正式语言与非正式语言
-
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正式语言与非正式语言
.
口语与书面语的区别
1.
从词汇选择来看语体的区别
A.
名词
(a)
抽象名词作主语
< br>抽象名词作主语多见于书面体
.
正式用语
.
如
:
The success of the book brought him
tremendous popularity. (very formal)
The book was highly successful and made
him a very popular writer. (colloquial)
(b)
以表示事物的名词作为通常
属于人的行为
.
动作的主体时
.
常见于书面体
,
在口语体中
< br>.
一
般采用较朴实的说法
(
如
:
把书面体中的动词改为意义相近的其他
动词
.
或改为以人为主语
).
如
:
His
knowledge is insufficient to enable him to
complete this task. (formal)
He is not competent enough to do this
job. (colloquial)
The
manufacture of these goods is acquiring importance
as an industry. (formal)
The manufacture of these goods is
becoming an important industry. (colloquial)
(c)
有重复主语的句子
有重复主语的句子一般只用于日常用语
.
不用于正式场
合
.
如
:
Jim and I took the long road. (for-
mal)Jim and I. we took the long road. (informal)
(d)
以
there
为开首的句子
.
主语与谓语
在数上一致的是正式语言
.
不一致的是非正式语言
.
There are a group of
children ready to sing songs. (formal)
There is a group of children ready to
sing songs. (informal)
(e)
所有格
The hood of the car is insulated.
(formal)
The car`s hood is
insulated. (informal)
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(f)
缩略语与全称
正式语言常用全称
.
非正式语言常用缩略语
.
虽然在正式语言中用缩略语的
情况越来越多
.
但
在非正式语言中缩略
语用得更多
.
如
:TV. VOA.
BBC. VIP. etc.
当然在一些个别场合
.
书面语
中可用缩略语
.
而口语中不使用
.
(g)
关于单复数
在泛指时
.
用复数偏通俗化
.
用
the
加单数比较文气
.
如
:The
cow
is
a
useful
animal.
(a
little
literary)
Cows
are useful animals. (a little vulgar)
B.
形容词
口语体中所用的形容词往往是人们最常用的形容词
.
这些形容词往往一词多义
,
而书面体中
所用的形容词则往往不那么常用
.
这些形容词的含义往往不如口语体中所用的形容词的含义
那么广泛
.
但其含义却往往具体
.
有特殊性
.
C.
副词
与形
容词同形的英文副词往往用于口语
.
但诗歌中有时也用这种形式
.
然而
.
这些
词却很少用
于其他方面的正式用语
.
如
:
Work slowly
and steadily. (formal)
Work
slow and steady. (informal)
D.
介词
在一些状语或定语中
.
省略介词的属于
口语
.
保留介词的属于书面语
.
如
:
It
happened the day he did the experiment. (informal)
It happened on the day on
which he did the experiment. (formal) I`ll come in
the following
spring. (formal)
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I`ll come the following
spring. (colloquial
E.
代词
(a)
口语中多省略作主语的代词
.
如
:Haven`t seen you for ages!
(informal)
(b)
关于
mine. his. yours. Ours
当
mine. his. yours. ours
等物主代词作宾语或表语时
.
可用于书面语
.
也可用于口语
.
但
如果这
种物主代词
(
或名词所有格
)
作主语放在句首
.
并暗指表语名词所用的概念
.
那就是一种比较文
雅的说法了
.
如
:
His (or Mr. Li`s) is a
noble character.
在日常口语中一般这么用
:His
(or
Mr.
Li`s)
character
is
a
noble
one.
/
He
has
a
noble
character.
但
下面这类句子对书面语和口语都适用
:Your teacher and mine
are talking in the
room.
(c)
we. I
在一些正式场合
.
作者或演
讲人为了表示谦虚
.
往往避免用
I.<
/p>
而用
we
代替
.
如
:As we
showed a
moment ago ... (formal)
As
I said a moment ago ... (not so formal)
(d)
you.
we
用
we
代替
you
是一种表示客气的语言
.
如
:Don`t
worry
about
your
shoes!
(imperative)
Why
don`t we not worry about your shoes. OK ? (polite)
(e)
you.
one
在翻译中文
任何人
谁都
等时
.
译成
one
为
form
al
language.
译成
you
为
informal
language.
如
:
One must love one`s country. (formal)
You must love your country.
(informal)
(f)
关于
I. me. he. him. etc.
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__________________________________________________
__________
He says she saw you and me.
(formal)
He says she saw
you and I. (inform
al)
F.
动名词
在书面语中
.
一般用物主代词或名词所有格来修饰动名词短语
.
以表示行为
者
.
如
:
Mr. Li dislikes Zhang Hui`s coming home
late.
There will be little
chance of my visiting the place again.
Li Wen`s falling ill suddenly gave me a
surprise.
口语中一般以代词的宾格或名词普通格
加分词
.for
加宾语加不定式
.
从句
.
独立句等方式表达
< br>.
如
:Mr. Li dislikes Zhang
Hui coming home late.
There
will be little chance for me to visit the place
again.
Li Wen fell ill
suddenly. This gave me a surprise.
G.
关于缩写
用缩写形式多为非正式语言
.
而用非缩写形式多为正式语言
.
如
:do not. we are. I am. I have.
there is. cannot. will not
等多
见于正式语言
.
而
don`t.
we`re. I`m. I`ve. there`s. can`t.
won`t
多见于非正式语言
.exam.
bike
等多用于口语
.examination.
bicycle
等多用于书面语
.oh. dear.
why.
well
等是口语中常见的感叹词
.
2.
从句法来看语体的区别
A.
修饰语
在
书面文字中
.
修饰语可以与中心词相隔较远
.
修饰语也可以较长
.
而在口语中
则相反
.
如
:
There exist complex
computations in science and engineering which
people are unable to
make. (written)
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__________________________________________________
__________
There are complex
computations in science and engineering. and
people are unable to
make those
computations. (colloquial)
B.
句子的长短
一般来说
.
书面语句子较长
.
口语句子较短
.
(a)
议论文
.
商业或法律公文等书面语不仅常用较长的修饰语
.
而且有时用较长的插入语
.
甚
至插入语中还有插入语
.
但在一般的口语中则不用较长
的插入语
.
常用的较短插入语有
:of
course. for example. I believe. I
think. you see. you know. to be frank. etc.
(b)
在书面语中
.
一个句子有时有好几个关系代词
,
< br>而口语中关系代词则用的极少
.
往往被分
成几个简单句
.
如
:
These needles. which were made of fish-
shaped pieces of iron that floated on water. were
acted on by the earth`s magnetic field.
(formal)
These needles were
made of fish-shaped pieces of iron that floated on
water. They were
acted on by the
earth`s magnetic field. (informal)
C.
关于时态
在现在的口语中
.
< br>有时用过去时代替现在完成时
.
如
:
-Is anybody using this chair?
-No. I saved it for you.
在口语中常用现在时代替将来时
.<
/p>
如
:
She
is coming tomorrow.
在口语中有时用
一般现在时说明一个已经发生了的动作
.
如
:
He says it is very
important.
D.
虚拟语气
精品资料
____________
__________________________________________________
________________________________________________ <
/p>
(a)
不够熟悉的人之间对话
.
或在正式场合演讲
.
对话时
.
一般用虚拟语气来陈述自己的看法
.
提
出请求或邀请
.
提出建议或劝告
.
提出问题
.
如
:
If Mr. Wang
was here now. he would tell you about it.
(informal)
If Mr. Wang were
here now. he would tell you about it. (formal)
(b)
有一些表示主观愿望和情绪
的形容词
.
如
desirous
等要求后面的状语从句的谓语动词用
虚拟语气
.
这种结构主要用于书面语中
.
口语中
往往用不定式来代替这种从句
.
如
:
He was anxious that we
should stay for dinner. (formal)
He was anxious to have us stay for
dinner. (informal)
E.
语序
在书
面语中
.
为了使句子平衡对称
.
或为了表示强调
.
常把状语
< br>.
表语
.
宾语等成分放在句首<
/p>
.
并
将主谓次序颠倒过来
,
而口语体则一般用自然语序
.
F.
关于省略
(a)
在正式文字或正式场合的对话中
.
一般要用完整的句子
.
在口语中用
省略句较多
.
主要是
为了节省时间
.
使对话自然
.
生
动
.
简洁
.
有
力
.
如
:
Where to go now? Why not do it this
way?
(b)
在正式语言中<
/p>
.
所省略的部分一般都是前边出现过的
.
如
:He
had
finished
the
work
and
gone home.
(c)
关系代词在限定性定语从句中做谓语动词宾语或介词宾
语时
.
在口语中一般省去
.
如
:
The
girl you spoke to just now is my sister.
(d)
宾语从句前的
that
在口语中往往省去
.
表语后面的从句之前的
that
在口语中也常省去
.
如
:
He said he would go to London.
I`m afraid he is right.
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__________
G.
主谓语的一致性
< br>在有些情况下
.
非正式语言中常按意思决定动词的单复数
.
所以主语和谓语在数上可能不一
致<
/p>
.
如
:
Neither he nor his wife have arrived.
(informal)
Neither he nor
his wife has arrived. (formal)
(David
Park
designs
&
teaches
IELTS
courses
for
individuals
&
groups.
He
was
contracted by the British Council to
provide this article.)
A student preparing for IELTS
(International English Language Testing System)
sent me
this query:
“
I
don
’
t know if
‘
spark
off
’
is a formal word or
not. How can I tell the difference
between formal and informal
words?
”
Here
’
s what I said to her in
my reply:
English has three main styles: formal,
informal and popular.
Formal English
Formal English is mainly used in
writing. This style is academic in tone and is
commonly
used in academic textbooks,
most university essays, business letters and
contracts.
In
the
case
of
speaking,
formal
English
is
usually
only
used
for
official
or
serious
occasions, e.g., to
formally welcome guests at a university graduation
ceremony.
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____________
__________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Formal
English
uses
more
complex
vocabulary
than
everyday
speech.
For
example,
it
uses
many
“
bigger
”
words
that
aren
’
t
normally
used
in
conversation.
Examples
are
multi-syllable
words
like
compensate,
ascend
and
interrogate.
It
also
prefers
one-part
verbs (e.g.,
establish) instead of simpler, phrasal verbs
(e.g., set up). Slang and colloquial
vocabulary are avoided.
When
formal
English
is
used
in
writing,
sentences
tend
to
be
long
and
complex,
and
grammar
rules
are
followed
strictly.
It
tends
to
be
impersonal
(or
neutral),
often
using
impersonal
pronouns
like
it
and
passive
verbs.
Contracted
and
abbreviated
forms
of
words
are usually avoided.
Informal & popular English
Informal English is the
language spoken by most people every day.
It
’
s also widely used
in emails and letters to friends.
Speakers of
informal English aren
’
t very
concerned about their vocabulary. For example,
informal
English
uses
many
short
words
(e.g.,
fire,
climb
and
ask),
much
colloquial
vocabulary (e.g.,
stuff, a lot of, thing and sort of) and multi-part
verbs (e.g., set up instead
of
establish).
Informal
English
is
also
more
relaxed
about
grammar
rules
than
formal
English,
using
simpler
grammatical
structures
and
loosely-connected
sentences
and
phrases.
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