
evening
，
on
Sunday,
by
this
time
，
tomorrow,
in two days, tomorrow evening
等。例如：
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying
on the beach.
明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。
9
15.
一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if,
in case
（
that
）
, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the
year, immediately
等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.
他一到北京，就
去看他姨妈。
16.
一般现在时代替一般过去时
1
）
书上说
，
报纸上说
等。例如：
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
报纸上说明天会很冷
的。
2
）
叙述往事，使其生动。例如：
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
拿破仑的军队正在
向前挺进，大战开始了
17.
一般现在时代替现在完成时
1
）
有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如
hear, tell, learn, write , understand,
forget, know, find , say, remember
等。例如：
I hear
（
= have heard
）
he will go to London.
我听说了他将去伦敦。
I forget
（
=have forgotten
）
how old he is.
我忘了他多大了。
2
）
用句型
„
since
„
代替
„
since
„
。例如：
It is
（
= has been
）
five years since we last met.
从我们上次见面以来，五年
过去了。
18.
一般现在时代替现在进行时。
在
Here comes
„
/There goes
„等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：
There goes the bell.
铃响了。
19.
现在进行时代替将来时
1
）
表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：
Are you staying with us this weekend?
和我们一起度周末好吗
?
We are leaving soon.
我们马上就走。
2
）
渐变动词，如
get, run, grow, become, begin
以及瞬间动词
die
等。例如：
He is dying.
他要死了。
20.
时态一致
1
）
如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如：
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
那时，人们不知道地球
是动的。
He told me last week that he is eighteen.
上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。
2
）
宾语从句中的，助动词
ought, need, must, dare
的时态是不变的。例如：
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
他认为我不必告诉你真相。
三
.
巩固练习
:
1
、
I
’
ll give the book to him as soon as he ________ back.
2
、
Has the baby ________ crying yet? (stop)
3
、
I don
’
t know whether Mother __________ me to Beijing next month.(take)
4
、
She _______ on her coat and went out. (put)
10
5
、
“
What
are
they
doing?
”
“
They __________
ready
for
the
sports
meeting.
”
(get)
6
、
The boy asked his mother ________him go and play basketball.(let)
7
、
I
’
m sorry to keep you ____________ for a long time. (wait)
8
、
It ________ (take) him half an hour _______ (finish) his homework yesterday.
9
、
If it ________ an interesting film, we
’
ll see it tomorrow. (be)
10
、
They usually ________ (do) their homework after supper.
11
、
Listen! Who _____________(sing) in the next room now?
12
、
__________(be) your parents in Shanghai last year?
13
、
Mr. Yu _____________(teach) us maths since 1982.
14
、
They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _________ (not rain) tomorrow.
15
、
Li Ming often _________ (listen) to the radio in the morning.
16
、
A:
“
Father, may I go out and play football?
”
B:
“
_____you ____(do) your
homework?
”
17
、
All
the
people
in
the
town
are
glad
______(hear)
that
a
famous
musician ___
a concert this Saturday evening.( give)
18
、
Our
teacher
told
us
if
it
_____(not
snow)
we
would
visit
the
Science
Museum
the
next day.
19
、
They often _______ (play) football in the afternoon.
20
、
A: What
’
re you doing Dad? B: I _______ (mend) the radio.
21
、
Let
’
s _______(carry) the boxes to the house.
22
、
Yesterday
she
______ (want)
very
much
to
see
the
film,
but
she
couldn
’
t __(get)
a ticket.
23
、
I _________(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
24
、
Mike ___________(visit) several places since he came to Beijing.
25
、
He ___________ (write) four letters to his wife every month.
26
、
Don
’
t make any noise, Grandma ___________ (sleep).
27
、
His aunt ___________ (do) some cooking when he came in .
28
、
When they ___________ (reach) the station, the train had already left.
29
、
There ___________ (be) a meeting next Monday.
30
、
We ___________ (know) each other since our boyhood..
11
31
、
Sometimes my father ___________ (come) back home late.
32
、
They ___________ (have) an English evening next week.
33
、
I
’
m very glad___________ (hear) that.
34
、
Wei Fang isn
’
t here. She ___________ (go) to the reading-room.
35
、
The story ___________ (happen) long ago.
36
、
They ___________ (visit) the History Museum last week.
37
、
Zhang Hong ___________ (make) many friends since she came to Paris.
38
、
She ___________ (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
39
、
Stay here, bag. Don
’
t go out. It ___________(rain) now.
40
、
Li Ping___________ (write) a composition every week.
41
、
The scientist ___________ (give) us a talk yesterday.
42
、
My parents ___________ (live) in Beijing since 1949.
43
、
Look! The young worker___________ (show) the students around the factory now.
44
、
They ___________ (build) a new bridge over the river next year.
45
、
The students___________ (clean) their classroom tomorrow.
46
、
The windows of our lab ___________ (clean) once a week.
47
、
Our teacher ___________ (join) the party twenty years ago.
48
、
The
boys___________
(have)
a
basketball
match
now.
Let
’
s
___(go)
and
_____(watch).
49
、
She___________ (work) in this factory for ten years.
50
、
“
What makes you ___________ (think) I
’
m a farmer?
”
the Frenchman asked.
四
.
答案
1.
comes
2.
stopped
3.
will take
4.
put
5.
are getting
6.
to let
7.
waiting
8.
took
„
to finish
9.
is
10.
do
11.
is singing
12.
Was
13.
has taught
14.
doesn
’
t rain
15.
listens
16.
Have
„
done
17.
to hear
„
will give
18.
didn
’
t snow
19.
play
20.
am mending
21.
carry
22.
wanted , get
23.
will write
24.
has visited
25.
writes
26.
is sleeping
27.
was doing
28.
reached
29.
will be
30.
have known
31.
comes
32.
will have
12
33.
to hear
34.
has gone
35.
happened
36.
visited
37.
has made
38.
will go
39.
is raining
40.
writes
41.
gave
42.
have lived
43.
is showing
44.
will build
45.
will clean
46.
is cleaned
47.
joined
48.
are
having,
go
„
watch
49.
has worked
think
13
第三章
动词的语态
一
.
概念
:
动词的语态是动词的一种形式
,
表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系
.
英语的语态有两
种
:
主动语态和被动语态
.
主动 语态用于主动句
,
表示主语是动作的执行者
.
被动语态用于被
动句< br>,
表示主语是动作的承受者
.
主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同
,< br>而被动语态由
助动
词
be+
过去分词
构成
,
有人称
,
数
,
时态的变化
.
二
.
相关知识点精讲
1. let
的用法
1
）当
let
后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带
to
的不定式。例如：
They let the strange go.
他们放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2
）当
let
后宾补较长时，
let
通常不用被动语态，而用
allow
或
permit
代替。例如：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
那护士让我去探望住
院的同学。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
2.
短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before.
这样的事闻所未闻。
3.
表示
据说
或
相信
的词组，基本上由
believe,
consider,
declare,
expect,
feel
,
report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
等组成。
例如：
It is said that
„
据说
It is reported that
„
据报道
It is believed that
„
大家相信
It is hoped that
„
大家希望
It is well known that
„
众所周知
It is thought that
„
大家认为
It is suggested that
„
据建议
It is taken granted that
„
被视为当然
It has been decided that
„
大家决定
It must be remember that
„
务必记住的是
4.
不用被动语态的情况
1
）
不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如
appear,
die
disappear,
end
（
vi.
结束）
,
fail,
happen,
last,
lie,
remain,
sit,
spread,
stand,
break
out,
come
true,
fall
asleep,
keep silence, lose heart, take place
等没有无被动语态。例如：
After the fire, very little remained
of
my
house.
大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
比较：
rise, fall, happen
是不及物动词；
raise, seat
是及物动词。
要想正确地使用被动语态，
就 须注意哪些动词是及物的，
哪些是不及物的。
特别是一词
多义的动词往往有两种用法。 解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2
）
不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如
fit,
have,
hold,
marry,
own,
wish,
cost,
notice,
watch
agree
with,
arrive
at
/
in,
shake
hands
with,
succeed
in,
suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
等。例如：
This key just fits the lock.
这把钥匙只配这把锁。
14
Your story agrees
with what had already been heard.
你说的与我们听说的一致。
3
）
系动词无被动语态，如
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look,
remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
等。例如：
It sounds good.
听
上去不错。
4
）
带同源宾语的及物动词如
die/death,
dream/dream
，
live/life
等，
以及反身代词 ，
相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5
）
当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：
（对）
She likes to swim.
（错）
To swim is liked by her.
5.
主动形式表示被动意义
1
）
wash,
clean,
cook,
iron,
look,
cut,
sell,
read,
wear,
feel,
draw,
write,
sell
等。例如：
The book sells well.
这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily.
这刀子很好用。
2
）
blame, let
（出租）
, remain, keep, rent, build
等。例如：
I was to blame for the accident.
事故发生了，我该受指责。
Much work remains.
还有许多活要干。
3
）
在
need,
require,
want,
worth
（形容词）
, deserve
后的动名词必须用主动形式。
例如：
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
门该修了。
This book is worth reading.
这本书值得一读。
4
）特殊结构：
make sb. heard / understood
（使别人能听见
/
理解自己）等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood.
解释清楚些，让别人理解你的
话。
6.
被动形式表示主动意义，
如
be determined, be pleased, be graduated
（
from
）
, be
prepared
（
for
）
, be occupied
（
in
）
, get married
等。例如：
He is graduated from a famous university.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意：表示同某人结婚，用
marry sb.
或
get married to sb.
均可。例如：
He married a rich girl.
他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
/want/require/worth
当
need, want, require, be worth
后面接
doing
时，表示的是被动意义。例如：
Your hair wants cutting.
你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing.
地板需要冲洗。
三
.
巩固练习
1. I___________ (teach) here for ten years since I finished school.
2. Would you mind me __________ (use) your bike?
3. The students of Class Two___________ (sweep) their classroom now.
4. The Whites____________ (not listen) to the radio at that time.
5. It's better to give than__________ (receive).
6. How long ______you_______ (live) in this town?
15
7. You _______ (come) here last year, ______ you?
8. ----When ______ you______ (see) him?
----I______ (see) him last Sunday.
9. She said that the car___________ (use) the next week.
10. I didn't know what __________ (happen) to China in a century.
11. When I got to the station, the train ____ already ______ (leave).
12. The stone bridge______________ (build) in our hometown for ten years.
13. The desk must ______ (clean) once a day.
14. The dog _________ (lie) on the floor when I came in..
15. It _________(rain) heavily when I got home.
16. Her mother____________ (cook) at this time yesterday.
17. The students _____________ (do) their homework. __________ (not make) any
noise!
18.
----______
you
ever_______
(be)
to
Beijing? ----Yes.
I________
(go)
there
last
week.
19. He'll telephone us as soon as he _________ (arrive) there.
20. Jiefang trucks____________ (make) in Changchun.
21. A pen is used for__________ (write).
22. All that must ________ (do).
23
.My
friend
can't
decide
which
pair
of
trousers____________
(choose).
So
she
asked
me to go shopping with her.
24. They find it useful__________ (learn) English.
25. The old man often_________ (tell) the children a story in the evening. This
evening he ________ (tell) two stories.
26.
The
radio__________
(use)
once
in
a
week
in
our
class. It____________
(not
use)
yesterday because there was something wrong with it.
27. Would please tell us how___________ (make) the watch ________ (work)?
28. She doesn't know what_________ (do) and where__________ (go).
四
.
答案
16
1.
have
taught
2.
using
3.
are
sweeping
4.
weren
’
t
listening
5.
to
receive
6.
have
„
lived
7.
came
„
didn
’
t
8.
did
„
see, saw
9.
would
be
used
10.
would
happen
11.
had
„
left
12.
have been
built
13.
be
cleaned
14.
was lying
15.
was
raining
16.
was
cooking
17.
are doing,
Don
’
t
make
18.
have
„
beeen,
went
19.
arrives
20.
are made
21.
writing
22.
be done
23.
to choose
24.
to learn
25.
tells,
will tell
17
第四章
动词的语气
一
.
概念
语气有三种
:< br>陈述语气
,
祈使语气和虚拟语气
.
语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作 或所
处的状态持有的态度或看法
.
二
.
相关知识点精讲
1.
辨别
if
引导真实条件句和
if
引导的虚拟条件句的区别
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.
2.
虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表
if
条件句中的谓与动词
1.
行为动词用
did
形式
2. be
动词用
were
had + done
主句的谓与动词
should
would
could +
动词原形
might
should
would
could + have + done
might
should
would
could +
动词原形
might
与现在的事实相反
与过去的事实相反
与将来的事实相反
1.
行为动词用
did
2. should +
动词原形
3. were to +
动词原形
3.
混合时间的虚拟语气
如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，
主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别
根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.
2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.
3)If he had followed the doctor
’
s advice, he would be all right now.
4)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a
miserable life.
/ could / might/ ought to + have done
表示“过去本应该
/
可以做而实际上却
没做”
needn
’
t have done
表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了”
5.
虚拟语气中的倒装句
如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有
were, had, could, should
，有时可将
if
省
去，而将条件从句的主语置于
were, had, should, could
之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.
Were I you, I would do more practice after class.
Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气，
表示“可惜„；„
.
就好了；
悔不
该„；
但愿„。
”
主句谓语
wish
从句谓语
时态
18
谓语动词的形式
现在时
表示与
wish
同时发生
过去时
表示在
wish
之前发生的动作
动词用过去时
be
动词用
were
动词用
had done
be
用
had been
将来时
动词用
would do; should do
表示在
wish
之后发生的动作
be
用
would
be
;
should
be
1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.
2)I wish I were ten years younger.
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.
4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.
7.
表示命令或建议动词
suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order,
command
后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟
should +
动词原形；
should
不可用
would
来替代
;
主句所使用的动词时态不限。
t
为“建议去做„
;
命令„”从句用
should + do
为“
说明；
暗示”
,
从句用过去时或过去完成时。
1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.
2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
“坚持要去做„，坚持应该去做”
，从句用
should + do
为“坚持表明，坚持说
/
解释”
，
从句用过去时或过去完成时。
10.
虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中 ，
表示间接的命令、
要求、
请求、
建议、
决定等，
主句的主 语通常是
suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea
等。表语从句中的谓语
动词是
should +
动词原型，
should
可以省略。
11.
在主语从 句中，当从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等，从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形
式。其谓语动词时
should +
动词原型，
或
should
省略。
三
.
巩固练习
1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier.
A. will be
B. would have been
C. could have been
D. would be
2. If I _____ you, I
’
d join the army.
A. am
B. was
C. were
D. would be
3. If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.
A. comes
B. will come
C. should come
D. come
4. If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.
A. rains
B. will rains
C. would rain
D. should rain
5. If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.
A. were to do
B. do
C. had done
D. was to do
6. Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go ?
A. is
B. will be
C. were
D. be
7. If he had worked harder, he _________.
A. would succeed
B. had succeeded
C. should succeed
D. would have succeeded
8. If he ________, he _________ that food.
A. was warned; would not take
19
B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken
D. would have been warned; had not taken
9. If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going.
A. had been; would have prevented
B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would prevent
D. were; would have prevented
10. If he ______ it, he _______ it.
A. had seen; could have believed
B. saw; couldn
’
t believe
C. saw; couldn
’
t have believed
D. has seen; had believed
11.
—
Do you think the thief entered through the window?
—
No,
if
he
had,
I
don
’
t
believe,
_______
broken
the
living-room
’
s
window.
A. he would have
B. he must have
C. he had
D. should he have
12.
—
Did you go swimming last Sunday?
—
No. We would have gone ______ nicer.
A. if the weather was
B. would the weather have been
C. had the weather been
D. should the weather be
13. ______ it ______ for your help, I couldn
’
t have made any progress.
A. Had; not been
B. Should; not been
C. Did; not been
D. Not; been
14. _______ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would have left
B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave
D. If he leaves
15. It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river.
A. should be built
B. would built
C. will be built
D. built
四
.
答案
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.A
第
5
章
助动词
一
.
概念
:
助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态< br>,
语态
,
语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词
.
助动词分
为时态助动词和结构助动词两种
.
二
.
相关知识点精讲
:
1.
助动词
be
的用法
1
）
be +
现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：
They are having a meeting.
他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important.
英语现在越来越重要。
2
）
be +
过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
20
The window was broken by Tom..
窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world.
世界各地都教英语。
3
）
be +
动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a.
表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week..
他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen.
我们要教新生。
说明：
这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b.
表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this.
对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon.
要他今天下午来办公室。
c.
征求意见。例如：
How am I to answer him?
我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there?
谁该去那儿呢？
d.
表示相约、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
我们明天早晨
7
点在校门口集合。
2.
助动词
have
的用法
1
）
have +
过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：
He has left for London.
他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未
为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2
）
have + been +
现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3
）
have +been +
过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
3.
助动词
do
的用法
1
）构成一般疑问句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET?
你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German?
你们学过德语吗？
2
）
do + not
构成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized.
我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study.
他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3
）
构成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there.
不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded.
不要这么心不在焉。
说明：
构成否定祈使句只用
do
，不用
did
和
does
。
4
）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
Do come to my birthday party.
一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there.
我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you.
我确实想你。
5
）用于倒装句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing.
我从未听说过这样的事情。
21
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明：
引导此类倒装句的副词有
never, seldom, rarely, little, only,
so,
well
等。
6
）用作代动词。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing?
--
你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do.
--
是的，喜欢。
（
do
用作代动词，代替
like Beijing.
）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车，对吧？
4.
助动词
shall
和
will
的用法
shall
和
will
作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一 般将来时。例如：
I shall study harder at English.
我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai.
他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说
shall
用于第一人称，
will < br>只用于第二、第三人称。
现在，尤其是在口语中，
will
常用于第一人称，但
shall
只用于第一人称，如用于第二、
第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情 态动词，试比较
:
He shall come.
他必须来。
（
shall
有命令的意味。
）
He will come.
他要来。
（
will
只与动词原形构成一般将来时。
）
5.
助动词
should, would
的用法
1）
should
无词义，只是
shall
的过去形式，与动词原形构成过 去将来时，只用于第一人
称。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打
电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较：
我下周干什么？
我问道。
可以说，
shall
变成间接引语时，变成了
should
。
2
）
would
也无词义，是
will
的过去形式， 与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第
三人称。例如：
He said he would come.
他说他要来。
比较：
will
go,
he
said.
他说：
我要去那儿。
变成间接引语，
就成了
He
said
he
would
come
。原来的
will
变成
would
，
go
变成了
come.
。
6.
短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：
Turn off the radio.
把收音机关上。
（
turn off
是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1
）动词
+
副词，如：
black out
；
2
）动词
+
介词，如：
look into
；
3
）动词
+
副词
+
介词，如：
look
forward
to
。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词
三
.
巩固练习
it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
the past 30 years
China ______
great advances in the socialist revolution
and
socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
22
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don
’
t/had b. didn
’
t/have c. didn
’
t/had d. don
’
t/have
5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a.
Do/have
come b.
Did/will
have
come c.
Does/will
come d.
Do/will
have
come
said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8.
“
______ you give me a room for the night?
”
I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can
’
t all d. all they can
’
t
10.
“
We didn
’
t see him at the lecture yesterday.
”
“
He ______ it.
”
a. mustn
’
t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn
’
t have attended
11.
“
You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don
’
t you?
”
“
No, officer. I ______. This car can
’
t do more than 80.
”
a. didn
’
t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn
’
t have been d. needn
’
t have been
was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won
’
t co-operate d. didn
’
t
co-operate
14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a.
her
to
answer b.
that
she
would
answer c.
that
she
answers d.
her
answering
______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16.______ to see a film with us today?
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17.I
’
m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18.
“
Time is running out,______?
”
a. hadn
’
t we better got start b. hadn
’
t we better get start
’
t we better get started d. hadn
’
t we better not started
one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have
come
elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
23
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23.
“
I wonder why they
’
re late.
”
“
They ______ the train.
”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24.
“
Tom graduated from college at a very young age.
”
“
He ______ have been an outstanding student.
”
a. must b. could c. should d. might
______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn
’
t have taken b. didn
’
t need to take c. needn
’
t take d. mustn
’
t
take
is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. needed not to hurry b. needn
’
t have hurried
c. need not to have hurried d. didn
’
t need to hurry
your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have
dinner with us tonight?
a. will b. won
’
t c. wouldn
’
t d. do
was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
四
.
答案
1-10 BDACDBDBCB 11-20 CDCBDBBCCB 21-30 DDCABDABCA
第六章
情态动词
一
.
概念
:
情态动词是表示能力
,
义务
,
必须
,
猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词
.
二
.
相关知识点精讲
:
1
．
can
1)
表能力
can
表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole.
我能爬这根杆子。
He is only four , but he can read.
他只有
4
岁，但已认得字了。
Fire can
’
t destroy gold.
火烧不毁金子。
因为
can
不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用
will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.
你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。
2)
表可能性
多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true?
这消息可能是真的吗？
It can
’
t be true.
它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean?
他可能是什么意思？
24
can
用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性（一时的可能）
。
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.
Attending the ball can be very exciting.
The road can be blocked.
这条路可能会不通的。
may
在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。
The road may be blocked.
这条路可能不通了。
3)
表示允许（和
may
意思相近）常见于口语。
Can (May) I come in ?
我能进来吗？
Can I smoke here ?
我可以在这里抽烟吗？
的用法
1)
表过去的可能和许可，
（多用于间接引语中）
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
2)
表过去的能力
I could swim when I was only six.
我刚六岁就能游泳。
Could
在肯定句中表示过去的能力时，常表抽象的一般的能力。
He could be very naughty when he was a child.
他小时候会是很顽皮的。
3)
表“允许”
。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法
Could I use your bike?
Yes, you can.
他会记得那时吗
?
I
’
m afraid I couldn
’
t give you an answer today.
恐怕我今天不能回答你。
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.
老师说你可以去商店买糖。
3)Could/can+have
done
结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”
。
could
加完
成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。
Can they have won the basketball match
？
他们赢了那场篮球赛吗？
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.
你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。
You could have completed the task a little earlier.
你本来能早点完成任务的。
（但事实上并没有提前完成任务）
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。
如表具体做某一件事的能力时，则须用
be able to .
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.
他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。
Can
表示一贯的能力
，
be able to
表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力
I can
’
t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.
25
The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
的用法
1)
表示请求、可以、允许。
You may drive the tractor.
你可以开那台拖拉机。
2)
当回答由
may
引起的问题时，
否定答语要用
must
not,
表示
“不 许可”
、
“不应该”
、
“不行”
。
May I come in?
Yes, you may.
No,you can
’
t
No, you may not .
No ,you mustn
’
t
No ,you
’
d better not.
3) may /might
推测性用法
可能
He may be right.
He may not come today (
可能不
)
He may /might come tomorrow.
,
注意
: 1
只用于肯定和否定句中
,
不用于疑问句中。
2 might
比
may
可能性更小
He might get a job.
He may get a job.
3 may no
可能不
can not
不可能
He may not come
He can
’
t come
3)
表建议（可和
as well
连用）
You may
（
might
）
as well stay where you are.
你还是原地待着好。
（
may as well
有“还是„„的好”的含义）
4)
表祝愿
May you be happy!
might
1)
表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。
She said that he might take her dictionary.
她说他可以拿她的词典去用。
除在间接引语中外，
might
一般 不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”
。表过去的“可能”可用
could
，表过去的“许 可”可用
were (was) allowed to
。
2)
表现在的“可能”
，其可能性要比
may
小。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.
电熨斗会有危险，它可能电着人。
3)may (might) + have +done
表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“想必”
、
“也许是”的意
思。
It may have been true.
这事也许是真的。
He might not have settled the question.
他可能尚未解决那个问题。
的主要用法。
1)
表示必须、必要
We must do everything step by step .
我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。
26
Why must you always bother me?
为什么你偏要打扰我呢。
2)must be +
表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。
（只用在肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy.
他一定是个诚实的男孩。
This must be your room.
这一定是你的房间。
3)must
的否定式有两个：当回答由
must
引起的问题时，否定答复 要用
needn
’
t
或
don
’
t
have
to
表示
“不必”
、
“无须”
、“用不着”
、
“不一定”
的意义。
当表示
“不应该”
、
“不许可”
、
“禁止”时，就用
must not
。
Must I go tomorrow?
明天我必须去吗？
Yes, please.
是的，请吧！
No , you needn
’
t.
不，你不必去。
4)must
+have
+
过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有 “一
定”
、
“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用
can
。
She must have studied English before.
她以前一定学过英语。
to
的含义与
must
是很接近的
,
只是
have to
比较强调客观需要，
must
着重说明主
观看法
。
I must clean the room.
（主观想法）
I have to clean the room.
（客观需要）
另外，
have to
能用于更多时态：
We had to be there at ten .
我们得在十点钟到那里。
We will have to reconsider the whole thing.
这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。
have to
的否定式：
don
’
t have to do
表示“不必做„„”之意。
to
的用法
Ought to
后接动词原形，表义务，但不及
must
那样具有信心，如：
You don
’
t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.
你气色不好，应该去看病。
Ought to
用于否定句，其否定形式可缩略为
oughtn
’
t
，如：
You oughtn
’
t to smoke so much.
你不应该抽这么多烟。
也可以用于疑问句，如：
Ought you to smoke so much?
你应该抽这样多烟吗？
Ought to
在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如：
He said you ought to tell the police.
他说你应该去报告警察。
的用法
1)
用于第一人称征求对方的意见，如：
What shall I wear on the journey?
我路上穿什么好呢？
Shall we dance?
我们跳舞好吗？
2)shall
用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命令，威胁（现已少见）
，如：
She shall get her share.
她可以得到她的一份。
You shall have it back tomorrow.
你明天可以将它拿回。
情态动词
should
一般不应被认为是情态动词
shall
的过去式，主 要用法有：
1)
用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和，如：
What should we do now?
我们现在该怎么办？
2)
表示应该、必须，常与
must
换用。例如：
27
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
我们应当至少掌握一门外语。
3)
“
should+be+
表语”的结构，表示推测或惊奇。例如：
They should be back by now.
他们现在应该回来了吧。
I am sorry that she should be so careless.
我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。
4)
“< br>should+have+
过去分词”的结构，表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为；其否 定
则表示发生了不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“
ought
to
have
+
过去分词”
,
表示过去“早
应该”
、
“本当”之意，语气较强。例如：
I should have thought of that.
这一点我是应当想到的。
（但没想到）
They should not have left so soon.
他们不应当走得这么早。
（但已走了）
5)
在
“
It
is
natural
(strange,
natural,
necessary,
surprised,
impossible,
important
)
that
„„”句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用
should
+
动词原形”表示“理所当然”
、
“奇
怪”
、
“必要”
、< br>“惊异”等的意思。在
lest
（以免）
、
for
fear
(that)
(
以防
)
、
in
case
（以
备万一）等之后也要用
should+
动词原形
;
在
advise, sugest, order, demand, request
等
的从句中
should+do
”例如：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.
有必要马上派他到那里去。
It is strange that he should say so.
他会说这样的话真是奇怪。
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.
我们马上走吧，以免赶不上火车。
8..will
和
would
的用法
1
）表示意志，决心或愿望。例如：
Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。
He would not let me try it .
他不肯让我去试。
2
）
wi ll
表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，
would
表示过去的习惯行为。
He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。
He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.
他在北京时，常来看望我。
3
）用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对 方的请求，
would
的语气比
will
委碗
Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station?
请问到火车站怎么走？
4
）表可能性
This will be the book you are looking for.
这可能就是你要找的书。
She eould be about 60 when she died.
他死时大概
60
岁。
9. need
和
dare
的用法
情态动词
need
实义动词
need
现
You need (not) do You (don
’
t) need to do
在
时
He need (not) do He needs (doesn
’
t need) to do
过
You needed (didn
’
t need) to do
28
去
时
He needed (didn
’
t need) to do
将
You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
来
时
He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型
时态
动词
情态动词
dare
实义动词
dare
肯定句
现在时
dare to
少用
dare/dares to do
过去时
dare to
少用
dared to do
否定句
现在时
daren
’
t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
过去时
dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句
现在时
Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?
过去时
Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do
needn
’
t have v-ed
表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，
意为“本没必要„”
。例如：
You needn
’
t have waken me up; I don
’
t have to go to work today
10.
表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句
He must/may be in the room, isn
’
t he?
He can
’
t be in the room, is he
？
He must have finished the work, hasn
’
t he?
He may have done the work last night, didn
’
t he?
：情态动词
+
行为动词进行式
情态动词
+
行为动词进行式（即情态动词
+ be + v-ing
形式）
，表示推测或评论某动作
现在是否正在进行。例如：
1
）
He must be playing basketball in the room.
2
）
She may be staying at home.
11.
情态动词
+
行为动词完成进行式
情态动词
+
行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词
+ have been + v-ing
形式）
，表示推测或
评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：
1
）
They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2
）
He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
to +v, be used to +v-ing
和
be used to +v
（
1
）
used to +v
意为“过去常常”
，
“过去一直”
；
be used to +v-ing / n
（名词）意
为“习惯于”
；
be used to +v
意为“被用来（做某事）
”
。
（
2
）
used
to
只表示过去，而
be used to +v-ing / n
可表示现在、过去或将来。例如：
1
）
He used to smoke. Now he doesn
’
t.
2
）
He
’
s quite used to hard work / working hard.
3
）
The knife is used to cut bread.
13
．用作情态动词的其他短语
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had
sooner, can not but, may (just) as well
等可用作情态动词。例如：
1
）
The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2
）
The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
29
3
）
I
’
d rather walk than take a bus.
4
）
If you don
’
t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形
.would
(had)
rather,
would
(had)
sooner,
would
(just) as soon
后可跟
that
引导的从句，
that
常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将
来的假设用 过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：
1
）
I would rather you came on Sunday.
2
）
I would sooner you hadn
’
t asked me to speak yesterday.
三
.
巩固练习
:
1. _____ you ready?
(A)
Are (B) Have
(C) Will (D) Can
2. ____ here early?
(A)
Will he (B) Was he (C) Did he be (D) Were he
3.
I ___ happy about the price of eggs.
(A) am't (B) am not (C)
d
o not (D) won
’
t
4.
Since last year I____ him only once.
(A)
have seen (B) have been seeing (C)
see (D) was seeing
5.
Donald ___ sixteen tomorrow.
(A)
is being (B) going to be
(C)
shall be (D) will be
6.
I ___ the story at all.
(A) don't like
(B) like
(C)
am fond of
(D) would like
7.
I would rather ___ than play now.
(A) to study
(B)am studying
(C)
study
(D)
studied
8. I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.
(A) do (B) didn't do
(C)
don't
(D) didn't
9. The car___much money.
(A)
not cost
(B) not have cost
(C)
isn't cost
(D) didn't cost
10. I ___ like to eat fish.
(A) am (B) have (C) do (D) be
11. ___ repeat the question?
(A)
Shall I
(B) Will I (C)Would you like that I (D) Do you want that I
12.
My teacher knows more than ___.
(A)
my uncle knows
(B) my uncle does
(C)
they know
(D)they don't know
13.
He___to meet us at the station, but didn't see us.
(A)
did go (B) did went (C) goes (D) had
14.
Not only ____us light.
(A)
does the sun give (B) the sun gives
(C) gives the sun (D) the sun does give
15.
____ you tell me what has happened?
(A) May (B) Must (C) Can (D) Could
16.
Anne___tomorrow.
(A) can sing (B) can to sing (C) is going sing (D) going to sing
17.
You___hand it in at once, you may hand it in tomorrow.
30
(A)
needn't (B) may not (C) can't (D) must not
18.
Tell the boy that he ___ in the river.
(A) swims (B) swim (C) swimming (D) to swim
19.
Joan___play on Saturday.
(A) going to (B) can (C) is going (D) can to
20.
Susan and I can go to the lecture ___.
(A)
but neither can Charles (B) and so Charies can
(C)
but Charles can't (D) and Charles also can
四
.
答案
1.
11.
(A)
(D)
(9)
(A)
(D)
(B)
2,
6,
10,
12.
16.
20,
(B)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(A)
(C)
3.
7.
13.
17.
(B)
(C)
(A)
(A)
4.
8.
14.
18.
(A)
(B)
(A)
(B)
5,
9.
15.
19.
第七章
动词不定式
一
.
相关知识点精讲
:
1.
不定式作补语
1
）
有些有动词
+
宾语
+
不定式的结构。例如：
advise
allow
cause
challenge
command
compel
drive
驱使
enable
encourage
forbid
force
impel
induce
instruct
invite
like/love
order
permit
make
let
have
want
get
warn
persuade
request
send
tell
train
urge
例如；
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire.
长官命令士兵开火。
注意：有些动词如
make
，
hav e
，
get
，
want
等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。 现
在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2)
有些有动词
+
宾语
+
不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是
be，不定式一般可以省
去。例如：
consider
find
believe
think
declare
（
声
appoint
称）
guess
fancy
（设想）
guess
judge
imagine
know
例如：
We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool.
我们知道他是个笨蛋。
（
to be
不能省去）
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered
___ the first computer.
A. to invent
B. inventing
C. to have invented
D. having invented
答案：
C.
一般没有
consider+
宾语
+be以外不定式的结构，也没有
consider+
宾语
+doing
的结构 ，排除
A
、
B
、
D
。
consider
用 动词
be
以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的
31
完成式，故选
C
。
3)
有些动词可以跟
there +to be
的结构。例如：
believe
expect
intend
like
love
mean
prefer
want
wish
understand
例如：
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.
我们没料到会有那么多人在那
里。
You wouldn
’
t want there to be another war.
你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2.
不定式作主语
不定式作主语，往往用
it
作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如：
It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
不用车
的时候，锁车是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us.
他帮助我们，他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.
他不给他们任何东
西，这显得太自私了。
但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用
It is
„
to
„的句型。
另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。
3. It's for sb.
和
It's of sb.
这样的句 子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用
for
或
of
的区别。
1
）
for
sb.
句型中的形容词一般 为表示事物的特征特点，
表示客观形式的形容词，
如
easy,
hard, difficult, interesting, impossible
等：例如：
It's very hard for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2
）
of sb
句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观 感情或态度的形容
词，如
good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right
。例如：
It's very nice of you to help me.
你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
用
for
还是用
of
的另一种辨别方法：
用介词
for
或
of
后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介 词前边的形容词作表语，造个句
子。如果通顺用
of
，不通则用
for
。例如：
You are nice.
（通顺，所以应用
of
）
。
He is hard.
（非所表达的意思，不通，因此用
for
。
）
4.
不定式作表语
不定式可放在
be
动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor.
他的梦想是成为一名医生。
5.
不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
我有许多事要做。
There
was
nothing
to
bring
home
that
morning.
那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。
6.
不定式作状语
1
）目的状语
常用结构为
to do , only to do
（仅仅为了）
, in order to do,
so as to do,
so
（
such
）„
as to
„（如此„以便„）
。例如：
32
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you.
我来仅仅是向你告别。
2
）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone.
我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing.
他搜索了房间，没发现什么。
3
）
表原因
I'm glad to see you.
见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight.
她一看到这情形就哭了。
4
）表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.
用作介词的
to
to
可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的
to
都用作介词：
admit to
object to
be
accustomed
be used to
stick to
turn to
开始
to
look
forward
be
devoted
pay
attention
contribute
apologize
devote
to
to
to
to
to
oneself to
8.
省去
to
的动词不定式
1
）
情态动词
（
除
ought
外）
后。
2
）
使役动词
let,
have,
make
后，感官动词
see,
watch,
look
at,
notice
,
observe,
hear, listen to, smell, feel, find
等后。
注意：被动语态中不能省去
to
。例如：
I saw him dance.
我看见他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
老板让他们整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
3
）
would rather
，
had better
句型后
4
）
Why
„
/ why no
„句型后
5
）
help
后可带
to
，也可不带
to, help sb
（
to
）
do sth
：
6
）
but
和
except
后。
but
前是实义动词
do
时，后面出现的不定式不带
to
。
比较：
He wants to do nothing but go out.
他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
除了吃这药，
他什么都信。
7
）
由
and, or
和
than
连接的两个不定式，第二个
to
可以省去：
8
）
通常在
discover, imagine, suppose, think
等词后作宾补时，可以省去
to be
。例
如：
He is supposed
（
to be
）
nice.
他应该是个好人。
9.
动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志
to
前加上
not
。例如：
Tell him not to shut the window
。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
10.
不定式的特殊句型
too
„
to
„
1
）
too
„
to
太„以至于„。例如：
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
33
---- Can I help you ?
需要我帮忙吗
?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you
all the same.
不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2
）
如在
too
前有否定词，
则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，
too
后那个词表达一种委婉含
义，意
为
不太
。例如：
It's never too late to mend.
改过不嫌晚。
（谚语）
3
）
当
too
前面有
only, all, but
时，意思是：非常„
等于
very
。例如：
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.
能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home.
他非常想回家。
11.
不定式的特殊句型
so as to
1
）
表示目的；它的否定式是
so as not to do
。例如：
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持
沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2
）
表示结果。例如：
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
12.
不定式的特殊句型
Why not
not
+
动词原形
表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：
为什么不„„< br>?
干吗不„„
?
。
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假
?
13.
不定式的时态和语态
1
）
一般式 表示的动词，
有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，
有时发生在谓语动词的动
作之后， 例如
He seems to know this.
他似乎知道这事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.
我希望再见到你。
2
）
完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。
He seems to have caught a cold.
他好像已经得了感冒。
3
）
进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：
He seems to be eating something.
他好像正在吃什么东西。
4
）
完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
我们知道她
研究这问题有好几年了。
14.
动名词与不定式
1
）动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是：
状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是：
目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2
）有些动词如
continue
接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。
3
）有些动词如
continue
接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。 常见的，
下一节有专
门讨论
第八章
分词
34
一
.
概念
:
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种
,
是一种非谓语动词形式
二
.
相关知识点精讲
:
1.
现在分词的用法：
1)
做表语：
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：
exciting,
interesting,
encouraging,
disappointing,
confusing,
touching,
puzzling.
2)
作定语：
上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语
,
修饰一个名词：
That must have been a terrifying experience.
I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词
,
相当于一个定语从句：
There are a few boys swimming in the river.
There is a car waiting outside.
3)
作状语：
现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作：
Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.
Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
现在分词短语还可以表示原因
,
相当于一个原因状语从句：
Not knowing her address, we couldn
’
t get in touch with her.
Being unemployed, he hasn
’
t got much money.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间
,
相当于一个时间状语从句：
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Returning home, he began to do his homework.
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
Be careful when crossing the road.
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
Having finished her work, she went home.
4)
作宾补：
现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语：
例如
, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have
等
.
I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
She kept him working all day.
2.
过去分词的用法：
1)
作表语：
We were so bored that we couldn
’
t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
They were very pleased with the girl.
35