英语语法长难句讲义
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2015
考研英语基础班讲义
(
语法长难句部分
)
考研英语长难句解析
一、考研英语长难句之定语从句
一、定语从句
定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分 为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从
句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句
称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句 。此外，定语
从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例
change
met
the
technical
requirement
of
the
new
age
and
prevented
the
decline
in
efficiency
that
so
commonly
spoiled
the
fortunes
of
family
firms
in
the
second
and
third
generation after the energetic founders. (1996
年真题
)
例
2.
The American economic system is,
organized around a basically private- enterprise
插入语或
隐性定
,
market-
oriented
economy
分译
in
which
在这种经济中
consumers
largely
determine
what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those
goods and services
that they want most.
合译
例
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will
tend
to
increase
the
supply
offered
by
seller-producers,
which
in
turn
will
lower
the
price
and
permit more consumers to buy the product.
例
4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate
to those enterprises
that
could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in
over 50 laid-off workers yearly.
例
5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the
number of mice,
which
finally became the threat needed to be controlled.
例
environmental
protection
should
be
given
priority
which
means
the
economic
development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.
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例
7.
She
was
confirmed
to
be
infected
with
bird
flu
that
calls
for
a
quarantine
and
medical
observation for weeks in the hospital.
例
8.
In
Europe,
as
elsewhere
multi-media
groups
have
been
increasingly
successful
groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing
houses that work in relation to one another.(2005
年真题
)
二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句
例
1.
The
audience
leraned
form
the
internet
the
news
that
a
serious
explosion
broke
out
in
Xi
’
an a few days ago.
观众从网上知道了这则消息：几天前，西安发生了一起严重的爆炸事
故。
例
rumor
that she eloped with her boyfriend
just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home
just now.
她和她男朋友私奔的谣言根本站不住脚，
例
3.
However,
the
conventional
view
that
education
should
be
one
of
the
very
highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries
is
wrong.(2009
年第
3
篇)
在贫穷国家，为了促进经济的快速发展，教育应该是最优
先考虑的方面之一，然而这个传 统的观点是错的。
三、考研英语长难句之倒装句
倒装
(inve rsion)
是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的
需要。英语 的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。
倒装有两种。
将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，
叫做
完全倒装
(comple te inversion)
。
如
Then
began a bitter war between the two countries.
于是两国之间开始了恶战。
只将助动词
(
包括情态动词
)< br>移至主语之前，叫做
部分倒装
(partial
inversion)
。如
At
no
time was the entrance left unguarded.
入口无时无人把守。
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，
二是由于修辞的需要而进行 的
倒装。
前一种情况，
倒装是必须的，
否则就会出现语法错误，
后一 种情况，
倒装是选择性的，
倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。
例
1
介词短语提前
（
Among
the
advantages
(that
future
biochips,
or
“living
computers”,
would have over conventional semiconductor chips
）
(that
定从
)
are
（
that they are smaller, they do
not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information
）
that
主语从
句
, making them faster than today
’
s semiconductor devices.
例
2This is the world
out of which
grows the hope
（
the hope grows
）
,
for the first time in
history(
插入语
)
,
of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.
注意：调整语序，加强语气。
以
There be
引出的倒装句
a. There seem to be many good candidates in the district.
b. There exist many problems among the present day students.
c. There appears to be a man in black in the distance.
以副词
here, there, then, now, next
引出的倒装句
a. Here come the rest of the party.
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b. Now comes your turn.
c. Then followed the discovery of a new compound.
d. Next came Edward with his wife.
以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句
a. At the school gate stood a guard.
b. Under the tree are sitting some students.
c. On the bed lay a pretty kitten.
主语为代词时，不用倒装
Behind the counter
he stood.
Behind the counter
stood a man
with glasses.
以表方位的副词引出的倒装句
a. Up went the arrow into the air.
b. Down fell a dozen apples.
c. Off went the horse.
not
短语置于句首
a. Not until he went abroad did he know the truth of the fact.
b. Not a moment did she waste on campus.
c. Not only did I know her, but I was her best friend.
d. Not simple is this book interesting, but also instructive.
no
短语置于句首
a. By no means should he be left alone.
b. In no way are can we allow this to continue.
c. In no case are you to leave your post.
d. On no account should we follow blindly.
e. Under no circumstances can we create or destroy energy.
f. No longer are they staying with us.
g. No sooner had she finished the poem than the students began go ask her questions.
only
置于句首
a. Only by this means is it possible to explain his failure to act decisively.
b. Only after making investigation can we have the right to speak.
c. Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.
比较状语从句中的倒装
a. He ran as fast as did the person who came from England.
b. I spend less than do nine out of ten people in my position.
c. The greater the number of the free electrons in a material, the better is the conductivity of the
material.
让步状语从句中的倒装
a. Small as atoms, electrons are still smaller.
b. Complex as it may appear, the rocket, which was invented in China over 800 years ago, is a
relatively simple device.
c. Hard as I tried to explain it to him, he still didn
’
t understand.
d. Much as I disagree with you, I yet respect you.
e. Vague though its category (is), it is without doubt an essay.
f. Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.
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四、考研英语长难句之被动语态
1.
变为汉语的主动形式
e.g.
In
his
attitude
can
be
found
seeds
for
art
in
the
20
th
century:
the
art
of
the
primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.
e.g.
It
leads
the
discussion
to
extremes
at
the
outset
：
it
invites
you
to
think
that
animals should be tested either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,
or with no consideration at all.
e.g. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if
the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he
is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they
possessed.
e.g. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most
precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well
defined.
2.
被动结构的表语化，可译为：
“是…的”
，
“由…的”等。
e.g. The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous
Negro leader.
e.g. This picture was taken by my brother as he went to Y
unnan.
3.
译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。
e.g.
For
all
the
help
this
computer
may
provide,
it
should
not
be
seen
as
a
substitute
for
fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
e.g.
It
should
be
made
clear
to
entire
citizens
that
whoever
enjoys
rights
must
undertake
corresponding obligations.
e.g. Those who support the
“
nature
”
side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior
patterns are largely determined by biological factors.
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e.g. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,
reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it
is interpreted.
4.
增添“人们”
、
“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。
e.g. With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.
e.g.
And
it
is
imagined
by
many
that
the
operations
of
the
common
mind
can
be
by
no
means
compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
e.g.
During
this
transfer,
traditional
historical
methods
were
augmented
by
additional
methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
综合例题：
Traditionally,
legal
learning
has
been
viewed
in
such
institutions
as
the
special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment
of an educated person.
（
2007
年真题）
五、
考研英语长难句之形式主语（宾语）结构
1. It is + adjective/ noun + clause
注意：
先翻从句部分，
再翻形容词
/
名词部分。
a. So it is quite
sad-
形式主语
（
when divorces come with small provocations, when parents and
children give up on one another, when friendships falter at the first injury, for thus we forfeit
a great work of art
——
the long love.
）
b.
It
is
thus
no
exaggeration
that
Americans
have
taken
to
mechanical
cooling
avidly
and
greedily.
c. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as
a
result
of
labor
market
problems
number
in
the
hundreds
of
thousands
or
the
tens
of
millions.
2. It is + adjective + infinitive to
注意：
先翻不定式部分，
再翻形容词部分。
a. It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified
teacher or nurse marry after a year of two and be lost forever to her profession.
b. It is essential for modern men to master one or two foreign languages.
c. It is difficult for us to over-praise the book.