50个学术用语,让你英语论文更专业
白洋淀旅游景点-
50
个学术用语，让你英语论文更专业
论文写作可能是英语精进的最难关之一。
要掌握这项高级写作技能，
需要有完美的英语
的语法，精准
的词汇和对主题深刻的理解。另外，
论文写作还是一种专门的文体（正式和专
业性）
，
这一点对于英语非母语的作者来说可能比
较难拿捏
（甚至对英语母语的作者也一样
很难！
)
。
想要提升学术英语写作，
其中一个方法就是学习一些有用的固定搭配，
这样一来文章就
会显得更自信、更专业，论文的专业度和正式性恰到好处。<
/p>
下文我们会列举
50
个最有用的论文写作固定搭配，附有定义和例子，全都取材于真实
的学术论文。
学习要点
：
将下列固定搭配用到你写的文章中去。
想一想语法上对不对？
内容上说不说
得通？把自己写的句子和下面的例子比较下，看看用得对不对。
Accurate assessment - correct and
precise evaluation of something or someone
准确评价：对某事或某人进行正确而精准的评估
-
E.g.
“
Accurate assessment of
head motion can be a useful tool in clinical
studies
”
.
例子：对头部运动的准确评价可以作为临床研究的有用手段。
Address the issue - consider or deal
with the matter at hand
解决问题：考虑或者解决棘手的问题
- E.g.
“
To help address this issue,
we have extended our previous study and
examined in detail
the
…”
.
例子：为了帮助解决问
题，我们对之前的研究作了拓展，继续探究细节方面……
Adversely
affect - change in a negative way
产生不利影响：作出不良改变
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：
- E.g.
“
A literature search was
performed to determine whether non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory
drugs
(NSAIDs)
adversely
affect
the
healing
of
stress
fractures
”
.
例子：经过文献检索，我们发现抗炎药（
NSAIDs
）是否对应力性骨折产生不良影响。
Become apparent
- to be suddenly clear or obvious
显性化：突然变得清晰或者明显
- E.g.
“
They become apparent,
however, when a new molecular species is
introduced into the
atmosphere...
”
.
例子：当一种新的分子种类进入大气层，分子们就成显性。
Brief overview - a non-detailed look at
the subject as a whole
概述：对事物进行笼统的描述。
-
E.g.
“
This
paper
offers
a
brief
but
broad
overview
of
the
field
of
individual
of language
learning
”
.
例如：这篇论文对某一种独立的语言学习进行了概述。
Broad range - of extensive scope
广泛：涉及大面积领域
- E.g.
“
The colour produced from
this reaction is stable and increases in a
proportional fashion over a broad range
of increasing protein
concentrations
”
.
例如：反应所产生的颜色很稳定，成比例地且大量增加了蛋白质的浓度。
Causal link - one thing being
responsible for another
因果联系：两件事有因果联系
- E.g.
“
A causal link between high
need for achievement and small business
ownership is not
found
”
.
例如：我们并没有找
到成功的高需求和小企业的拥有权之间的因果关系。
Characteristic
feature
-
a
feature
which
distinguishes
or
defines
something
or
someone
本质特征：能够体现或者定义某个人或某件事情的特征
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：
-
E.g.
“
The characteristic
feature of the book is the effort to explain the
mathematical origins of the most widely
used statistical formulas in terms that
persons with comparatively little
mathematical training can easily
follow
”
.
例子：
此书的本质特征旨在阐述最广泛应用的统计公式的数学起源，
即便读者相对
来说
没有太多数学背景，也可以读懂此书。
Deeply rooted - firmly implanted or
established
根深蒂固：深深地扎根或建立
-
E.g.
“
This book describes
efforts to develop an approach to teaching and
teacher education that is deeply rooted
in the study of practice
”
. <
/p>
例子：此书力求开发一种教学和教师教育手段，此方法源于实践深处。
Detailed analysis - an in-depth study
细部分析：详细而深刻的研究
- E.g.
“
The major difference
between my book and others at this level is its
coverage of the detailed analysis of
experiments
”
.
例子：
在这个层面上，我的书和其他人的区别就在于对于实验的细部分析。
Essential component - a vital part of
something
重要组成部分：某事物的重要部分
-
E.g.
“
We
show
here
that
these
proteins
are
an
essential
component
of
the
cell
surface
receptor
”
.
例子：我们这
里显示，这些蛋白质是细胞表面受体的重要组成部分。
Establish a
relationship - to prove or show a link between two
things
建立联系：证明二者之间有关系。
-
E.g.
“
Our
aim
was
to
establish
the
relationship
between
aortic
stiffness
and
stroke death in
hypertensive patients
”
.
例子：我们的目标是证明主动脉硬化和中风死亡在高血压患者中存在联系。
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：
Existing research - previous academic
work on the same subject
现有研究：对同一问题先前做的研究。
-
E.g.
“
This working paper
reviews the existing research evidence about the
additional costs or deprivation that
disabled people face
”
.
例子：这篇研究审议了关于残疾人面临的额外开支和贫困状况的现有研究。
First
impression
-
initial
thought
on
a
subject,
prior
to
any
detailed
analysis
最初观点：在任何细节分析之前，对一个主题的最先的看法。
-
E.g.
“
Our first impression
was strengthened by the fact that we were aware
a condition existed in Povoa de
Varzim
”
.
例子：我们发现曾
经出现在波瓦珍的病情，这印证了我们的最初观点。
Frequently
cited - often quoted or referred to in reference
to something
频频引用：多次被引用
-
E.g.
“
It should be
recognized that other systems are frequently
cited,
particularly in engineering
literature
”
.
例子：我
们应该认识到，其他的系统经常被引用，尤其在工程学得文献中。
Fundamental principle - principle from
which other principles can be derived
基本原理：最最基础的原理，其他原理从其中得来。
-
E.g.
“
The authors argue for
the restoration of beneficence to its place as
the fundamental principle of medical
ethics
”
.
例子：作者论证指
出，医学伦理的基本原理在于对善心的重建归位。
General
consensus - the majority opinion on a topic
普遍认同：对此话题的普遍意见
-
E.g.
“
There
is
a
general
consensus
that
forward
exchange
rates
have
little,
if any power as
forecasts of future spot exchange
rates
”
.
例如：大家普遍认同
，远期汇率对预测未来现汇汇率几乎没有影响。
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：
Gain insight - achieve a more profound
understanding
获得真知灼见：得到更深刻的理解
-
E.g.
“
Through
this
comparison
we
hope
to
gain
insight
into
the
way
they
perform
specific
tasks
”
.
例如：通过此次对比
，我们希望对他们进行这次实验有更深刻的认识。
Hierarchical
structure - a system where elements are
subordinate to other
elements
阶层结构：在系统中一个要素与另一个要素呈现下属关系。
-
E.g.
“
After reviewing their
theoretical approach, the authors present four
kinds of hierarchical structure in
music
”
.
例如：在探讨理论手
段后，作者提出了在音乐中有
4
种阶层结构。
< br>
Highly controversial - tending to
provoke fierce disagreement
高度争议：可能会产生强烈的不认同
-
E.g.
“
A
highly
controversial
issue
in
financial
economies
is
whether
stocks
overreact
”
.
例如：在金融经济中有一个具有高度争议的话题，就是股票是否反应过激。
Immediately apparent - obvious and
clear at that moment
立即显现：当即变得明显、清晰
-
E.g.
“
The
reasons
for
this
are
not
immediately
apparent
and
deserve
further
investigation
”
.
例如：对此的理由没有立刻显现出来，需要进一步调查
Increase the likelihood - to make more
likely or plausible
几率增加：变得更可能
-
E.g.
“
Numerous
high
school
students
engage
in
behaviours
that
increase
their
likelihood of death
from these four causes
”
.
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：
<
/p>
例子：无数的高中学生都会做这些事情，从这四件事中他们死亡的几率会增加。
Key element - a main or fundamental
component
重要元素：重要的基础的组成部分
-
E.g.
“
Provisional
restorations represent a key element in the
realization
of extensive esthetic
rehabilitations
”
.
例子：暂时修复代表了大规模审美的修复的重要元素。
Largely confined - focussed in a
particular area
主要限于：专注于某一领域
-
E.g.
“
The metabolic syndrome
is largely confined to overweight and obese
adults
”
.
例如：代谢综合征主要限于肥胖和超重的成人之中。
Literal interpretation - a non-
metaphorical or figurative reading
字面解释：没有隐喻或比喻含义的解释
-
E.g.
“
In Experiment 2,
targets were phrases that could be given either an
idiomatic or a literal
interpretation
”
.
例如：
在实验
2
中，
< br>实验对象是词组，这些词组可以看作为习语，
也可以只做字面含义
解释。
Major challenge - a large
or fundamental problem
主要困难：很大和根本的问题
-
E.g.
“
Keeping
up
with
the
population
increase
is
a
major
challenge
for
urban
areas
”
.
例如：城市地区的主要问题在于很难跟上人口的增长。
Markedly different - noticeably
distinct
显著不同：明显的不同
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：
-
E.g.
“
The
spectrum
of
pyridine
coordinately
bonded
to
the
surface
is
markedly
different from that
of the pyridinium ion
”
.
例如：吡啶的光谱与表面的协调度和吡啶离子有显著不同。
Negative connotation - suggesting
something bad or wrong
负面暗示：暗指不好的意思
- E.g.
“
The label placebo was
avoided because of its negative
connotation
”
.
例子：“安慰剂”这个标牌并未被使用因为它有不好的含义。
Newly emerging - novel or original
concept first being introduced
新产生的：新的或者原创的概念
-
E.g.
“
This
is
a
book
about
a
newly
emerging
area
of
research
in
instructional
technology
”
.
例子：这本书是关于在教育科技研究这个新兴领域的。
Offer insight - present a deep or
original analysis
提出深刻的原创的分析
-
E.g.
“
This
study
reveals
what
those
practices
are
and
may
offer
insight
for
how they fit into future
workplaces
”
.
例子：<
/p>
这份研究指出这个方法到底是什么并且对在未来这些方法应用到工作领域作深刻
的分析。
Organisational structure -
the way groups are arranged
组织结构：组织是如何安排的
- E.g.
“
This paper models the inner
workings of relationship lending, the
implications for bank organisational
structure, and the effects of shocks to the
economic environment on the
availability of relationship credit to small
businesses
”
.
例子：这篇论文以如下几方面为模板：关系型贷款的内部运作，银行组织结构的含义，
经济环境的影响冲击对于小型企业贷款关系的可得性的影响。
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：
Particular emphasis - stressing one
aspect of something
特别强调：强调事物的某一方面
- E.g.
“
The first chapter, a review
of some of the principal social surveys
carried out in the last half-century or
so, with particular emphasis on British
experience, has been entirely
rewritten
”
.
例子：
第一章审议了在上半个世纪流行的主要社会调查，
特别强调了英国的
经验，
但这
一章已经重新改写过了。
Perceived
importance
-
the
opinion
that
something
is
particularly
important
or
relevant
感到某一观点特别重要和相关
- E.g.
“
We examined whether
employees' perceived importance of the training
program would be one variable that
mediates the relationship between training
assignment and training
motivation
”
.
例如：<
/p>
我们研究过员工是否感觉培训项目的重要性，
这是协调培训作用和
培训动机的变
量。
Pioneering work
- work which explores previously uncharted
territory
创举：史无前例，探索从未有人的领域
-
E.g.
“
Hans-Paul Schwefel has
responded to rapidly growing interest in
Evolutionary
Computation,
a
field
that
originated,
in
part,
with
his
pioneering
work
in the early
1970s
”
.
例如：
Has-Paul
Schwe
fel
回应了对进化计算这一热点领域，该领域有一部分是在二十
世纪
70
年代发源的。
Positive feature - something good
积极特征：好的方面
-
E.g.
“
The
great
chemical
diversity
is
a
positive
feature
in
that
it
indicates
the likelihood
that a variety of approaches can be made to
prevention
”
.
例如：<
/p>
伟大化学方面的多样性是一大积极特征，
显示了各种防治手段可以
人为的可能性。
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：
Qualitatively
different
-
differences
relating
to
quality
as
opposed
to
quantity
质的不同：质量上的不同而非数量上的不同
-
E.g.
“
Current
methods
for
generating
qualitatively
different
plans
are
either
based
on simple randomisation of planning
decisions
”
.
例如：目前
我们产生质的不同的计划是基于简单的计划决定的随机性
Quantitative
study - a study which focuses on aspects of
quantity
定量研究：一项专注于数量的研究
-
E.g.
“
Qualitative
and
quantitative
studies
were
performed
on
pulmonary
blood
vessels in lung tissue obtained by
biopsy, pneumonectomy, or
autopsy
”
.
-
例如：
通过活体组织切片、
肺切除手术和尸检，<
/p>
定量和定性研究都对于肺部组织的肺
血管进行。
< br>
Raise a question - necessitates an
obvious enquiry
提出质疑：提出一个明显而必要的疑问
-
E.g.
“
At
the
same
time,
it
also
raises
the
question
of
whether
a
single
reform
can meet the very
different objectives of different
supporters
”
.
例如：同
时，这也对我们提出了质疑，是否单个的改革可以针对不同的支持者的对象。
Rapid expansion - to grow larger at a
fast rate
快速扩张：大规模快速增长
-
E.g.
“
It
has been
suggested that the rapid expansion
could be the result
of
human activities causing habitat
disturbances or stresses such as
pollution
”
.
例如：
有人提出，快速的扩张可能是由人类活动导致的，
从而引起了居住的
不适、
压力
譬如污染。
Reach a consensus - develop a general
agreement
达成共识
- E.g.
“
A consensus conference was
organized to evaluate the data and reach
a consensus on optimal treatment
protocols
”
.
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：
<
/p>
例如：组织召开了一次共识会议，会上评估了数据，对最佳治疗方案达成共识。
Reciprocal relationship - benefiting
both parties equally
互惠关系：双方受益
-
E.g.
“
The
aim
of
the
present
study
is
to
examine
the
reciprocal
relationship
between
parental
attachment
and
adolescent
internalising
and
externalising
problem
behaviour
”
.
例如：当前研究的目的是为了探究亲子依恋和成人内化和外化问题行为的互惠关系。
Seem plausible - appear possible or
likely
似乎有道理：貌似可行
-
E.g.
“
Again,
even
though
the
results
seem
plausible,
they
are
hard
to
interpret
in the absence of
a theory
”
.
例如：即便结果似乎有道理，没有理论就很难解释。
Specific examples - focussed examples
特例
-
E.g.
“
The
specific
examples
used
are
shown
to
have
a
substantial
biasing
effect
on
diagnostic accuracy
”
.
例如：我们使用的特例显示我们对诊断的精确性有显著的偏差。
Theoretical
approach
-
focussing
on
theories
rather
than
practical
application
理论研究方法：专注于理论而非实践
- E.g.
“
A new theoretical approach
to language has emerged in the past
10
–
15
years
that
allows
linguistic
observations
about
form
–
meaning
pairings,
known
as 'constructions', to be stated
directly
”
.
例如：
在过去
10-15
年间产生了新的研究语言的
方法，
这种方法允许对语言的形式
（含
义配对）进行观察研究，称作“结构主义”，如果直接表述的话。
Typical example - an example which is
common or expected in its outcome
典型例子：一个普遍而且大致能预料到的例子。
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：
-
E.g.
“
A
typical
example
would
be
the
design
of
a
trial
to
evaluate
the
benefits
of
specialist stroke units
”
.
一个典型例子就是我们进行一次试验，评估专家的卒中单元。
Underlying
assumption - a belief which dictates other beliefs
根本的假设：其他意见基于该假设
- E.g.
“
Much of ecological theory
is based on the underlying assumption of
equilibrium population
dynamics
”
.
例子：大部分的生态学理论是基于根本的人口动态平衡的假设
Universally
accepted - an assumption which is not commonly
disputed
公认：某假设是普遍不存在争议的
- E.g.
“
The idea of a biological
root to human nature was almost universally
accepted at the turn of the
century
”
.
例子：人的本质是有生物的根性的，这个观点在世纪之交时已
经普遍公认
Vary considerably - to be widely
different in form or features
变化较大：在形式和特点上很不同
- E.g.
“
The results of these
procedures vary considerably among
patients
”
.
例子：各个病人在这个手术上的结果大相径庭
Vast majority -
an overwhelming amount
大多数：绝大多数
-
E.g.
“
The
vast
majority
of
cases
occur
in
developing
countries,
mainly
because
of
lack of screening
”
.
例子：绝大多数的案例发生在发展
中国家，原因在于那里没有筛选机制。
Well-documented - evidence
from numerous or reliable sources
证据充分的：证据从多个可靠的来源那里得来
- E.g.
“
Although CNS depression and
analgesia are well documented effects of
the cannabinoids, the mechanisms
responsible for these and other
cannabinoid-induced effects are so far
known
”
.
例子：
尽管中枢神经抑郁和痛觉消失
都可以由大麻产生，
这一点证据充分，
但其中的机
制和其他大麻的效力目前我们不得而知。
四川外国语大学外语培训中心：