英语阅读理解1
-
第三册
unit 5
Passage 2
As
discussed
in
previous
chapters,
there
is
strong
evidence
to
suggest
that
humanity
’
s
greenhouse
gas
emissions
have
already
started
to
influence
the
climate.
The
most
sophisticated
and powerful
computer models suggest global warming will cause
major climatic changes by the
end of
the 21
st
century. These
changes will potentially
have wide-
ranging effects on the natural
environment as well as on human
societies and economies. Estimates have been made
concerning
the potential impacts, it is
necessary to estimate the extent and
magnitude(
等级；量值
) of climate
change, especially at national and
local levels. For example, the latest IPCC 2001
reports look at
the impacts on a
continental level. There are also a number of
excellent national reports. Such as
the
National Assessment Synthesis Team 2001, which
assesses climate change in the United States,
dealing with the impacts on a region-
by-region basis. Although much progress has been
made in
understanding the climate
system and climate change, it must be remembered
that projections of
climate
change
and
its
impacts
still
contain
huge
uncertainties,
particularly
at
the
regional
and
local
levels.
The
single
biggest
problem
with
global
warming
is
man
’
s
inability
to
predict
the
future. Although it is clear that
humanity can live, survive, and even flourish in
extreme climates
from the Arctic to the
Sahara, what causes problems is when the
predictable extremes of the local
climate
are
exceeded.
Many
of
the
future
climate
change
problems
are
associated
with
water,
either too much or
too little compared with the usually expected
amount. Unfortunately, changes
in
precipitation
are
even
harder
to
predict
than
temperature.
However,
the
most
important
influence
on
the
relative
impact
of
global
warning-induced
climate
change
is
how
regional
economies develop
and adapt in the future. So all the impacts
discussed below can be mitigated to
a
significant degree by changes in the global
economy.
The IPCC 2001
report estimates global mean surface temperature
could rise by between 1.4
and
5.
8
℃
by 2100, which would mean that, in
addition, global mean sea level would rise between
20 and 88 cm by 2100. Future climate
change will have impacts on all factors affecting
human
society, including costal
regions, storms and floods, health and water
resources, agriculture, and
biodiversity. Below are reviewed each
of these key areas of concern and the possible
impact of
climate
change
as
assessed
by
the
IPCC.
What
cannot
be
assessed
are
the
impacts
if
climate
change occurs
abruptly.
36. According to the passage,
climate changes will have influence on the
following aspects except
.
A. human societies
B. natural
environment
C. human life-span
D. economies
37. In fact, it is hard to estimate the
impacts of climate changes on various socio-
economic sectors
because
it
’
s difficult to estimate
.
A. the extent
of climate change at a national level
B. the magnitude of climate change at a
national level
C. the extent and
magnitude of climate change at a national level
D. indirect impacts of one sector on
others
38. The word
“
projection
”
probably
means
.
A.
something displayed on a screen
B. predictions
C.
investigations
D. controls
39.
The severe problem with global warming is
.
A. changes in
precipitation
B. changes in temperature
C. being unable to predict the future
D. changes in precipitation
and temperature
40. It can be inferred
that
contribute to climate change.
A.
rising of global see levels
B. changes in
the global economy
C. greenhouse gas
emissions
D. both B and C
Keys: CDBCD
Passage 3
Many stores in New
York
’
s Chinatown sell
counterfeit Rolex watches at a fraction of the
usual
cost.
While
some
are
junk,
some
of
the
more
expensive
counterfeits
are
good
enough
to
compete with the originals. They come
from manufacturers overseas, in Thailand or the
Ukraine,
that are far beyond the
territorial control of the United States. Since
only a tiny fraction of these
fakes can
effectively be stopped at the boarder, the United
States and other nations are powerless
to stop the trade in counterfeits.
But the
counterfeits
’
story shows
the opposite. It shows how government control the
illegal
local
effects
of
extraterritorial
conduct,
even
when
they
lack
the
power
to
punish
overseas
producers or the will to punish
domestic consumers.
The
most important targets of the laws against
counterfeit
s
—
trademark
law
s
—
are local
retailers. If the
fake Rolex come from Thailand, it does not matter
much that the United States can
not go
after the Thai manufacturers, because Wal-Mart
will not sell you one. Wal-Mart does not
sell counterfeits because doing so
would be an obvious breach of a law from which it
can not hide.
Wal-
Mart
’
s
physical
assets,
its
corporate
headquarters,
and
its
founding
family
all
are
in
the
United
States, making it hard for the firm to evade US
government action. This is why trademark
law cares little about end users. It is
even illegal to own a counterfeit watch; it is
only illegal for
Wal-Mart to sell you
one.
It
is
true,
of
course,
that
even
by
controlling
Wal-
Mart,
Nancy’
s,
and
Sears,
the
United
States does not eliminate counterfeit
goods. Rolex loses potential income each year to
counterfeit
purchases.
But
it
does
not
follow
that
the
trademark
laws
are
useless.
The
law
need
not
be
completely effective to
be adequately effective. All the law aims to do is
to raise the cost of the
activity in
order to limit that activity to acceptable levels.
We do not conclude from the persistence
of occasional bank robberies that laws
against theft are ineffective, or even suboptimal.
Often, the
law
accepts
small
evasions
because
achieving
perfect
legal
control,
though
possible,
is
just
too
expensive.
Similarly, the fact that there are
sellers who are willing to assume the legal risk
of selling
counterfeits does not mean
that the trademark laws are ineffective. To be
effective, trademark laws
need only
throw enough sand into the workings of the
counterfeit market so that Rolex continues
to make smart profits. Certainly,
government could do more to dry up the counterfeit
market.
It
could hire more
enforcement officers, invest more in border
control or increase the punishments
dramatically.
But
the
system
can
be
adequate
to
its
task
even
though
the
government
could
do
more, and even though the
compliance is not perfect. Government regulation
works by cost and
bother, not by
hermetic seal.
36. All of the following
statements about the counterfeits are true except
.
A. counterfeits
are much cheaper than the originals