英文论文的结论部分写作要点

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2021年02月07日 21:13
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福建高考报名-

2021年2月7日发(作者:魔狮迪露在哪)


英文论文的结论部分写作要点(


结论、致谢)




8.1


如何写结论



学术文章的结论部分


(Conclusion)


是作者对有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论 。结论必须具有


严密的科学性和客观性,它反映本研究课题的价值,同时对以后的研究具 有指导意义。如果文


章中的


Discussion


一节已对研究结果进行了全面的分析、


综合、


归纳、


推理和总结,


那么


Conclusio n


则可以比较简短。







从某种 意义上说,


Conclusion



I ntroduction


遥相呼应,


因为


Introduction


部分介绍了本课题


的研究目的,那 么


Conclusion


要告诉读者这些目的是否达到,在研究 中做了哪些工作,取得了


什么结果,这些结果说明了什么问题,有何价值和意义,研究过 程中存在或发现了哪些问题,


原因是什么,建议如何解决等。



8.1.1


结论部分的内容与结构布局







一般来说,结论部分的具体内容及其组织框架如下。



(1)


概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。



(2)


比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论,得出了 什么结论,研究结果有何实用价值,


有何创造性成果或见解,解决了什么实际问题,有何 应用前景等。



(3)


与他人的相关研究进行比较。



(4)


本课题的局限性、不足之处,还有哪些尚待解决的问题。



(5)


展望前景,或指出进一步研究的方向。







在上面五项内容中,第一、二项是必不可少的。第三、四、五项内容可以根据需要而定。





Overall, our study has revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels, none of


which


seem


to


indicate


obvious


decline


in


southeastern


Ohio's


oak-hickory


(


橡树与山核桃科树木


)


forests.


2Clearly,


sporadic


insect


outbreaks,


pathogens


(


病菌


),


and


climatic


events


have


caused


excessive


mortality


of


certain


species


in


certain


stands


(


树林


).


3Some


stands


exhibited


mortality


as


high as 40%. 4However, an average of 20% dead stems in a stand appears to be reasonable without


inferring excessive mortality or decline. 5Likewise, certain species were in an obvious state of decline,


but


these


generally


had


a


clear


pathogenic


explanation.


6Changes


occurring


due


to


insects


and


pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon (Castello et al. 1995). 7Evaluation of decline


symptoms


in


smaller


size


classes


might


provide


additional


useful


information


to


be


used


in


understanding the oak regeneration problem.



1


分析:




3


摘自一篇关于俄亥俄东南部地区橡树与山核桃科树木生长状况的研究论文。




1


句:对研究内容的总 体概括。




2



5


句:总结研究结果,即某些树种死亡的原因是害虫、病菌 和气候。其中第


2


句概括这些


原因,第


3



5


句是具 体结果及原因:有些林区的树木死亡率为


40


%,但是


20


%属于正常现象;


有些树种死亡现象明显, 原因是病菌的侵害。




6

< p>
句:引用他人的研究结果和观点,以解释上述结果。害虫和病菌的侵袭所造成的树木死亡

< p>
是一种自然和必然的现象。



< br>7


句:指出以后的研究方向。




从例子可以看出,通过一项研究工作,可能会得出几条结论,这些结论的主次轻重可以从


字里行间表现出来。如通过使用


…has


the


strongest


rel ationship…


点出了最主要的结论,而运


< p>
…also…


这个词,来表示递进关系,说明这句话陈述的内容是研究结论 之二。有时为了清楚醒


目,可以将结论列成几条。




10.1.2


结论部分的语言运用技巧



结论部分的 语言除要严谨、连贯、精炼、确切以外,还要具有高度的概括性。



结论部分与其他各部分不同的是,现在时态



(


特别是一般现在时和现在完成时


)


使用频率很高,


这是因为结论部分总结研究者到前为止做了些什 么工作,得出了什么结果,这些结果对现在来


说有什么影响、意义和价值,能够应用于什 么地方,解决什么问题等。




结论中 的句子既可以用主动语态,也可以用被动语态,总体上说,两种语态的使用频率差


别无几 。但有时


结论部分侧重于研究内容、对象或结果,所以,往往将研究内容置于句首作主< /p>


语,于是,谓语动词自然要使用被动语态。



用主动语态时,常常用


this


paper,


this


investigation,


this


study,


this


survey,


the


results,


the


analysis



we, I


等作主语。




9


a. This study clearly demonstrates that…



b. This investigation discovers that…



c. This study reveals that…



d. We have described…




2


e. We have shown…



f. In this paper we have proposed/discussed…



g. These results represent…



< br>9


中的


a


b



c



g


四个句子中,分别用了


demonstrate



discover



re veal



represent


作谓语 ,


表示作者对研究结果所持的态度明确、肯定。



值得指出的是,作者有时对自己研究结果采取慎重的态度,不那么肯定地说



结果说明



……”



证明了


……”


等,往往对动词加以修饰,表示作者不太肯定或慎重的态度,或者用以


缓和语气 。技巧如下。



技巧


1


:用情态动词



最常用情态动词有

will



can, may


,及 其过去式


would



could




might


等 ,表示



可能



之意。这


三个情态动词语气依次减弱。同一情态动词的过去式比现在式语气弱。




10


a. Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes might provide additional useful information


to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem.


b. Changes occurring due to insects and pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon.


技巧


2


:用某些形容词和副词



不同的形容词和副词表达作者不同的态度和语气。


< br>certainly




of course



absolutely



definitely



clear ly


等词用来加强语气,表示作者态度肯定;


almost c ertain



probably


,< /p>


highly likely


次之。而



likely



unlikely



possible


possibly



perhaps


等词表示作者没有把握,语气比较弱。



例:



Perhaps changes occurring due to insects and pathogens are a natural and necessary phenomenon.


技巧< /p>


3


:用


seem



appear



tend

< p>
等动词



这三个动词用在另一动词之前,


构成


seem to+do


< br>be



have




appear to do


be



have



tend to do



be



have


的结构,


表示陈述的现象、


内容或观点还有进一步探讨的余地。


我们还以例


3


和例


4


中的句子为例:




12


a.


However,


an


average


of


20


%


dead


stems


in


a


stand


appears


to


be


reasonable


without


inferring


excessive mortality or decline.


b. Science projects appear to be an important part of science education.


下面的句子语气依次减弱:




13


a. Science projects are an important part of science education.



3


b. Science projects tend to be an important part of science education.


c. Science projects appear to be an important part of science education.


d. Science projects seem to be an important part of science education.


e. It would appear that science projects are an important part of science education.


技巧


4


:选用 不同的动词



在分析、


综合、


归纳、


推理过程中,


常常会使用


show



prove, illustrate



reveal



suggest



indicate



support



clarify



verify


等动词。这些动词含义不同 ,所表示的语气或态度也不同。在使用同义


词或近义词时,


要注 意区分它们的含义。


例如,


表达形成某现象的原因时,


相近的动词有


cause


lead to



contribute to



be the reason of



be the root of


等。选用不同动词都会对整个句子的意思产


生影响。



试比较以下句子:




14


a



C1early



sporadic insect outbreaks



pathogens (


病菌


)



an d climatic events have caused excessive


mortality of certain species in certain stands



(


表示直接原因,负全 部责任


)


b



C1early



sporadic insect out breaks



pathogens(


病菌


)



and climatic events have lead to excessive


mortality of certain species in certain stands



(


有一个变化过程,表示间接原因


)


a



C1early



sporadic


insect


outbreaks



pathogens(


病菌


)



and


climatic


events


have


contributed


to


excessive mortality of certain species in certain stands.(


表示部分原因,一定还有别的原因


)



结论中常用的句型框架还有:




15


a. Furthe


r investigations are under way to…



b. Further refinement of the models is needed to…



c. Experiments have been designed to…



d. Analytical models have been developed using…



e. It is found that…



f. It is further concluded that…



g.



In this paper,



… are


reviewed/investigated/observed/studied.


h. The presented study is conducted by using…





4


10.2


如何写致谢



为了向论文的写作过程提 供过帮助的组织和个人表示感谢,作者在结论之后,可写一段致谢


(Acknowled gements)


。致谢的对象根据情况而定,如资助单位或个人,指导教师以及其他为 论文


作者提出过建议或思想的人员等。致谢的对象要按一定的顺序,一般来说,项目资助 单位或个


人在前,其他人员在后。




16


Acknowledgements


Support for this program is provided by the Ohio State University Extension and the Ohio Agricultural


Research


and


Development


Center.


Additional


support


has


been


provided


by


the


US


Department


of


Agriculture.



17


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This research was partially supported by the National Science Foundation


under Grant MSS8912521 and by the Gray Research and Development Office.



18


I wish to thank Professors Sheldon Grebstein and John Hagopian for their valuable suggestions. I also


thank Professor Sylvia Bowman for her comments on the manuscript. In addition, I owe an obligation


to my friend Francis Hanks for his constant assistance in the course of the research.


这里我们介绍一些致谢中的常用英语句型。



(1)


感谢赞助单位或个人



a. Support for this program/project/study is provided by…



b. Fundin


g for this program is provided by…



c. I thank…for giving financial Support for this study.



d. Additional support is provided by…



e. Research for this paper was partially supported by…



f. This research was funded by…



(2)


感谢提供资料的单位或个人



a. Data were supplied/pr


ovided by…



b. Permission to quote from material protected by copyright has been granted by…



c. I thank…for the permission to quote from material protected by copyright.



(3)


感谢提出建议和帮助的个人



a. I thank…for comments on the manuscript.




5


b.


In


addition,


I


am


gratefu


l


to…for


their


valuable


suggestions,


and


to…for


her


patience


and


good


counsel.


c. For help in the technical assistance, I thank…



d. We thank the following people for their helpful comments on drafts of this paper: …



e. In addition, I wish to thank…for his


valuable suggestions.


f.


For


their


encouragement,


support,


and


research


assistance,


I


would


like


to


thank


the


following


individuals who have contributed substantially to the completion of this study/paper/work.



4


)感谢不知名的审稿人



a. The anonymous reviewers have also contributed considerably to the publication of this paper.


b. In addition, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who have helped to improve the paper.



5


)感谢其 他人



a. I also owe an obligation to…



b. Also I wish to thank…for their many courtesies.



c. Thanks is also extended to…who…



d. I wish to thank… for his…





6

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