英语论文写作——引用的方法
停不了爱-
About quotation in the thesis
When we write an academic
paper, we almost always need to
borrow
ideas, statistics, and previous research findings
to strengthen
our
own
ideas,
to
explain
our
own
arguments,
and
to
support
our
own
evidence. Such practice not only fits our research
into the larger
picture
of
a
particular
field
of
research,
but
also
lends
a
basis
and
persuasiveness to our arguments.
Generally speaking, there are three
legal ways of using outside
sources and
information:
1. Direct quotation
2. Paraphrasing
3.
Summarizing
Each
of
these
three
ways
is
used
extensively
in
academic
research.
As
a
matter
of
fact,
academic
research
requires
the
combined use of these
three methods. If a research paper is written
without using any outside ideas or
information, that paper might be
considered as deficient in academic
value.
Ⅰ
. Direct
Quotation:
1. Definition
A
direct
quotation
is
exactly
the
same
as
the
original
and
must
be
put
in
quotation
marks.
Everything
within
the
quotation
marks,
that
is
to
say,
not
only
the
words
but
also
the
spelling,
capitalization and
interior punctuation, should be exactly the same
as
the original.
2. When to use direct quotations
(1) When the original
wording expresses the idea so precisely
and succinctly that we cannot improve
on it;
(2)
When
the
direct
quotation
comes
from
an
authority
in
a
particular
field
and
therefore
strengthens
our
point
of
view;
(3) When we need to
borrow a special term or expression that is
a particular writer’s invention and
carries special meaning;
(4)
When
we
need
the
original
wording
for
the
purpose
of
further discussion.
3. How
to use direct quotation
(1)
When
we
do
quote,
we
should
make
every
effort
to
work
the
direct quotation into our own statement so that it
may
become part of an organic whole.
(2)
Use
a
colon
if
our
direct
quotation
is
introduced
by
a
complete sentence:
Sample 1
Sinclair
Lewis,
the
first
American
Nobel
Prize
winner
for
literature
in
1930,
believed
that
Dreiser
better
deserved
the
prize:
“Dreiser…more
than
any
other
man,
marching
alone,
1
usually
unappreciated,
often
hated,
has
cleared
the
trail
from
Victorian and
Howellsian timidity and gentility in the American
fiction to honesty, boldness and
passion of life.”
(3)
Treat
the
direct
quotation
as
part
of
the
sentence
and
punctuate accordingly if it is not
introduced by a complete
sentence:
Sample 2
To
Sinclair
Lewis,
“Dreiser…more
than
any
other
man,
marching
alone,
usually
unappreciated,
often
hated,
has
cleared
the
trail
from
Victorian
and
Howellsian
timidity
and
gentility
in
the
American
fiction
to
honesty,
boldness
and
passion of life.”
Exercise
I
have a dream that my four little children will one
day
live in a nation where they will
not be judged by the color of
their
skin but by the content of their character.
F
rom
“I
have
a
dream…”
,
a
speech
by
Martin
Luther King, Jr.
4.
We
should
observe
the
following
rules
when
using
direct
quotation:
(1). Keep the
quotation as brief as possible;
(2).Be
accurate. What appears between quotation marks
should be
2
exactly
the
same
as
the
original.
No
word,
punctuation,
or
even spelling should be charged;
(3). Always indicate the source of the
quotation;
(4). When the quotation is
less than three lines, incorporate it in
the
flow
of
the
paragraph
with
a
pair
of
quotation
marks.
When the quotation is
longer than three lines, use a separate
and indented paragraph, without
quotation marks, to indicate
the
quotation;
Eg:
The view that
writing is typically a socially-situated act
has been reinforced by the aims and
experiences of the recent
Writing
Across the Curriculum (WAC) movement (Young and
Fulwiler, 1986). A primary research
agenda for W
AC has been
firmly laid out by Faigley and Hansen:
If
teacher
of
English
are
to
offer
courses
that
truly
prepare students to write in other
disciplines, they will have
to
explore
why
those
disciplines
study
certain
subjects,
why
certain
methods
of
enquiry
are
sanctioned,
how
the
convertions
of
a
discipline
shape
a
text
in
that
discipline,
how
individual
writers
represent
themselves
in
the
text,
how
a
text
is
read
and
disseminated,
and
how
one
text
influences
subsequent
texts.(Faigley
and
Hansen,
1985:
149)
(
5). When
only parts of a long sentence or passage are
quoted, the
omitted
words
may
be
indicated
three
dots.
However,
the
parts that do appear as a quotation
still have to be accurate;
(6).
The
volume
of
direct
quotations
in
any
piece
of
academic
3
writing
should
be
kept
within10<
/p>
～
20
﹪
of
the
total
paper
length. Too much
quoted material may spoil the originality or
style of the academic paper.
5. The following expressions are often
used to indicate the source
of a direct
quotation. It is often advisable to include when
and
where the person said so.
As
X said…
As X reported…
As X stated…
As X wrote…
As X mentioned…
As X maintained…
As X insisted…
As
X declared…
X said…
X
further stated…
X later
insisted…
X continued…
X f
irmly
believed…
Ⅱ
.
Paraphrasing
I.
The definition of paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means to restate the idea
of a sentence or passage
in a different
and usually simpler way.
Language teachers often employ
paraphrasing to explain difficult
sentences
to
check
students’
understand
ing,
and
to
train
them
to
express
complicated
ideas
in
more
readily
understandable
terms.
More importantly, academic writers
employ paraphrasing to borrow
ideas and
previous research findings in the field of study.
It is one of
4
the three important methods of
incorporating outside sources.
Compared
with
direct
quotation,
paraphrasing
is
more
flexible.
This flexibility exists in at least
three different ways:
1.
Flexibility in elaborating the original
idea if necessary for better
and
clearer understanding;
example1
：
原文：
University
registration
procedures-once
a
nightmare
of
lists,
lines,
and
paper
strips-have
been
streamlined
by
using
computers.
译文：
Computers
have
lessened
the
pains
of
the
process
of
university
registration: it
involves
fewer
lists,
less
waiting,
and
more
efficiency.
2.
Flexibility
in
emphasising
different
aspects
of
the
original
material to suit a particular purpose.
example 2:
原文：
the
hardest
aspect
of
the
language
for
the
second-language
learner to
conquer.
译文：
The most
difficult part of a language for a non-native
speaker
is
poetry,
the
most
profound
and
subtle
form
of
expression.
3.
Flexibility
in
modifying
the
tone
and
style
of
the
original
5