2018年考研英语一真题及答案解析
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2018
解析
年考研英语一真题及答案
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年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版
2018
年全国硕士研究生入学统一
考试英语
(
一
)
Section I Use
of English
Directions:
Read
the
following
text.
Choose
the
best
word
(s)
for
each
numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10
points)
Trust
is
a
tricky
business.
On
the
one
hand,
it's
a
necessary
condition 1 many
worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc.
On
the other hand, putting your 2, in
the wrong place often carries a
high 3.
4, why do we
trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5
people
place
their
trust
in
an
individual
or
an
institution,
their
brains
release
oxytocin,
a
hormone
that
6
pleasurable
feelings
and
triggers
the
herding
instruct
that
prompts
humans
to
7
with
one
another.
Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone
puts
us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss
study, researchers sprayed oxytocin
into
the
noses
of
half
the
subjects;
those
subjects
were
ready
to
lend
significantly higher amounts of money to strangers
than were
their 10 who inhaled
something else.
11 for us, we also have a sixth sense
for dishonesty that may 12
us. A
Canadian study found that children as young as 14
months can
differentiate
13
a
credible
person
and
a
dishonest
one.
Sixty
toddlers were each 14 to an adult
tester holding a plastic container.
The
test
er
would
ask,
“What’s
in
here?”
before
looking
into
the
container, smiling, and exclaiming,
“Wow!” Each subject was then
invited to look 15. Half of them found
a toy; the other half 16 the
container
was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.
Among the
children who had not been tricked, the majority
were
18
to
cooperate
with
the
tester
in
learning
a
new
skill,
demonstrating that
they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the
30 children paired with the “20”tester
participated in a follow
-up
activity.
1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2. [A] faith
[B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C]
hope [D] price
4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead
[D] Again
5.
[A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
6. [A] selects
[B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7. [A] consult [B] compete
[C] connect [D] compare
8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to
9. [A] context
[B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10.[A]
counterparts
[B]
substitutes
[C]
colleagues
[D]supporters
11.[A] Funny
[B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12.[A] monitor [B] protect
[C] surprise [D] delight
13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward
[D] over
14.[A]
transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15.[A] out [B]
back [C] around [D] inside
16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C]
insisted [D] .remembered
17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled
[D] mocked
18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant
[D] entitled
19.[A]
In
contrast
[B]
As
a
result
[C]
On
the
whole
[D]
For
instance
20.[A]
inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D]
unsuitable
Section II Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer
the questions below each
text by
choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the
ANSWER
SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying
challenges facing the middle class is one
that
will
probably
go
unmentioned
in
the
next
presidential
campaign: What
happens when the robots come for their jobs?
Don't dismiss
that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs
are
at high risk of being automated,
according to a University of Oxford
study,
with
the
middle
class
disproportionately
squeezed.
Lower-income jobs like gardening or day
care don't appeal to robots.
But
many
middle-class
occupations-trucking,
financial
advice,
software engineering
—
have aroused their
interest, or soon will.
The rich own
the robots, so they will be fine.
This isn't to be alarmist.
Optimists point out that technological
upheaval
has
benefited
workers
in
the
past.
The
Industrial
Revolution didn't go so well for
Luddites whose jobs were displaced
by
mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living
standards and
created more jobs than it
destroyed. Likewise, automation should
eventually
boost
productivity,
stimulate
demand
by
driving
down
prices, and free
workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium
term, middle-class workers may need a
lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson
and Andrew McAfee argue in
The Second
Machine Age, should be rethinking education and
job
training.
Curriculums
—
from
grammar
school
to
college-
should
evolve to focus less on memorizing
facts and more on creativity and
complex communication. Vocational
schools should do a better job
of
fostering
problem-solving
skills
and
helping
students
work
alongside robots.
Online education can supplement the traditional
kind.
It
could
make
extra
training
and
instruction
affordable.
Professionals
trying
to
acquire
new
skills
will
be
able
to
do
so
without going into debt.
The challenge
of coping with automation underlines the need for
the
U.S.
to
revive
its
fading
business
dynamism:
Starting
new
companies
must
be
made
easier.
In
previous
eras
of
drastic
technological
change,
entrepreneurs
smoothed
the
transition
by
dreaming up ways to combine labor and
machines. The best uses of
3D printers
and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The
U.S.
needs the new companies that will
invent them.
Finally,
because
automation
threatens
to
widen
the
gap
between capital income
and labor income, taxes and the safety net
will have to be rethought. Taxes on
low-wage labor need to be cut,
and wage
subsidies such as the earned income tax credit
should be
expanded:
This
would
boost
incomes,
encourage
work,
reward
companies for job creation, and reduce
inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways
big and small over the
next few years,
yet this will be little comfort to those who find
their
lives and careers upended by
automation. Destroying the machines
that
are
coming
for
our
jobs
would
be
nuts.
But
policies
to
help
workers adapt will be
indispensable.
will be most threatened by automation?
[A] Leading politicians.
[B]Low-wage
laborers.
[C]Robot owners.
[D]Middle-class workers.
22 .Which of
the following best represent the author’s
view?
[A] Worries about automation are in
fact groundless.
[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find
little support.
[C]Issues arising from automation need
to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech
can be avoided
ion
in
the
age
of
automation
should
put
more
emphasis on
[A] creative potential.
[B]job-hunting skills.
[C]individual
needs.
[D]cooperative spirit.
author suggests that tax
policies be aimed at
[A] encouraging the development of
automation.
[B]increasing the return on capital
investment.
[C]easing the hostility between rich
and poor.
[D]preventing the income gap from
widening.
this
text, the author presents a problem with
[A] opposing
views on it.
[B]possible solutions to it.
[C]its alarming
impacts.
[D]its
major variations.
Text 2
A new survey by
Harvard University finds more than two-thirds
of young Americans disapprove of
President Trump’s use of Twitter.
The
implication
is
that
Millennials
prefer
news
from
the
White
House
to be filtered through other source, Not a
pres
ident’s social
media
platform.
Most
Americans rely on social media to check daily
headlines.
Yet as distrust has risen
toward all media, people may be starting to
beef
up
their
media
literacy
skills.
Such
a
trend
is
badly
needed.
During
the
2016
presidential
campaign,
nearly
a
quarter
of
web
content
shared
by
Twitter
users
in
the
politically
critical
state
of
Michigan
was fake news, according to the University of
Oxford. And
a
survey
conducted
for
BuzzFeed
News
found
44
percent
of
Facebook users rarely or
never trust news from the media giant.
Young people who are
digital natives are indeed becoming more
skillful
at
separating
fact
from
fiction
in
cyberspace.
A
Knight
Foundation
focus-group
survey
of
young
people
between
ages
14and24 found they use “distributed
trust” to verify stories. They
cross-
check
sources
and
prefer
news
from
different
perspectives
—especially
those that are open about any bias. “Many
young
people
assume
a
great
deal
of
personal
responsibility
for
educating
themselves
and
actively
seeking
out
opposing
viewpoints,” the
survey concluded.
Such
active
research
can
have
another
effect.
A
2014
survey
conducted
in
Australia,
Britain,
and
the
United
States
by
the
University of
Wisconsin-
Madison found that young
people’s reliance
on social media led
to greater political engagement.
Social
media
allows
users
to
experience
news
events
more
intimately and immediately while also
permitting them to re-share
news as a
projection of their values and interests. This
forces users
to be more conscious of
their role in passing along information. A
survey
by
Barna
research
group
found
the
top
reason
given
by
Americans for the fake news phenomenon
is “reader error,” more
so than made-up
stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a
third
say
the
prob
lem
of
fake
news
lies
in
“misinterpretation
or
exaggeration of actual
news” via social media. In other words, the
choice to share news on social media
may be the heart of the issue.
“This
indicates
there
is
a
real
personal
responsibility
in
counteracting
t
his problem,” says Roxanne Stone,
editor in chief at
Barna Group.
So when young
people are critical of an over-tweeting president,
they
reveal
a
mental
discipline
in
thinking
skills
–
and
in
their
choices on when to share on social
media.
26.
According
to
the
Paragraphs
1
and
2,
many
young
Americans cast doubts on
[A] the justification of
the news-filtering practice.
[B] people’s preference for
social media platforms.
[C] the administrations
ability to handle information.
[D] social media was a
reliable source of news.
27. The phrase “beer
up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning
to
[A] sharpen
[B] define
[C] boast
[D] share
28. According to the knight foundation
survey, young people
[A] tend to voice their opinions in
cyberspace.
[B]
verify news by referring to diverse resources.
[C] have s
strong sense of responsibility.
[D] like to exchange views
on “distributed trust”
29. The Barna survey found
that a main cause for the fake news
problem is
[A] readers outdated values.
[B]
journalists’ biased reporting
[C] readers’
misinterpretation
[D] journalists’
made
-up stories.
30. Which of the following
would be the best title for the text?
[A] A Rise in Critical
Skills for Sharing News Online
[B] A Counteraction Against
the Over-tweeting Trend
[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on
Social Media.
[D] The Platforms for Projection of
Personal Interests.
Text 3
Any fair-minded assessment of the
dangers of the deal between
Britain's
National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must
start by
acknowledging that both sides
mean well. DeepMind is one of the
leading
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
companies
in
the
world.
The
potential
of
this
work
applied
to
healthcare
is
very
great,
but
it
could also lead to
further concentration of power in the tech giants.
It Is against that background that the
information commissioner,
Elizabeth
Denham,
has
issued
her
damning
verdict
against
the
Royal
Free
hospital
trust
under
the
NHS,
which
handed
over
to
DeepMind
the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the
basis of
a vague agreement which took
far too little account of the patients'
rights and their expectations of
privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS
trust has mended its
ways. Further
arrangements- and there may be many-between the
NHS and DeepMind will be carefully
scrutinised to ensure that all
necessary
permissions
have
been
asked
of
patients
and
all
unnecessary
data
has
been
cleaned.
There
are
lessons
about
informed patient consent to learn. But
privacy is not the only angle
in this
case and not even the most important. Ms Denham
chose to
concentrate the blame on the
NHS trust, since under existing law it
“controlled” the data and DeepMind
merely “processed
distinction misses the
point that it is processing and aggregation,
not the mere possession of bits, that
gives the data value.
The great question is who should
benefit from the analysis of all
the
data
that
our
lives
now
generate.
Privacy
law
builds
on
the
concept
of
damage
to
an
individual
from
identifiable
knowledge
about them. That misses the way the
surveillance economy works.
The
data
of
an
individual
there
gains
its
value
only
when
it
is
compared with the data of
countless millions more.
The use of privacy law to
curb the tech giants in this instance
feels slightly maladapted. This
practice does not address the real
worry.
It
is
not
enough
to
say
that
the
algorithms
DeepMind
develops will benefit patients and save
lives. What matters is that
they will
belong to a private monopoly which developed them
using
public
resources.
If
software
promises
to
save
lives
on
the
scale
that dugs now can, big
data may be expected to behave as a big
pharm has done. We are still at the
beginning of this revolution and
small
choices now may turn out to have gigantic
consequences later.
A long struggle
will be needed to avoid a future of digital
feudalism.
Ms Denham's report is a
welcome start.
is
true
of
the
agreement
between
the
NHS
and
DeepMind ?
[A] It caused conflicts
among tech giants.
[B]
It failed to pay due
attention to patient’s rights.
[C] It fell
short of the latter's expectations
[D] It put both sides into
a dangerous situation.
32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's
verdict with
[A] empty promises.
[B] tough resistance.
[C] necessary
adjustments.
[D] sincere apologies.
author argues in Paragraph
2 that
[A]
privacy protection must be secured at all costs.
[B] leaking
patients' data is worse than selling it.
[C] making
profits from patients' data is illegal.
[D]
the value of data comes from the processing of it
ing to the last
paragraph, the real worry arising from
this deal is
[A] the vicious rivalry among big
pharmas.
[B]
the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.
[C] the
uncontrolled use of new software.
[D] the monopoly of big
data by tech giants.
author's
attitude
toward
the
application
of
AI
to
healthcare is
[A] ambiguous.
[B] cautious.
[C] appreciative.
[D] contemptuous.
Text 4
The
U.S.
Postal
Service
(USPS)
continues
to
bleed
red
ink.
It
reported a net loss of
$$5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight
year its expenses have exceeded
revenue. Meanwhile, it has more
than
$$120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for
employee health
and retirement costs.
There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally,
the USPS is in a historic squeeze
between technological change that
has
permanently
decreased
demand
for
its
bread-and-butter
product,
first-class
mail,
and
a
regulatory
structure
that
denies
management
the
flexibility
to
adjust
its
operations
to
the
new
reality
And interest
groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card
makers
exert
self-
interested
pressure
on
the
USPS’s
ultimate
overseer-Congress-insisting
that
whatever
else
happens
to
the
Postal
Service,
aspects
of
the
status
quo
they
depend
on
get
protected.
This is why repeated attempts at reform
legislation have
failed in recent
years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay
its
bills except by deferring vital
modernization.
Now
comes
word
that
everyone
involved---Democrats,
Republicans,
the
Postal
Service,
the
unions
and
the
system's
heaviest
users
—
has
finally
agreed
on
a
plan
to
fix
the
system.
Legislation is moving through the House
that would save USPS an
estimated
$$28.6
billion
over
five
years,
which
could
help
pay
for
new
vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of
the money
would come from a penny-per-
letter permanent rate increase and
from
shifting
postal
retirees
into
Medicare.
The
latter
step
would
largely offset the financial burden
of annually pre-funding retiree
health care, thus addressing a long-
standing complaint by the USPS
and its
union.
If
it
clears
the
House,
this
measure
would
still
have
to
get
through the Senate
–
where someone is bound to
point out that it
amounts to the bare,
bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal
Service
afloat,
not
comprehensive
reform.
There’s
no
change
to
collective
bargaining
at
the
USPS,
a
major
omission
considering
that personnel
accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs.
Also
missing
is
any
discussion
of
eliminating
Saturday
letter
delivery.
That common-sense change enjoys wide
public support and would
save the USPS
$$2 billion per year. But postal special-interest
groups
seem
to
have
killed
it,
at
least
in
the
House.
The
emerging
consensus
around
the
bill
is
a
sign
that
legislators
are
getting
frightened about a politically
embarrassing short-term collapse at
the
USPS.
It
is
not,
however,
a
sign
that
they’re
getting
serious
about transforming
the postal system for the 21st century.
financial
problem with the USPS is caused partly by
[A]. its
unbalanced budget.
[B] .its rigid management.
[C] .the cost for technical
upgrading.
[D].
the withdrawal of bank support.
37. According to Paragraph
2, the USPS fails to modernize itself
due to
[A]. the interference from interest
groups.
[B]
.the inadequate funding from Congress.
[C] .the shrinking demand
for postal service.
[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.
long-standing
complaint by the USPS and its unions can
be addressed by
[A] .removing its burden of retiree
health care.
[B] .making more investment in new
vehicles.
[C]
.adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.
[D]. attracting
more first-class mail users.
the last paragraph, the
author seems to view legislators
with
[A] respect.
[B] tolerance.
[C] discontent.
[D] gratitude.
of
the following would be the best title for the
text?
[A] .The
USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days
[B] .The Postal Service:
Keep Away from My Cheese
[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires
a Quick Cure
[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than
a Band-Aid
Part B
Directions:
The
following
paragraphs
are
given
in
a
wrong
order.
For
Questions 41-45, you are required to
reorganize these paragraphs
into a
coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and
filling them
into the numbered boxes.
Paragraphs C and F have been correctly
placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET. (10 points)
A. In December of 1869, Congress
appointed a commission to
select a site
and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new
State
Department Building. The
commission was also to consider possible
arrangements for the War and Navy
Departments. To the horror of
some who
expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury
Building to
be
erected
on
the
other
side
of
the
White
House,
the
elaborate
French Second
Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was
selected,
and construction of a
building to house all three departments began
in June of 1871.
B. Completed in 1875, the
State Department's south wing was
the
first
to
be
occupied,
with
its
elegant
four-
story
library
(completed in
1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's
office decorated with carved wood,
Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall
patterns. The Navy Department moved
into the east wing in 1879,
where
elaborate
wall
and
ceiling
stenciling
and
marquetry
floors
decorated the office of the Secretary.
C. The State,
War, and Navy Building, as it was originally
known,
housed
the
three
Executive
Branch
Departments
most
intimately
associated
with
formulating
and
conducting
the
nation's
foreign
policy
in
the
last
quarter
of
the
nineteenth
century
and
the
first
quarter of the
twentieth century-the period when the United
States
emerged as an international
power. The building has housed some
of
the nation's most significant diplomats and
politicians and has
been the scene of
many historic events.
D.
Many
of
the
most
celebrated
national
figures
have
participated
in
historical
events
that
have
taken
place
within
the
EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and
Franklin D. Roosevelt, William
Howard
Taft,
Dwight
D.
Eisenhower,
Lyndon
B.
Johnson,
Gerald
Ford, and George H.
W. Bush all had offices in this building before
becoming president. It has housed 16
Secretaries of the Navy, 21
Secretaries
of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston
Churchill
once walked its corridors and
Japanese emissaries met here with
Secretary of State Cordell Hull after
the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
E. The Eisenhower Executive
Office Building (EEOB) commands
a
unique position in both the national history and
the architectural
heritage of the
United States. Designed by Supervising Architect
of
the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it
was built from 1871 to 1888 to
house
the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy
Departments,
and
is
considered
one
of
the
best
examples
of
French
Second
Empire architecture in the country.
F. Construction
took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing
by
wing.
When
the
EEOB
was
finished,
it
was
the
largest
office
building in
Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white
tiled
corridors. Almost all of the
interior detail is of cast iron or plaster;
the
use
of
wood
was
minimized
to
insure
fire
safety.
Eight
monumental
curving
staircases
of
granite
with
over
4,000
individually
cast
bronze
balusters
are
capped
by
four
skylight
domes and two
stained glass rotundas.
G.
The
history
of
the
EEOB
began
long
before
its
foundations
were
laid.
The
first
executive
offices
were
constructed
between
1799 and 1820. A series of fires
(including those set by the British in
1814)
and
overcrowded
conditions
led
to
the
construction
of
the
existing Treasury
Building. In 1866, the construction of the North
Wing
of
the
Treasury
Building
necessitated
the
demolition
of
the
State Department building.
41. à
Cà
42.
à
43. à
F à
44 à
45.
Part C
Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation
should
be
written neatly on the
ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Shakespeare’s
life
time
was
coincide
nt
with
a
period
of
extraordinary activity and achievement
in the drama. By the date of
his birth
Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious
drama,
and
the
creation
of
new
forms
under
the
incentive
of
classical
tragedy and
comedy. These new forms were at first mainly
written
by
scholars
and
performed
by
amateurs,
but
in
England,
as
everywhere
else
in
western
Europe,
the
growth
of
a
class
of
professional
actors
was
threatening
to
make
the
drama
popular,
whether it should be new or old,
classical or medieval, literary or
farcical. Court, school organizations
of amateurs, and the traveling
actors were all rivals in supplying a
widespread desire for dramatic
entertainment; and (47) no boy who went
a grammar school could
be
ignorant
that
the
drama
was
a
form
of
literature
which
gave
glory to Greece and
Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When
Shakespeare
was
twelve
years
old,
the
first
public
playhouse
was
built
in
London.
For
a
time
literature
showed
no
interest
in
this
public
stage.
Plays
aiming
at
literary
distinction
were written for school or court, or
for the choir boys of St. Paul’s
and
the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in
public as well as
at
court.(48)but
the
professional
companies
prospered
in
their
permanent theaters,
and university men with literature ambitions
were
quick
to
turn
to
these
theaters
as
offering
a
means
of
livelihood. By the time
Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele,
and
Greene
had
made
comedies
that
were
at
once
popular
and
literary;
Kyd
had
written
a
tragedy
that
crowded
the
pit;
and
Marlowe
had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the
common
stage - where they had played no
part since the death of Euripides.
(49)A native literary drama had been
created, its alliance with the
public
playhouses
established,
and
at
least
some
of
its
great
traditions had been
begun.
The
development
of
the
Elizabethan
drama
for
the
next
twenty-five years is of
exceptional interest to students of literary
history, for in this brief period we
may trace the beginning, growth,
blossoming, and decay of many kinds of
plays, and of many great
careers.
We
are
amazed
today
at
the
mere
number
of
plays
produced,
as
well
as
by
the
number
of
dramatists
writing
at
the
same
time
for
this
London
of
two
hundred
thousand
inhabitants.
(50)To
realize
how
great
was
the
dramatic
activity,
we
must
remember
further
that
hosts
of
plays
have
been
lost,
and
that
probably there is no author of note
whose entire work has survived.