研究生英语课程课后答案(专硕)
-
.
. word.
.
Unit 1
Text A
II. Language points
1.
How successful you’ll be in making
transitions among careers can at least be
partially attributed to
the
amount
of
career
planning
and
preparation
you’ve
done.
(Para.
1)
If
you
are
well-prepared
in
making plans for your
future career, the chances are that you might as
well succeed in changing
your
career
because
how
successfully
you
change
your
career
may
in
part
result
from
what
preparations
you’ve done in career planning.
2.
Think of
career planning as building bridges from your
current job/career to your next job/career;
without the bridge, you may easily
stumble or lose your way, but with the bridge
there is safety and
directions.
(Para. 2) You
should regard making plans for your career as
building bridges which are the
transitions from your current
job/career to your next job/career and may help
you find the right door to
the future.
3.
And while career planning
and career decision-making is an important aspect
of your life, do not put
so much
pressure on yourself that it paralyzes you from
making any real choices, decisions, or
plans.
(Para. 5)
…
don’t put too much pressure on yourself to make
real choices, decisions, or plans.
4.
To
help
you
with
your
career
planning,
consider
using
the
following
exercises
to
their
fullest
potential.
(Para. 6)
… consider using the following
exercises to their fullest degree/ as much as
possible.
5.
Reflect on the times and situations in
which you feel most passionate, most energetic,
most engaged
—
and see if
you can develop a common profile of these
situations.
(Para. 9) Consider the
times and
situations
in
which
you
feel
most
excited,
most
vigorous,
most
engrossed
—
and
try
to
generalize
the
features these situations have in
common.
6.
Remember those papers you had to write
as a kid about what you wanted to be when you grew
up?
(Para. 13) Do you still
remember when you were little you were asked to
write about what you would like
to be
in the future?
7.
Take the
time to revert back to those idyllic times and
brainstorm about your current dream job; be
sure not to let any negative thoughts
cloud your thinking.
(Para. 13) Spend
some time in returning back
to these
simple, peaceful and pleasant times and trying to
think more about your current ideal job to
make sure that no negative thoughts
could make your thinking obscure /unclear.
8.
Look for ideas
internally, but also make the effort to
explore/research other careers/ occupations
that interest you.
(Para.
13) You should not only look for ideas inside
yourself/ at the bottom of your
heart,
but also explore/research other
careers/occupations you are interested in from the
outside.
9.
Pinpoint the
qualifications you need to move to the next step
in your career or to make the move to
a
new career path.
(Para. 18) Mark
clearly the qualifications that are needed in
career changing.
10.
If you’re not sure, search job postings
and job ads, conduct informational interviews,
research job
descriptions.
(Para.
18)
If
you’re
not
sure
about
the
qualifications
required
in
the
new
career,
you
should search job
postings
and job
advertisements
for
those
qualifications,
take
part
in
interviews
in
..
.
...
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硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
which
you
know
something
about
the
job,
and
study
the
list
of
general
tasks,
or
functions,
and
responsibilities of a position..
11.
Develop a timeline and
action plans for achieving each type, being sure
to set specific goals and
priories.
(Para. 20) Make a
timetable and action plans for achieving each type
of qualification you need
and remember
to set concrete goals and decide what should be
done first.
12.
Businesses,
careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing,
and the skills that you have or plan for
today may not be in demand years from
now.
(Para. 21) Businesses, careers,
and the workplace are
rapidly changing,
and the skills that you have mastered or you plan
to master now may not be required
or
needed in the future.
13.
Long-range
career
planning
should
be
more
about
identifying
and
developing
core
skills
that
employers will always value while
developing your personal and career goals in broad
strokes.
(Para.
21) When
planning career for the long run, you should focus
on pinpointing and developing the essential
skills in general that will always be
valued no matter whom your employers are or how
time changes.
14.
Here
’s a collection of the
best self
-assessment tools, designed to
give you a better idea of your
attitudes
and
interests
as
they
relate
to
possible
career
choices.
(Para.
25)
The
best
collected
self-assessment
tools are developed to make you clear about your
attitudes and interests related to the
careers that you may choose.
15.
Some
tools
and
resources
especially
for
established
job-seekers
contemplating
a
career
change.
(Para.
26) In the section of Career Change Resources,
there are some tools and resources especially for
those established job-hunters who
consider changing careers.
16.
Taking the time to use a career journal
is a fantastic way to conduct career planning on a
regular
basis.
(Para.
31)
It
is
great
to
spend
some
time
using
a
career
journal
to
carry
out
career
planning
regularly.
17.
The concept of transferable skills is a
vital job-search technique that all job-seekers
should master,
though the concept is
especially important for career changers and
college students.
(Para. 33) All
job-hunters should master those skills
that are needed to make transitions from school to
workplace or
from your current job to
the next job
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading Comprehension
(1) According to the author, career
planning is very essential because it functions as
bridges built from
one
’
s
current
job/career
to
his/her
next
job/career
and
with
the
bridges
there
is
safety
and
direction.
(2) The main idea of the passage:
The passage offers some basic
guidelines for both short-term and long-term
career planning.
(3) Short-term career
plan and long-term career plan are different. A
short-term career plan focuses on
a
timeframe ranging from the coming year to the next
few years. It is characterized by developing
realistic
goals
and
objectives
that
can
be
accomplished
in
the
near
future.
But
long-term
career
planning
usually
involves
a
broader
set
of
guidelines
and
preparation
and
focuses
on
and
developing workplace core skills and
identifying career trends.
(4) In
order to
hold a
positive
attitude
towards short-term
career
planning,
you
should
free yourself
form
all
career
barriers,
such
as
personal
barriers,
family
pressure
and
peer
pressure.
And
you
3
Unit 1
shouldn’t
put
so
much
pressure on yourself
because
it
may paralyze you
from
making
any
real
choices, decisions, or
plans.
(5) Before you develop a picture
of yourself and your career, you should analyze
your current/future
2.
Vocabulary
Section A
(1) on the move
(2) In terms of
(3) quintessential
(4)
perspective
(5) priority
(6) cloud
(7)
brainstormed
(8) extravert, introvert
(9)
Reverting
(10) timeframe
Section B
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) C
(5) A
(6) D
(7) D
(8) A
(9) C
(10) A
3. Cloze
(1) right
(6) Only
(11) who
(2) not
(12) still
(3) wrong
(4) First of all
(5)
knowledge
(10) higher
(20)instead of
(7) no matter what
(8)
outperform
(9) successful
(18) rehearse
(19) more
lifestyle, likes/dislikes, passion,
definition of success, personality, dream job and
current situation.
(13) rather than
(14) figure out
(15) worst
(16) Then
(17) However
4. Translation
A. Chinese to
English
1) Translate the
following sentences into English.
(1) Although we failed this time, we
should not be sunk in apathy, because as we all
know,
“
failure is the
mother of
success.
”
And we are all
wedded to the belief that this failure will be the
beginning of
future success.
(2) The idyllic Indonesian
island is a beautiful combination of spirituality,
natural beauty and a taste of
the
exotic.
(3) Adolescence, the transition
from childhood to adulthood, is always a critical
time for everybody. So
parents must pay
spe
cial attention to their children’s
growth in this period.
(4)
Thank you for your really practical advice, but I
still need time to reflect on it.
(5)
You’d better contemplate
the related issues before making a final decision,
and formulate a feasible
action plan
that can be fulfilled in one year.
(6) In
this
English
Speaking
Contest,
what
impresses
me
most
is
that
contestant
11
is
a
very
fluent
speaker of English, but it’s a pity
that he fails to confine himself to the
subject.
(7) Neither
difficulty nor failure frustrates his passion in
his research. He was content to go as far as he
could.
(8) Anthropologists,
as far as I know, are still unable to pinpoint
just where along the line man and the
apes branched into two distant species.
2) Translate the following
paragraph into English.
We
all have goals and aspirations. Sometimes we have
difficulty knowing where to start. We want that
new body, or want to be healthy and
have more energy, but we just do not know what the
first step is. In
addition, the road to
our goals is sometimes a rocky one. It is
difficult to transgress and sometimes we just
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硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
want to give up. We
sometimes forget that our current situation did
not occur overnight and so changing it
will not happen overnight either. It
will take time and hard work. Therefore, I suggest
that you should set
only one goal at a
time.
When you try to take
on too much at once, you can become overwhelmed
quickly.
Create a list and take one
goal at a time. Once you achieve that goal, back
to your list to mark it off, and
move
to the next one. The act of achieving goals
individually will give you a greater sense of
accomplishment.
You can even break the
one goal into smaller parts. This gives you
motivation and success more often than
waiting for days or months to achieve a
larger goal.
B. English to
Chinese
1) Translate the following
paragraph into Chinese.
每位求职
者都需要花点时间远离日常繁忙的工作，仔细思量你的事业，为未来制定计划。无论你喜欢现在的工作
和老板或是感到受缚于目前工作，职业规划能够帮助你。职业规划被视作建立连接目前工作
/
职业和未来工作
/
职
业的
桥梁，没有这座桥，你会跌跌撞撞或迷失方向；但有了这座桥，就有了安全的保证和
明确的方向。
2) Read
the passage carefully and translate the underlined
sentences into Chinese.
（
1
）一位权威科学家警告说，机器人在家庭、工作场所和战争中的兴起
必须受到伦理规范的监督和控制，以此限
定机器人在一些敏感情境中的运用，比如看小孩
、照顾老人以及作战等情境。
（
2<
/p>
）
谢菲尔德大学的人工智能专家诺埃尔·夏基教授警告说，
机器人正被引入潜在的敏感情境中，
这可能会导致
（被
服务者）与世隔绝的状态，因为人们在给机器人设定指令后，往往很长时间不再
问津。
（
3
）第一条规定机器人不得伤害人类；第二条规定机器人必须服从人类的命令，但不得违反第一条定律；第三条
规定机器人应尽量保护自己，但不得违反前两条定律。
（
4
）但是
20
世纪末提出的有关具有高度人工智能的机器人将崛起的预言并未实现，不过机器人科学家已赋予了
听
命于他们的机器以准智能的特征，比如简单的言语识别、情绪表达以及面部识别等能力
。
（
5
）目
前机器人的智力水平连愚蠢都算不上。如果我哪怕认为他们会在智力上高出人类一等，我都不会有这些担
忧了。
Text B
Career Path: Acting Your
Age
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the
word(s)
(1) troublesome
(2) strenuous
(3) handicap
(4)
similar in meaning
(5) applies
(6) commendable
(7) saturated
(8)
intimidating
(9) attracting
(10)
What’s more
True or false
(1)
T
(2) F
(3) T
(4) F
(5) F
(6) T
(7) T
(8) F
Unit 2
Text A
3
Unit 1
II.
Language points
1.
Even a
modest space voyage, Dyson calculated, would set
the average family back 1,500 years in
wages.
(Para.1)
According to Dyson’s calculation, even
a modest and common space voyage would cost
the average family wages of about 1,500
years.
set back:
cost (a person) specific amount
e.g.
My new car
set me back $$3 000.
2.
The
difference
reflected
the
relative
difficulty
of
space
travel,
but
also
the
limitations
of
big
government
programs
to
do
things
on
the
cheap.
(Para.1)
The
cost
difference
not only
has
showed
space
travel is much more
difficult than the
Mayflower’s voyage in 1620 and the westward
journey of the
Mormons in 1840s, but
also proved that government needs to reduce its
spending on big and expensive
programs
and turn its attention to the programs that cost
less money.
3.
Nothing
has
happened
in
the
past
40
years
to
suggest
that
NASA
has
come
any
closer
to
the
commercial sweet spot of
the Colonial settlers.
(Para.2) In the
past 40 years, nothing has shown that
NASA’s
has found its best
solution to which it could start and develop its
business just like early colonial
settlers who found their place,
Massachusetts, to settle down and made their
living move on based on
their
settlement.
A
sweet
spot
is
a
place,
often
numerical
as
opposed
to
physical,
where
a
combination
of
factors
suggests
a
particularly
suitable
solution.
In
the
context
of
a
racquet,
bat
or
similar
sporting
instrument,
sweet spot is often believed to be the
same as the center of percussion. In this context,
sweet spot means a
financially
profitable situation. Colonial settlers found this
sweet spot while NASA didn
’
t
come close.
4.
The
commission headed by Lockheed Martin chairman Norm
Augustine that has spent much of the
past ye
ar deliberating on
NASA’s human spaceflight program…
(Para.2)
deliberate on:
to
consider /discuss or
negotiate
仔细研究，审议
e.g. We had no time to deliberate on
the problem.
5.
...even
though
ending
this
program
would
send
NASA’s
international
partners
into
apoplexy.
(Para.2)
…
even
though ending the ISS program would make
NASA
’
s international
partners feel very angry.
The
apoplexy
is
an
outdated
medical
term,
which
can
be
used
to
mean
“
bleeding
”.
It
can
be
used
non-medically to mean a
state of extreme rage or excitement.
6.
More
embarrassing,
with
NASA
’
s
space
shuttle
due
to
be
mothballed
in
2010,
and
its
cheaper
replacement, the
Orion
capsule, not due to
fly until 2012, the partners face a two year gap
in which
they will have to rely on
Russia
’
s
Soyuz
ships to commute to
the space station.
(Para.2) To
NASA
’s
embarrassment,
they
had
to
stop
using
their
shuttle
in
2010
and
its
cheaper
replacement,
the
Orion
capsule
cannot fly until 2012, so there will be a two year
gap between 2010 and 2012, in which
NASA
’
s
international partners have to depend
on
Russia’s
ship to come and
go to the space station.
mothball:
to
decide
not
to
use
or
develop
something,
for
a
period
of
time,
especially
a
piece
of
equipment or a plan
封存；搁置不用
If
someone in authority mothballs a plan, factory, or
piece of equipment, they decide to stop developing
or using it, perhaps temporarily.
7.
The shortfall
may force NASA to open up its space-exploration
program to commercial operators to a
degree that’s unprecedented in its
history.
(Para.3) The shortage or lack
of money may force NASA to
get
commercial operators involved in its space-
exploration program to a degree that has never
happened
2
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硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
before.
shortfall:
n
.
缺口；差额；亏空
If there
is a shortfall in something, there is less of it
than you need.
8.
The
move
could
create
opportunities
for
the
modern
equivalents
of
Young
and
Bradfor
d
—
entrepreneurs
willing
to
risk
their
livelihoods
on
making
the
exploration
of
space
affordable by not only
designing and building ships for NASA, but also by
providing shuttle services
to deliver
NASA astronauts or equipment to their
targets.
(Para.3) The move
—NASA’s opening up its
space
program
to
commercial
or
private
sectors
—
could
create
opportunities
for
upcoming
modern
entrepreneurs like Young and Bradford
in the early times. They are willing to take a
risk in spending much
money, effort and
even their lives on space exploration in order to
get it started and moved on by not only
designing and building ships for NASA,
but also by providing shuttle services to deliver
NASA astronauts
or equipment to meet
NASA’s targets.
9.
In the past, NASA has been deeply
involved in managing design and development work
by outside
contractors, a messy process
that made the shuttle expensive and unsafe, rather
than cheap and safe.
Now the agency is
under pressure to step back and buy services
wholesale from private firms.
(Para.3)
In the past, NASA has spent much effort
and time asking outside contractors to design and
develop space
shuttles, which is a very
complicated process making the space shuttle
expensive and unsafe rather than
cheap
and safe. Now due to financial pressure, the
agency has stepped back to entrust private firms
to do
all the business for NASA.
10.
“We’re talking about a
movement from where the government has been the
prime contractor,
managing situations
with a very hands-
on role, to a
situation where they are just a customer,” says
Larry Williams.
(Para.3) We
are talking about the movement
—
NASA has shifted it role
from a major
contractor who needs to do
every detailed and practical work by itself to a
customer who buys services
wholesale
from private firms.
11.
The
next step is to work out similar deals with
private firms to send astronauts aloft.
(Para.5) The
next step is to
enable the private firms to send astronauts to
outer space just like cargo that can be
delivered.
aloft:
adj
./
adv
.
high in the air
在空中高处
Something
that is aloft is in the air or off the ground.
12.
To do that,
NASA will have to relinquish some of its oversight
of crew safety. This isn
’
t
entirely
without precedent.
(Para.5) In order to let private firms send
astronauts into space, NASA will have to
give up their responsibility of
regulating crew safety. This has happened before.
relinquish:
vt
.
to stop having something, especially
when this happens unwillingly
If you
relinquish something such as power or control, you
give it up.
oversight: the
state of being in charge of somebody/something
负责；照管
13.
Space X claims it could adapt its
cargo-carrying spaceship for ferrying a human crew
in less than
three years, once it
gets
the
green
light.
(Para.6)
Space
X
claims
it
could
make some
change
to
its
spaceship so that it could send people
to outer space in less than three years, once it
gets permission.
14.
If
Virgin and other commercial firms can deliver,
Earth orbit will be far more accessible than it’s
ever been before. Although it would
still be a stretch for all but the wealthiest
people, costs could
come down low
enough to jump-start markets for
tourism.
(Para.8) If commercial firms
like Virgin
Galactic can deliver man to
Earth orbit, then Earth orbit would be much easier
to get to than ever before.
3
Unit 1
It would
be open to nobody but the wealthiest people since
only the rich can afford the high
price
，
but
the
cost could be reduced so that it would become a
rising market for tourism.
15.
The
big
sticking
point,
however,
will
be
safety.
Even
though
NASA
holds
the
safety
of
its
crew
paramount, it still
hasn
’
t been able to escape
the occasional disaster, like the loss of the
Columbia
shuttle
and its crew in 2003.
(Para.8) The key
point is still the consideration of safety of its
crew. Even
though NASA regards the
safety of its crew as
the most
important thing, it still hasn’t been able to
avoid the occasional disaster, such as
the loss of the Space shuttle,
Columbia
and
its 7 crew members in
2003.
16.
…the space shuttle is
unreliable, in part,
because its all-
purpose design is overly complex. NASA
needs a bigger rocket capable of
sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a
long-duration
trip, beyond the tether
of Earth’s gravity.
(Para.9)
… the space shuttle is unreliable
partly because it
s
space
shuttle is designed for all- around purposes, such
as carrying cargo or people, etc. And the process
of design is extremely complex. NASA
needs a bigger rocket capable of sending a crew,
with equipment
and supplies for a
longer trip, beyond the limitation or influence of
Earth
’
s gravity.
overly:
too/ extremely
17.
It might be able to
entice commercial firms to undertake their own big
rockets if there were some
payoff down
the road.
(Para.9) Private firms might
be attracted to build their own rockets to deliver
astronauts to outer space if they could
get profits.
payoff:
n
. return; reward; payment
18.
Many
seemingly
ridiculous
ideas
for
generating
energy
and beaming
it
back
to
Earth now
seem
much less so, thanks to
the climate crisis.
(Para.9) The ideas
of generating energy and shining it back to
earth,
which
used
to
sound
very
funny,
but
now
seems
much
possible
and
necessary
due
to
the
consideration of the
climate crisis.
19.
…the
challenge of sending people safely into deep space
and back for a profi
t is big enough to
give
any entrepreneur pause.
(Para.10)
…
the challenge
for private services to send people safely into
deep
space and back for making profits
is so big that any entrepreneur would hesitate
before they take their
steps.
give sb./sth. pause:
使踌躇，使犹豫
This finding should give pause to it.
这个发现令人深思。
His recent behavior has given her pause
about their relationship.
他最近的行为让她对他们的关系产生了犹豫。
20.
The
Industrial Revolution didn’t take off until the
railways arrived.
(Para.11)
Here it means that the private sector
will play an important role and do lots of work in
deep space only if
NASA gets it
started.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1)
In early times there was an essay comparing space
travel to the colonization, but nothing can keep
Dyson
from making a meticulous effort
to quantify and compare the costs of these vastly
different ventures.
(2) By presenting
the relationship between FedEx and the U.S. Postal
service, the writer wants to show that
NASA actually can pay private firms,
like Space X to design and develop space program.
(3) NASA opened up its space
exploration program to commercial operators
because NASA lacks funding to
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硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
keep its human spaceflight
program moving on and operating. So, it is the
shortfall that forces NASA to
open up
its space-exploration program to commercial
operators.
(4) There are two steps that
NASA is going to take after it begins working with
smaller companies. The first is
to
get
cargo
delivered
to
space;
the
next
step
is
to
work
out
similar
deals
with
private
firms
to
send
astronauts aloft.
(5) Give
your own comments.
2. Vocabulary
Section A
(1) fanciful
(2) eminent
(3) meticulous
(4) aloft
(5) mogul
(6) shortfall
(7) quantify
(8)
relinquished
(9) entrust
(10) wholesale
Section B
(1) C
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
(5) B
(6) C
(7) B
(8) D
(9) C
(10) B
3. Cloze
(1) predicted
(2) pass
(3) doubt
(13) called
(4) catch
(14) offer
(19) blame
(5) running
(10) reasonably
(15) creation
(20) boss
(6) high-lever
(7) lag
(11)dismissed
(12) acute
(16) feats
4. Translation
A. Chinese to
English
1) Translate the
following sentences into English.
(1) By some estimates, 10 million
Americans will be telecommuting in 5 years so that
three quarters of a
billion gallons of
petrol could be saved.
(2) Rogge also
thanked the security forces that kept the Winter
Olympic Games safe at the cost of about
$$310 million, a bill that increased
following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.
(3) Government has given our city a
modern international airport capable of meeting
our requirements far
into the next
century.
(4) What makes parents worry
is that some primary students keep indulging
themselves in computer games
day and
night and nothing can entice them from computers.
(5)
It’s an interesting
su
ggestion for space program, but we
need a bit longer time to give pause to it since
it is so costly.
(6) At
present, government particularly needs to work on
vocational training in various forms, open up new
opportunities of employment and strive
to assist as many laid-off workers as possible in
finding new
jobs.
(7) A
recent survey found 55 percent of those polled
considered true love paramount in a relationship,
while
45 percent still believed in love
at first sight.
(8) Graduates are under
great pressure before leaving college because of
job hunting, poverty, emotional
problems, school achievements and
surroundings, etc.
2) Translate the
following paragraph into English.
After
the Soviet space program launched the world’s
first human
-made satellite (Sputnik 1)
on October 4,
1957,
the
attention
of
the
United
States
turned
toward
its
own
fledgling
space
efforts.
The
U.S.
Congress,
alarmed by the
perceived threat to U.S. security and
technological leadership (known as the “Sputnik
crisis”),
urged immediate and swift
action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his
advisers counseled more deliberate
(8) convinced
(9)assured
(17) failed
(18) lack
3
Unit 1
measures. Several months of debate
produced an agreement that a new federal agency
was needed to conduct
all non-military
activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) was also created at this time.
B. English to Chinese
1)
Translate the following paragraph into
Chinese.
首要任务是把货物送到太空。
美国航
空航天局猎户星座航空舱仅是针对航天员设计的，所以把种子基金付给私人
太空机构去实
现把物品送到太空站。去年美国航空航天局就签订了两个合同，
一个是以
16
亿美元的价格委托美国宇
宙探索技术公司
(SpaceX)
为美国航空航天局
12
次发射运载火箭。
另一个是以
19
亿美元的价格委托美国轨道科技公
司（
Orbital Sciences Corp.
）为其完成八次太空飞行任务。为了履行这一合同，美国宇宙探索技术公司
(Spa
ceX)
现
正在组建猎鹰
9
号火箭助推器，以便运送无人驾驶的太空舱与太空站对接。太空员卸下货物后让其返回地球。美国
轨
道科技公司（
Orbital Sciences Corp
.
）组建的类似的金牛座
II
火箭预计
将在
2011
年投入使用。威廉说：“从美国航
空航天局的角度来看，他们最终关心的不是你怎么收到了邮件，而是想办法把邮件送到。”
2) Read the passage carefully and
translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. <
/p>
（
1
）太空项目的提案者早就有过这样的
警告，逐渐增加的太空垃圾带最终会导致碰撞，就正如星期二所发生的，
在西伯利亚上空
500
英里处，美国的一颗卫星与现已失效的俄罗斯卫星发生严
重的撞击。
（
2
）人类有惊人的乱丢垃圾的能力，但普遍存在的共识是：浩瀚的太空不会因为人类的行为而受到巨大的伤害。
（
3
）我们
的卫星在太空飞行的最高处离地球
22 000
英里，当你知道
这是地球到月球距离的
1/10
时，这一距离就
听起来就不是很远的了。
（
4
）每次即便是我们把一个小小的卫星送入它运行的轨道，伴随这一运载过程的也不仅仅
是卫星。
（
5
）一些政府机构的联盟，包括美国航空航天局、北美防空联合司令部，甚至美通讯委员会跟踪记录了星球上空<
/p>
的漂浮的所有垃圾，目前这些不断增加的垃圾让人无比地恐慌。
Text B
The New
Space Race
(1) left / flied
away from
(2) hesitated
(3) prevented or impaired
(4) brought back to use / revived
(5) unfriendly
/ hostile
(6) made free from bacteria
(7) space / vacancy
(8)vulnerable / weak
(9) a kind of metal element
(10) filled with / full of
True or false
(1) T
(2) F
(3) F
(4) T
(5) F
(6) T
(7) T
(8) F
Unit 3
Text A
II. Language points
1.
The utilitarian doctrine
is, that happiness is desirable, and the only
thing desirable, as an end; all
other
things being only desirable as means to that
end.
(Para. 1)The utilitarian principle
is that happiness
is worth obtaining
and is the only thing worth obtaining as a
purpose; all other things being so only as a
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硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
way to obtain happiness.
2.
What ought to be required
of this doctrine, what conditions is it requisite
that the doctrine should
fulfill, to
make good its claim to be believed?
(Para. 1)What requirements should this principle
meet, what
are
the
necessary
conditions
this
principle
should
accomplish
to
make
its
claim
good
for
people
to
believe?
requisite
a. required by circumstances or
necessary for success
e.g. Have you the
requisite visa to enter Canada?
have/lack the requisite capital to
start a business
3.
In like
manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is
possible to produce that anything is desirable, is
that people do actually desire
it.
(Para. 2)Likewise, I think the only
evidence we can possibly
offer to
prove anything to be desirable is that
people do actually desire it.
apprehend
v. grasp the
meaning of (sb./sth.); understand
e.g.
Do I apprehend you aright, i.e. Do you mean what I
think you mean?
sole a. one and only;
single
e.g. the sole cause
of the accident
the sole survivor of
the crash
4.
If
the
end
which
the
utilitarian
doctrine
proposes
to
itself
were
not,
in
theory
and
in
practice,
acknowledged to be an end, nothing
could ever convince any person that it was
so.
(Para. 1)If the
purpose
which the utilitarian doctrine itself intends to
fulfill were not accepted to be a purpose both in
theory and in practice, then nothing
could ever make anyone believe that it was so.
5.
No reason can be given
why the general happiness is desirable, except
that each person, so far as he
believes
it to be attainable, desires his own
happiness.
(Para. 2)We can give no
reason why the general
happiness is
desirable except that each person desires his own
happiness as long as he believes that it can
be achieved.
attainable
a. that can be
attained
e.g. These objectives are
certainly attainable.
6.
This, however, being a fact, we have
not only all the proof which the case admits of,
but all which it is
possible to
require, that happiness is a good, that each
person
’
s happiness is a good
to that person,
and the general
happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of
all persons.
(Para. 2)However, it is a
fact that the general happiness is
desirable, and we have not only all the evidence
that the case agrees
with, but all the
evidence that it is likely to need, to prove that
happiness is a benefit, that each
person
’
s
happiness is a benefit to that person,
and the general happiness, therefore, a benefit to
all persons as a
whole.
aggregate
n. total amount;
mass or amount brought together
e.g.
the complete aggregate of unemployment figures
7.
Now
it
is
palpable
that
they
do
desire
things
which,
in
common
language,
are
decidedly
distinguished from happiness.
(Para. 3)Now it is obvious that people
do desire things which, in everyday
words, are definitely different from
happiness.
palpable
a. clear to the
mind; obvious
e.g. a palpable lie,
error
distinguish
v.
recognize the difference between (people or
things)
e.g. People who cannot
distinguish between colours are said to be colour-
blind.
3
The
twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one
from the other.
Unit 1
8.
They desire, for example, virtue, and
the absence of vice, no less really than pleasure
and the absence
of
pain.
(Para.
3)For
example,
they
want
to
have
virtue
and
avoid
vice
as
much
as
they
want
to
have
pleasure and avoid pain.
vice:
n
. evil or unprincipled
conduct; wickedness
e.g. Greed is a
terrible vice.
9.
The desire
of virtue is not as universal, but it is as
authentic a fact, as the desire of happiness.
(Para.
3)Although the desire
of virtue is not as common as the desire of
happiness, it is as true a fact as the desire
of happiness.
authentic:
a
. known to be true or
genuine
e.g. an authentic document,
signature, painting
10.
And
hence the opponents of the utilitarian standard
deem that they have a right to infer that there
are
other
ends
of
human
action
besides
happiness,
and
that
happiness
is
not
the
standard
of
approbation
and
disapprobation.
(Para.
3)For
this
reason,
those
against
the
utilitarian
standard
consider that they have a right to
conclude that there are other purposes of human
action apart from
happiness, and that
happiness is not the criterion for judgment.
opponent
n.
person who is against another person in a fight, a
struggle, a game or an argument
e.g. a
political opponent
Her opponent left
the tennis court in tears.
deem
v. consider; regard
e.g. He deemed that it was his duty to
help.
She was deemed to be the winner.
It is deemed advisable.
I deem it a great honour to be invited
to address you.
infer
v.
reach (an opinion) from facts or reasoning;
conclude sth.
e.g. It is possible to
infer two completely opposite conclusions from
this set of facts.
Am I to infer from
your remarks that you think
I
’
m not telling the truth?
approbation
n. approval;
consent
e.g. awaiting the approbation
of the court
11.
But does
the utilitarian doctrine deny that people desire
virtue, or maintain that virtue is not a thing
to be desired? The very reverse.
(Para. 4)But does the utilitarian
doctrine refuse to admit that people
desire virtue, or assert that virtue is
not worth desiring? Just the opposite.
reverse
n. thing that is the
contrary or opposite to what is expected
e.g. In hot weather, the reverse
happens/applies.
Children
’
s shoes
aren
’
t cheap
—
quite the reverse.
You were the very reverse of polite.
12.
It maintains not only
that virtue is to be desired, but that it is to be
desired disinterestedly, for itself.
(Para. 4) It claims that virtue not
only is worth desiring, but also should be desired
for its own sake in a
fair and
unselfish way.
13.
Whatever
may be the opinion of utilitarian moralists as to
the original conditions by which virtue is
made virtue, however they may believe
(as they do) that actions and dispositions are
only virtuous
because they promote
another end than virtue, yet this being granted,
and it having been decided,
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from considerations of this
description, what is virtuous, they not only place
virtue at the very head
of
the
things
which
are
good
as
means
to
the
ultimate
end,
but
they
also
recognize
as
a
psychological fact the possibility of
its being, to the individual, a good in itself,
without looking to
any
end
beyond
it;...
(Para.
4)No
matter
what
opinion
the
utilitarian
moralists
may
have
about
the
original conditions
which make virtue virtue, no matter how they may
believe (as they do) that deeds and
characters are virtuous only because
they promote a purpose other than virtue, after
considering this
description of what is
virtuous, we may see that they not only put virtue
in the first place among the
things
which are good as a way to the ultimate end, they
also accept it as a psychological fact that it is
possible for virtue to be a benefit to
the individual without thinking about the ultimate
end.
disposition:
n
. person’s natural
qualities of mind and character
e.g. a calm, irritable, cheerful,
boastful, etc disposition
look to
sth.
make sure
that sth. is safe or in good condition; be careful
about sth.
e.g. The country must look
to its defenses.
You should look to
your health.
14.
…
and hold, that the mind is
not in a right state, not in a state conformable
to Utility, not in the state
most
conducive
to
the
general
happiness,
unless
it
does
love
virtue
in
this
manner
—
as
a
thing
desirable
in
itself,
even
although,
in
the
individual
instance,
it
should
not
produce
those
other
desirable consequences
which it tends to produce, and on account of which
it is held to be virtue.
(Para.
4)
…and
utilitarian
moralists
believe,
that
the
mind
is
not
in
a
right
state,
not
in
a
state
corresponding to Utility, not in the
state most favorable to the general happiness,
unless it does love
virtue as a thing
worth desiring for its own sake
—
even although, in some
cases, it should not produce
those
other desirable consequences which it tends to
produce, and because of which it is held to be
virtue.
be conducive to
sth.
allowing or
helping sth. to happen
e.g. These noisy
conditions aren’t really conducive to concentrated
work.
on account of
sth.
because of
sth.
e.g. We delayed our departure on
account of the bad weather.
15.
This opinion is not, in the smallest
degree, a departure from the Happiness
principle.
(Para. 4)This
opinion is not against the Happiness
principle at all.
departure from
sth.
action
different from (what is usual or expected)
e.g. a departure from old customs, the
standard procedure, etc.
16.
The ingredients of happiness are very
various, and each of them is desirable in itself,
and not merely
when considered as
swelling an aggregate.
(Para. 4)
Happiness is made up of many elements, each of
which is desirable in itself and not
just when considered as a whole.
ingredient
n. any of the
qualities of which sth. is made
e.g.
the ingredients of a/sb.’s character, of success,
of happiness,
etc.
swell:
v
. (cause sth. to) become
greater in intensity, number, amount or volume
e.g. The group of onlookers soon
swelled into a crowd.
The murmur
swelled into a roar.
Small extra costs
all swell the total.
The river was
swollen with flood water.
17.
To illustrate this farther, we may
remember that virtue is not the only thing,
originally a means, and
3
Unit 1
which
if
it
were
not
a
means
to
anything
else,
would
be
and
remain
indifferent,
but
which
by
association with what it is a means to,
comes to be desired for itself, and that too with
the utmost
intensity.
(Para.
5) To illustrate this point more clearly, we may
recall the following fact: virtue is a means
at first which would be and remain
unimportant if it were not a means to anything
else; but by being
associated
with
what
it
is
a
means
to,
virtue
comes
to
be
desired
for
its
own
sake
with
the
greatest
passion. What
happens to virtue also happens to some other
things.
illustrate:
v
. explain or make (sth.)
clear by examples, diagrams, pictures, etc.
e.g. T
o illustrate my point
I have done a comparative analysis.
utmost
a. greatest;
furthest; most extreme
e.g. in the
utmost danger
of the utmost importance
with the utmost care
pushed
to the utmost limits of endurance
intensity
n. state or
quality of being intense
e.g. work with
greater intensity
18.
There
is nothing originally more desirable about money
than about any heap of glittering
pebbles.
(Para. 5)
At first people’ s desire for money is
just the same as that for any pile of shining
stones.
glitter:
v
. shine brightly with
little sharp flashes of light; sparkle
e.g. stars glittering in the frosty sky
a necklace glittering with diamonds
19.
Its worth is solely that
of the things which it will buy; the desires for
other things than itself, which it
is a
means of gratifying.
(Para.
5)
The worth of money lies only in the
things it will buy; people don’t
desire
money for its own sake
, and money is
just a way to satisfy people’s desire for other
things.
gratify:
v
. give pleasure or
satisfaction to (sb.)
e.g. I was most
gratified at/by/with the outcome of the meeting.
It gratified me to hear of your
success.
I was gratified that they
appreciated what I did for them.
20.
It may, then, be said truly, that money
is desired not for the sake of an end, but as part
of the end.
From being a means
to happiness, it has come to be itself
a principal ingredient of the individual’s
conception of happiness.
(Para. 5) Therefore, we may say that
money is desired not to fulfill a purpose,
but as part of the purpose. From being
a way to obtain happiness, money itself has become
a main part
of the individual’s idea of
happiness.
principal:
a
. first in rank or
importance; chief; main
e.g. the
principal members of the government
The
Danube is one of the principal rivers of Europe.
The principal aim of the policy is to
bring peace to the area.
The low salary
is her principal reason for leaving the job.
21.
The same may be said of
the majority of the great objects of human life:
power, for example, or
fame; except
that to each of these there is a certain amount of
immediate pleasure annexed, which
has
at least the semblance of being naturally inherent
in them
—
a thing which cannot
be said of
money.
(Para. 5)
The same thing may happen to most of the great
goals of human life: for example,
power
or fame; except that here is a certain amount of
instant pleasure attached to power or fame, which
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硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
at least looks like a
natural part of them. We cannot find such
immediate pleasure naturally inherent in
money.
annex:
v
. add or join sth. to a
larger thing
e.g. A new wing has been
annexed to the hospital.
inherent
a. existing as a
natural or permanent feature or quality of
sb./sth.
e.g. an inherent distrust of
foreigners
an inherent weakness in a
design
the power inherent in the office
of President
semblance of
sth.
appearance
of being sth.; likeness to sth.
e.g.
put on a semblance of cheerfulness
bring the meeting to some semblance of
order
22.
Still, however,
the strongest natural attraction, both of power
and of fame, is the immense aid they
give to the attainment of our other
wishes; and it is the strong association thus
generated between
them and all our
objects of desire, which gives to the direct
desire of them the intensity it often
assumes, so as in some characters to
surpass in strength all other desires.
(Para. 5) Still, however, the
strongest
natural attraction of both power and of fame lies
in the fact that they offer us great help to
achieve our other wishes; thus a close
relationship is built between them and all our
objects of desire,
which makes people
desire them directly with passion, so that in some
aspects
people’s desire for them
are stronger than all other desires.
immense:
a
. extremely large
e.g. immense difficulties, problems,
possibilities, etc
of immense
importance
surpass
v
. do or be better than
sb./sth.; exceed sb./sth.
e.g. surpass
sb. in speed, strength, skill
It will
be hard to surpass this very high score.
The beauty of the scenery surpassed all
my expectations.
23.
Happiness is not an abstract idea, but
a concrete whole; and these are some of its parts.
(Para. 5)
abstract:
a
. existing in thought or as
an idea but not having a physical or practical
existence
e.g. We may talk of beautiful
things, but beauty itself is abstract.
He has some abstract notion of wanting
to change the world.
concrete
a. existing in
material form; that can be touched, felt, etc
e.g. Physics deals with the forces
acting on concrete objects.
24.
And the utilitarian standard sanctions
and approves their being so.
(Para. 5)
sanction:
v
. give
one
’
s permission for (sth.);
authorize or approve
e.g. I
can
’
t sanction your methods.
Who sanctioned bombing the town?
They won
’
t
sanction our spending on this scale.
25.
Virtue, according to the
utilitarian conception, is a good of this
description. There was no original
desire of it, or motive to it, save its
conduciveness to pleasure, and especially to
protection from
pain.
(Para.
6)
Originally
people
didn’t
have
desire
of
or
motive
to
virtue,
except
that
virtue
helps
people get pleasure, and especially
helps protect people from pain.
26.
...and with this difference between it
and the love of money, of power, or of
fame
—
that all of these
3
Unit 1
may, and often do, render the
individual noxious to the other members of the
society to which he
belongs, whereas
there is nothing which makes him so much a
blessing to them as the cultivation of
the disinterested love of
virtue.
(Para. 6)
…virtue
may be felt a good in itself and desired as a good
with
as great passion as any other
good, which makes it different from the love of
money, of power, or of fame
—
all of these may, and
often do, cause the individual to be harmful to
the other members of the society
to
which he belongs, whereas the cultivation of the
unselfish love of virtue makes him a blessing to
them.
render:
v
. cause (sb./sth.) to be in
a certain condition
e.g. rendered
helpless by an accident
Your action has
rendered our contract invalid.
noxious:
a
. harmful; poisonous
e.g. noxious fumes, gases, ect
27.
And
consequently,
the
utilitarian
standard,
while
it
tolerates
and
approves
those
other
acquired
desires, up to the point beyond which
they would be more injurious to the general
happiness than
promotive of it, enjoins
and requires the cultivation of the love of virtue
up to the greatest strength
possible,
as being above all things important to the general
happiness.
(Para. 6)Therefore, although
the
utilitarian
standard
tolerates
and
approves
those
other
acquired
desires
as
long
as
they
would
promote
rather
than
causing
injury
to
the
general
happiness,
it
orders
and
requires
the
individual
cultivate
the
love
of
virtue
with
the
greatest
efforts
possible,
making
the
love
of
virtue
the
most
important to the general happiness.
injurious:
a
. causing or likely to
cause injury; harmful
e.g. Smoking is
injurious to the health.
enjoin:
v
. impose(an action or
prohibition) on sb.; order
e.g. He
enjoined obedience on his followers.
The leader enjoined that the rules
should be obeyed.
28.
If the
opinion which I have now stated is psychologically
true
—
if human nature is so
constituted as
to desire nothing which
is not either a part of happiness or a means of
happiness, we can have no
other proof,
and we require no other, that these are the only
things desirable.
(Para. 8) If the
opinion
which I have now stated is
psychologically true
—
if
human nature is formed to desire either a part of
happiness or a means of happiness and
nothing else, then we can prove that these are the
only things
people desire.
constitute:
v
. make up or form (a
whole); be the components of
e.g.
Twelve months constitute a year.
The
committee is constituted of members of all three
parties.
He is so constituted( ie His
nature is such) that he can accept criticism
without resentment.
III. Key to the
exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) This text is a typical argument
essay which should contain three parts: the
introduction, the body, and the
conclusion. The structure of the text
is as follows. Summarize the main idea of each
part.
The introduction (Para. 1): The
author gives a brief explanation of the argument.
The body (Para. 2-7): The author
presents both sides of the argument with an
assessment of each.
The conclusion
(Para. 8): The author comes to the conclusion that
happiness is the sole end of human action.
2
全日制
硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
(2)
The
opponents of utilitarian standards don’t believe
that happiness is the sole crite
rion
for morality.
They deem that they have
a right to infer that there are other ends of
human action besides happiness,
and
that happiness is not the standard of approbation
and disapprobation, because people do desire
things which are decidedly
distinguished from happiness and which are as
authentic a fact as the desire
of
happiness.
(3) As to virtue, the
utilitarian doctrine maintains not only that
virtue is to be desired, but also that it is to be
desired
disinterestedly,
for
itself.
Virtue,
according
to
the
utilitarian
doctrine,
is
not
naturally
and
originally part of the
end, but it is capable of becoming so; and in
those who love it disinterestedly it has
become so, and is desired and
cherished, not as a means to happiness, but as a
part of their happiness.
(4) In
paragraph 5,
John Stuart Mill says,
“What was once desired as an instrument for the
attainment of
happiness,
has
come
to
be
desired
for
its
own
sake.”
For
example,
there
is
nothing
originally
more
desirable about money
than about any heap of glittering pebbles. Its
worth is solely that of the things
which it will buy; the desires for
other things than itself, which it is a means of
gratifying. Yet the love of
money is
not only one of the strongest moving forces of
human life, but money is, in many cases, desired
in and for itself. From being a means
to happiness, it has come to be itself a principal
ingredient of the
individual’s
conception of happiness
.
(5) According
to
paragraph
6,
to
best
make
an
individual
a
blessing
to
other
members
of
the
society,
it
requires the cultivation of the
disinterested love of virtue up to the greatest
strength possible.
2. Vocabulary
Section A
(1) ingredient
(2) apprehend
(3) audible
(6) infer
Section B
(7) opponent
(4) swell
(5) render
(8) aggregate
(9) exemption
(10) disposition
(1) C
(2) B
(3) A
(4) D
(5) D
(6) A
(7) B
(8) C
(9) D
(10)
C
3. Cloze
(1)
practices
(6) violate
(11)
selfish
(2) action
(7) far
(12) refuse
(3) irrational
(4) opposes
(8) intuitive
(13) away
(9) offer
(14) upon
(5) for
(10) accepting
(15) peace
(16) alienated
(17) harmony
(18) diligently
(19)
obstacles
(20) applies
4. Translation
A. Chinese to
English
1) Translate the
following sentences into English.
(1)
Though utilitarian motivation can promote learning
in certain circumstances, it cannot be enduring or
help students form a positive learning
attitude.
(2) On
account
of
the
quickening
pace
of
life,
competition
goes
increasingly
fierce
in
all
walks
of
life,
imposing
tremendous pressure on all individuals.
(3) We should by no means undermine our
worth by comparing ourselves with others or set
our goals by
what other people deem
important because only we know what is best for
us.
(4) The fight against terrorism
requires conclusive evidence and clear targets.
All actions taken should be
conducive
to the long-term interest of preserving regional
and world peace.
3
Unit 1
(5) High-level
sketching ability is a requisite skill for all
designers
—
particularly those
aspiring to a career in
the highly
competitive automobile industry.
(6)
The actor
’
s autobiography is
sheer hype. Obviously, what he really cares about
is public attention, even
though he
claims he is indifferent to fame and fortune.
(7) Because of the economic depression,
real estate agents are in the dilemma of either to
lower prices or to
let sales fall off.
(8) Nowadays, although the developed
countries in the western world, such as the United
States, have got
the maximum benefit
from economic globalization and become the leading
forces in this course, it does
not
mean
that
and
“Americanization”
embody
th
e
ultimate
result
of
economic
globalization.
2) Translate the following
paragraph into English.
We
all come to the world, but why do some of us make
great achievements known forever and why are
they remembered forever even though
they leave the world? And why do some leave the
world without
anything valuable to his
generation and the people? Every one of us will
hope to have a valuable life. But
what
kind of life is valuable? The answer to the
question is that
contribution rather
than his possession.
However, a person
of noble aspirations will do solid work. With
continuous efforts, he will try to make his
greatest
contribution
in
his
shortest
time.
He
will
try
what
he
can
to
bring
benefit
to
the
people
in
his
lifetime. We’d say it is impossible for
one to live alone if he isolates society and
people. If he hopes to
have
a meaningful life, he will bring
benefit and make contribution to people.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph
into Chinese.
基于上述考虑，我们得出的结论是，除了幸福，事实上不
存在其他任何被渴望的东西。无论何种事物被作为实现
某种更高目的（最终为幸福）的手
段而受到渴望，都是因为它本身被视为幸福的一部分而受到渴望，并且只有在它确
实变成
幸福的一部分后它本身才会被渴望。那些渴望美德本身的人，对美德的渴望要么是因为意识到拥有美德是一种
快乐，要么是因为意识到缺乏美德是一种痛苦，或者是因为两者兼而有之。快乐和痛苦很少单
独存在而几乎只是形影
相随，一个人往往因获得了一定程度的美德而感到快乐，同时又因
没有得到更多的美德而感到痛苦。如果获得一定的
美德并不能给他带来快乐，而未获得更
多的美德也没有使他感到痛苦，那么他就不会去热爱和渴望美德，或者对它的
渴望仅仅是
出于它可能会为自己或自己关心的人带来其他的益处。
2) Read the passage carefully and
translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. <
/p>
（
1
）公共健康专家和肥胖症研究者把这
一趋势发生的原因，部分地归结为孩子们越来越不动弹的生活习惯。由于
青少年在屏幕前
待着不动的时间越来越长，每天燃烧的卡路里越来越少，未被消耗的能量更多地堆积为脂肪。于是，
就造成了肥胖率的迅速上升。
（
< br>2
）这份发表在上周的《肥胖症评论》杂志上的报告发现，在过去的二十年间，即
使是在美国青少年体重增加了
的情况下，他们的活动量事实上并没有发生显著的变化。<
/p>
（
3
）简单地
说，体重反映了两个变量之间的平衡：身体吸收的卡路里和燃烧的卡路。研究表明，对于一般的美国
青少年而言，体重增加的罪魁祸首不是锻炼的减少，而是食品消耗的增加。
（
4
）
自
1991
年以来，
上体育课的青少年的百分
比保持相对平稳；
平均起来，
上课学生比例的年变化率不超过<
/p>
1%
。
（
5
）虽然那个结论可能很有吸引力，但王和其他的健康专家说，这些
新的数据所要真正表明的却并不是那样的。
这些发现更多告诉我们的，不是锻炼的作用，
而是有关体重公式中的另一变量，即饮食的情况，以及饮食与锻炼的互
2
全日制
硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
动关系。
Text B
The Heart
of Virtue
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) just like a current of cold air
that we can prevent from coming into our room by
shutting the door,
vice is not a great
enemy by which we should be frightened
(2) prevent the devil from affecting us
(3) nothing but the improper profit
(4) expressing the feeling of shock and
anger
(5) fake or false
(6)
remedies or cures
(7) opponents,
rivals, enemies, competitors, etc.
(8)
Not being just politeness or social shows
(9) stand up to the
difficulties resulting from love
(10)
peculiar, unique, singular, special, etc.
True or false
(1) F
(2) F
(3) T
(4) T
(5) F
(6) T
(7) T
(8) T
Unit 4
Text A
II.
Language points
1.
Our water
supply is becoming increasingly contaminated
—
and not just by big
factories dumping
pollutants into the
rivers.
(Para. 1) Our water supply is
becoming more and more polluted
—
and not just
because big factories dump polluting
substances into the rivers.
contaminate:
v.
to
make impure, esp. by touching or mixing; pollute
e. g. They are contaminating the minds
of our young people with these subversive ideas.
pollutant:
n.
substance that pollutes
3
e. g. Pollutants are
constantly released into the atmosphere.
Unit 1
2.
It is
consumers, often unwittingly, who are poisoning
rivers and oceans by sending potentially toxic
chemicals down the drain.
(Para. 1) It is consumers, often unconsciously,
who are poisoning rivers and
oceans by
dumping chemicals down the drain which are
possibly poisonous.
unwittingly:
ad.
without knowledge or intention;
unconsciously
e. g. Walkers can
unwittingly damage the fragile environment in
which the birds live.
3.
In
the U.S., however, it was another twenty years
before the scientific community began to take
notice,
largely in response to the
efforts of one scientist, Christian
Daughton.
(Para. 2) In the U.S.,
however, it
took the scientists another
twenty years to begin to notice the dangers of
pharmaceuticals and personal
care
products, mainly due to the efforts of one
scientist, Christian Daughton.
4.
In 1999, Daughton co-wrote, with Thomas
A. Ternes of the Institute for Water Research and
Water
Technology
in
Germany,
the
first
comprehensive
article
on
pharmaceuticals
and
personal
care
products in the U.S. water
supply.
(Para. 3) In 1999, Daughton,
together with Thomas A. Ternes of the
Institute
for
Water
Research
and
Water
Technology
in
Germany,
wrote
the
first
article
introducing
the
overall situation of pharmaceuticals
and personal care products in the U.S. water
supply.
comprehensive:
a.
of broad
scope or content; including all or much
e. g.
An
objective test can be quite comprehensive.
5.
This landmark article
discussed how “priority pollutants,” such as
agrochemicals, were “only one
piece of
the larger puzzle” of human
-made
environmental risk factors.
(Para. 4) This very important
article discussed how most common
pollutants, such as chemicals in agricultural
production, were only
one of the many
human-made factors endangering the environment.
landmark:
n.
an event, a discovery, an
invention, etc., that marks an important stage in
sth.
e. g.
The
Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world
history.
6.
One large class
of chemicals receiving comparatively little
attention comprises the pharmaceuticals
and active ingredients in personal care
products, which are used in
large
amounts throughout the
world;
quantities
of
many
are
on
par
with
agrochemicals.
(Para.
4)
One
large
group
of
chemicals
receiving
relatively little attention includes the medicines
and active ingredients in personal care products,
which are used in large amounts
throughout the world; lots of them have the same
harmful effects on the
environment as
agrochemicals.
comprise:
v.
to have sb./sth. as parts
or members; to consist of sb./sth.
e.
g.
Exporting
and
importing
comprise
the most
fundamental
international
business activity
in
most
countries.
on (a) par with
as good, bad, important, etc. as
sb./sth. else
e. g.
She is only an amateur pianist, but her
playing is on a par with the best professional.
7.
Escalating introduction
to the marketplace of new pharmaceuticals is
adding exponentially to the
already
large
array
of
chemical
classes,
each
with
distinct
modes
of
biochemical
action,
many
of
which are
poorly understood.
(Para. 4) More and
more new pharmaceuticals have entered the market,
which makes the already large number of
chemical types increase drastically, and each type
of chemical
develops
quite
different
patterns
of
biochemical
effects,
many
of
which
are
hardly
explained
even
by
scientists.
exponentially:
ad.
(becoming) faster and faster
e. g.
With the
development of the Internet, web information has
increased exponentially.
2
全日制
硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
an array of
a group or collection of things or
people
e.
g.
A
large
array
of
employees
in
the
airline
company
went
on
strike
for
higher
wages
and
shorter
working hours.
8.
The
authors
went
on
to
write
that
exposure
to
pharmaceuticals
and
personal
care
products,
especially
for
aquatic
organisms,
may
be
more
chronic
than
exposure
to
pesticides
and
other
industrial chemicals
“because pharmaceuticals and personal care
products are constantly infused
into
the
environment
whe
rever
humans
live
or
visit.”
(Para.
5)
The
author
went
on
to
write
that
compared
to
contact
with
pesticides
and
other
industrial
chemicals,
constant
contact
with
pharmaceuticals
and
personal
care
products,
especially
for
organisms
living
in
water,
may
cause
long-
lasting
suffering
and
problems,
“
because
pharmaceuticals
and
personal
care
products
are
continuously introduced into the
environment wherever humans live or
visit.
”
chronic:
a.
(esp. of a disease) lasting
for a long time; difficult to cure or get rid of
e. g.
They think
his mother’s illness is acute rather than
chronic.
infuse into
to make sb./sth. have a
particular quality
e. g.
Sadness is infused into all her
novels.
9.
Daughton and Ternes warned in 1999 that
prolonged exposure “could lead to
c
umulative, insidious,
adverse impacts”
that may
not appear until it is too late to intervene.
(Para. 5) Daughton and
Ternes
warned in 1999 that constant and
long-term contact with such substances
“
could lead to increasingly
serious, harmful, and negative
effects
”
that may not cause
immediate trouble until it is too late to do
something to stop them when they are
finally noticed.
cumulative:
a.
having a
result that increases in strength or importance
each time more of something is
added
e. g.
The cumulative effects of many
illnesses made grandpa a weak man.
insidious:
a
.
spreading gradually or without being
noticed, but causing serious harm
e. g.
People
have not fully realized the insidious
effects of polluted water supplies.
adverse:
a.
negative and unpleasant; not likely to
produce a good result
e. g.
Lack of money will have an adverse
effect on our research programme.
10.
Preliminary data have shown lipid-
regulating compounds, such as Lipitor or Zocor,
are causing fish
to deposit fat into
their eggs which might affect
reproduction.
(Para. 7) Preliminary
data have shown
lipid-controlling
compounds, such as Lipitor or Zocor, are causing
fish to store fat in their eggs which
might affect reproduction.
11.
“Pharmaceuticals are
designed for a very specific mode of action,” lead
scientist Rebecca Klaper
stated.
(Para.
8)
“
Pharmaceuticals
are
designed
for
a
very
particular
effect,
”
the
leading
scientist
Rebecca Klaper
stated.
12.
Experts
predict
the
incidence
of
emerging
contaminants
will
continue
to
rise.
(Para.
9)
Experts
predict that more and more new
contaminants will continue to emerge.
13.
New
drug
entities,
many
with
mechanisms
of
action
never
before
encountered
by
biological
systems, can be expected to enjoy
continued introduction to commerce.
(Para. 9) Newly developed
medicines,
many of which have functional effects that
biological systems have never experienced, are
likely to be introduced and sold in
market.
entity:
n.
something
that exists separately from other things and has
its own identity
mechanism
n.
a
system of parts in a living thing that together
perform a particular function
3
Unit 1
14.
Next, “the ones that resist our
metabolism —
that is they get excreted
unchanged
—
will have a
measurable presence in waterways,” said
Daughton.
(Para. 10) Next are the drugs
that will not be
changed
even
by
the
chemical
processes
in
the
human
body
of
changing
food
etc.
into
energy
for
growth. Our waterways will contain a
large amount of such substances.
15.
“We probably have an idea
of an unknown fraction of these chemicals that
actually occur,” he said,
“The issue
really is one of people being exposed to something
they ordinarily never would... fetal
exposure
or
pregnant
mothers,
for
example.”
(Para.
10)
“Probably
,
what
we
know
is
that
certain
amounts of these chemicals have entered
our water supply, but what makes the problem
troublesome is
that people are faced
with dangers they have never experienced, for
example, pregnant mothers and the
fetuses they carry in their body are
also exposed to some unusual and harmful
substances.
fraction:
n.
a small part
or amount of something
e. g.
She hesitated for the
merest fraction of a second.
fetal
a.
or
foetal
connected with a foetus
e.
g.
fetal heartbeats
16.
Some pharmaceuticals
enter the water stream when consumers flush them
down the toilet
—
for
years
a
common
practice
in
discarding
unneeded
or
expired
medication.
(Para.
11)
Some
pharmaceuticals
enter
the
water
stream
when
consumers
flush
them
down
the
toilet
–
for
years
a
common
way to throw away unneeded or invalid medicines
because of long
—
time
storage.
17.
The federal
guidelines stopped short of advising all drugs be
disposed of in this manner.
(Para. 12)
The federal guidelines nearly advised
all drugs to be thrown away in this way.
18.
“We are hopeful
that
the success of this
pilot will pave the way for similar projects in
the future.”
(Para. 13)
“
We are hopeful that the
success of this attempt will make preparations for
similar projects in
the
future.
”
pave the
way for
to
create a situation in which sb. will be able to do
sth. or sth. can happen
e. g.
This decision paved the way
for changes in employment rights for women.
19. In May 2006, residents of the San
Francisco Bay Area dropped 3634 pounds of
medications during the
area
’s inaugural “Safe
Medicine Disposal Days” event.
(Para. 13) In May 2006,
residents of the San
Francisco
Bay
Area
discarded
3634
pounds
of
medicines
on
the
first
activities
of
“
Safe
Medicine
Disposal
Days
”
.
inaugural
a.
first, and marking the
beginning of sth. important
e. g.
The inaugural meeting of
the geographical society was quiet a success.
20.
While these take-back
programs are
commendable,
they
are not yet
widely
available.
(Para. 14)
Although these take-back programs are
worthy of praise, there are not so many and it is
not easy for
people to reach them.
commendable:
a.
deserving praise and approval
e.
g.
The
organization
has
pursued
a
commendable
policy
on
combating
racism
and
religious
intolerance.
21.
As the market for
prescription drugs grows to include more and more
children, plus aging baby
boomers,
the
number
of
prescriptions
per
capita
will
likely
increase.
(Para.
14)
As
the
market
for
prescription drugs grows to include
more and more children and those who have already
grown up and
are getting old since the
baby boom after War World
Ⅱ
,
the number of prescriptions per person will
likely increase.
2
全日制
硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
directly to recreational
waters from the skin leads to the question of risk
t
o aquatic organisms.”
(Para.
15)
It
also
stated
“
these
parabens
continually
enter
the
systems
dealing
with
waste
water
of
people
’
s
daily
life,
and
the
parabens
from
the
skin
come
directly
to
recycling
water
systems,
which
together causes water organism to live
in danger.
22.
It
also
stated
“continual
introduction
of
these
parabens
into
sewage
treatment
systems
and
23.
The
Washington, D.C.-
based Environmental
Working Group reports “An average adult is exposed
to
over
100
unique chemicals
in
personal
care products
every
day
—
these exposures
add
up.”
(Para. 16) The Environmental Working
Group, which is located in Washington, D.C.,
reports
“
An average
adult is constantly in touch with over
100 unique chemicals in personal care products
every day
–
if these
exposures are put
together.
”
24.
A few years ago, Christian Daughton
posed the question, “Is the
in
troduction of new chemicals to
commerce outrunning our ability to
fully assess their significance in the environment
or to human
health?”
(Para.
17)
A
few
years
ago,
Christian
Daughton
asked
the
question,
“
With
so
many
new
chemicals being sold in our stores and
getting into our life, do we have enough time to
think what all
these mean to our
environment or to human
health?
”
outrun:
v.
to develop faster than
something
e. g.
Demand for the new model is outrunning
supply.
25.
I believe the
answer is yes, and we -- as consumers and as
stewards of the environment -- must
evaluate
the
choices
we
make
every
day
in
consideration
of
the
long-term
effects
of
our
prescription use, of our dependence on
over-the-counter medications, and of our use of
chemically
charged personal care
products.
(Para. 17) I believe the
answer is yes, and we
–
as
consumers and as
managers of the
environment
–
must evaluate
the choices we make every day and at the same
time, we
have to consider the long-term
effects of our prescription use, of our dependence
on medicines that are
available without
written permission from a doctor, and of our use
of personal care products containing
quantities of chemicals.
steward:
n.
a
person employed to manage another person’s
property, esp. a large
house or land
e. g.
As a
steward on the farm, he showed great talent in
management.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1)
Our water supply is becoming increasingly
contaminated, not just by big factories dumping
pollutants
into the rivers, but by
consumers, often unwittingly, who are poisoning
rivers and oceans by sending
potentially
toxic
chemicals
down
the
drain.
The
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(EPA)
has
stated
its
researchers have
found pharmaceuticals and personal care products
in nearly every water supply they
have
tested.
(2)
The
article
“Pharmaceuticals
and
Personal
Care
Products
in
the
Environment:
Agents
of
Subtle
Change?”
is
called
a
landmark
article
because
it
discussed
how
“priority
pollutants,
”
such
as
agrochemicals, were “only one piece of
the larger puzzle” of human
-made
environmental risk factors.
As the
authors wrote:
“One large class of
chemicals receiving comparatively little attention
comprises
the pharmaceuticals and
active ingredients in personal care products,
which are used in large amounts
throughout the world; quantities of
many are on par with agrochemicals. Escalating
introduction to the
marketplace
of
new
pharmaceuticals
is
adding
exponentially
to
the
already
large
array
of
chemical
3
Unit 1
classes, each with
distinct mode
s of biochemical action,
many of which are poorly understood.”
(3) In 1999, the United States
Geological Survey began surveying 139 streams
across 30 states and found 80
percent
of
water
samples
contained
residues
of
prescription
and
non-prescription
drugs.
In
2006,
researchers on the project discovered
carried eggs.
(4) The
term
“
emerging
contaminants
”
encompasses
personal
care
products,
prescription
drugs,
pesticides,
and
other
substances,
some
of
which
are
known
to
affect
human
hormone
production.
Experts predict the incidence of
emerging contaminants will continue to rise.
(5) Earlier this year the
White House Office of National Drug Control
Policy, the Department of Health and
Human Services, and the Environmental
Protection Agency jointly released new guidelines
for disposing
prescription drugs which
urge consumers to discard prescription drugs in
the trash by mixing the drugs
with
“an
undesirable
substance,
such
as
used
coffee
grounds
or
kitty
litter.”
The
federal
guidelines
stopped short of advising all drugs be
disposed of in this manner. Consumers were advised
to continue
flushing drugs
—
presumably to keep these
controlled substances out of the hands of children
and drug
abusers.
2. Vocabulary
Section A
(1)
contaminate (2) comprise
(6) locale
Section B
(1) C
(2) B
(3) D
(4) B
(5) C
(6) A
(7) D
(8) C
(9) A
(10)
B
3. Cloze
(1)
conservation
(2) for
(5)
collapse
(9) continue
(13)
nesting
(17) Delaying
4. Translation
(6) extinct
(10) regulations
(14) oceans
(3) endangered
(4) diversity
(7)
petitions
(11) call
(15)
next
(8) ignored
(12)
additional
(16) right
(20)
species
(3) chronic
(4)
adversely
(9) expired
(5)
residues
(10) outrun
(7)
metabolism
(8) inaugural
(18) indiscriminate
(19)
accelerate
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following
sentences into English.
(1)
A
large
array
of
college
students
participated
in
the
environmental
protection
organization,
which
infused great new life and energy into
the activities. Influenced by them, the local
residents began to
consciously protect
the environmental health.
(2) With
a
review
of
the
cumulative
effects
of
human
activity
on
the
world
ecological
environment,
the
lecture
is
aimed
at
improving
the
audience’s
awareness
of
environment
al
protection
and
reducing
environmental
pollution.
(3) She is only an amateur
pianist, but her playing is on a par with the best
professional.
(4) After 15
years of arduous efforts, China became a full
member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) at
the beginning of this century, which
was a new landmark in our opening up to the rest
of the world.
(5) It is necessary to
monitor and precisely analyze many kinds of
pollutant indexes to estimate the overall
2
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硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
water quality.
(6) Some
kind
people
and
entrepreneurs
with
a
sense
of
social
responsibility
actively
responded
to
the
government
call
and
made
generous
donations
to
help
the
disadvantaged
groups,
which
was
highly
commendable.
(7) It is
reported that the opposition party leader made
inflammatory remarks at
the rally,
attempting to
encourage his supporters
to launch a coup to overthrow the current
government.
(8) The regulation provides
that without the Pharmaceutical Trade License, no
enterprises shall engage in the
trade
of
pharmaceuticals.
Given
the
company
’
s
illegal
business
operations,
the
industrial
and
commercial management imposed severe
punishment.
2) Translate
the following paragraph into English.
Although
the
major
chronic
diseases
and
their
risk
factors
are
distinct
in
terms
of
prevention
and
treatment,
they
share
many
similarities.
Populations
at
risk
for
one
chronic
disease
are
often
at
risk
for
multiple
chronic
diseases.
Common
settings,
such
as
schools,
worksites,
health
care
organizations,
and
communities serve as intervention sites
for the prevention of multiple risk factors, early
detection of disease,
and promotion of
self-management programs for chronic disease. In
addition, coordinated strategies, such
as those involving supportive public
policy, social and physical environments, system
changes, media, and
technology, are
required to address nearly all chronic disease
risk factors and conditions. Recognizing the
necessity for improved program
integration, the organization is working with
states and communities to
develop and
evaluate new models for chronic disease prevention
that focus on populations rather than on
risk factors and diseases.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph
into Chinese.
这篇里程碑式的文章说，常见污染物，如农业生产中的化
学品，只是人为危害环境因素的冰山一角。道格顿和特
纳斯写道：
“许多未受到足够重视的化学物质，包括药品和个人护理用品中的活性物质等，在全世界大量广泛使用，它
们中的许多跟农业化学品一样具有危害性。新的药品不断进入市场，使得本已数目众多的化学
品种类急剧增加，而每
种化学物质生化作用又各不相同，有些连科学家也不能完全解释。
2) Read the
passage carefully and translate the underlined
sentences into Chinese.
（
1
）凡是想接种
H1N1
疫苗的人几乎都已接
种，而未接种的人则注意到了一件奇怪的事情：接种疫苗的人和未接
种的人没什么两样，
都好不到哪里去。
（
2
）因此现在的情况是，美国政府花费数十亿美元来购买
H1N1
疫苗，而这些疫苗在被投入到消费环节的时候，
已与公众的健康毫不相干了。
（
3
）为了
达到这个目的，可以通过主流媒体，大肆渲染个别婴幼儿因感染甲流而死亡的少数病例，而事实上，这
些死亡病例主要的主要原因都是缺乏维生素
D
。<
/p>
（
4
）在所有
夸大其辞的渲染、空洞的承诺、数十亿美元的花费、巨大的恐惧散播之后，这些药品中很大一部分将
被扔进冲水马桶中冲走，因为那正是众多医院、药店、甚至制药商销毁多余药品的常见做法。
（
5
）顺便提一下，
这可真是政府主导的健康政策的智慧所在呀：花大价钱，用存在潜在危险
的、可能最终与在自
然环境中伺机而动的病毒重新组合的基因物质来污染我们
生存的星球。
Text B
3
End Cruelty: People, Animals and Nature
Key to the exercises
Guess
the meaning of the word(s)
(1)
prominent
(2) holiness
(3) mentally handicapped
(4) worst
(5) oral evidence
(6) sympathy
(7) mentality/ attitude
(8) assumption
(9) horrifying/ extremely cruel
(10) is able to return to
its original state
True or
false
(1) T
(2) F
(3) F
(4) F
(5) T
(6) T
(7) F
(8) F
Unit 1
Unit 5
Text A
II.
Language points
1.
Each
year,
the
World
Economic
Forum
ranks
countries
in
the
Global
Competitiveness
Index
—
a
rough gauge of which nations are best
positioned to squeeze efficiency out of their
businesses and
to
attract
companies
and
investment
from
overseas.
(Para.1)
Each
year,
the
World
Economic
Forum
rates the world’s
nations according to the Global Competitiveness
Index, which is a brief assessment of
each nation’s productivity and their
capacity to attra
ct companies and
investment from overseas.
rank:
v
. to array (a set of
objects) as a sequence, esp. in terms of the
natural arithmetic ordering of some
measure of the elements
e.g : to rank students by their test
scores
squeeze:
v
. to impress or crush
something so as to extract
2.
…the bigger take
-away is
that globalization, inextricably linked to
economic development, is very
different
from what it was only a few years ago.
(Para.1)
…
the bigger
attraction or something important
is
globalization, which is surely related to economic
development. And this is very different from what
it
was only a few years ago.
inextricably:
adv.
inseparably or unavoidably
3.
…the
countries
with
the
lowest
wages
relative
to
competitiveness
—
that
is,
the
best
values
as
inv
estment
locations…
(Para.2)
…in
term
s of their competitiveness, the
best value of the countries with
the
lowest wages lie in the fact that they can be the
locations for investment.
4.
…
and
burgeoning heavyweights like Turkey take out full-
page ads in US magazines boasting about
their university graduates and gains in
GDP
.
(Para.3) The important
countries like Turkey which develop
very fast advertise
in
US
magazines
to
praise
their
excellent
university
graduates
and achievements
in
their GDP so as to let
the world know about them.
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硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
burgeon:
v
. to develop or grow
rapidly; flourish
e.g.: the burgeoning
administration/population
5.
“Your competitors are in your backyard
now in a way they never were before,” says Alec
Hansen,
president of the Economic
Competitiveness Group, an outfit that advises
governments, companies
and development
organizations. “The world has gotten a lot
scarier.”
(Para.4) Now your competitors
are not far away from you and they will
compete with you in a different way
that hasn’t happen
ed before.
The competitors have their own set of
assets to offer advises to government, companies
and development
organizations. The
world has got frightened by the present situation.
6.
Tuhendhat’s
firm suggested harnessing the nation’s long
tradition of meta
l working and pushing
into the machining and automotive parts
sectors in order to take advantage of the growing
auto
industry in neighboring Slovakia
and Romania…
(Para.5)
Tuhendhat’s firm suggested that they
should
make full
use
of
their
long
tradition
of
metal working and
let
machines replace
manual
work
so
as
to
cooperate with or benefit
from their neighboring auto industry.
harness:
v
.
to
control so as to employ the energy or potential
power of
e.g. to harness the atom
7.
But with
transportation costs continuing to plummet and
markets becoming freer, there are many
more
places
for
companies
to
set
up
shop.
(Para.5)
With
falling
transpiration
costs
and
freer
global
markets, companies
have more choices on where to set up their
business.
plummet:
vt
.
to drop down; plunge
Price
is rising, falling, going up, going down, shooting
up, plummeting, etc.
8.
“Companies are adopting an
all
-
shore
strategy,”
(Para.5) Companies are
adopting a strategy of setting
up their
shops in every possible corner of the world.
9.
Searching
for
an
edge,
many
regions
are
applying
the
concept
of
clustering
with
renewed
zeal.
(Para.6) In order to search for their
poison in the world market, many regions start to
apply the concept of
clustering again
with great passion. Here, “clustering” refers to
the idea of focusing a geographic area
on a particular industry in order to
achieve economies of scale, which has been kicking
around since at
least 1890.
10.
Some predicted that a
globalized company’s ability to cherry pick
regions would k
ill the notion of
clusters,
but
countries
are
trying
to
establish
industrial
niches
for
themselves
more
than
ever.
(Para.6) Some people predicted that an
international company has the ability to choose
the best location
for its investment,
which could be a big blow to the notion of
clusters, but every country is still trying
hard to apply the concept of
clustering, that is to focus a geographic area on
a particular industry.
Cherry
picking
is
the
act
of
pointing
at
individual
cases
or
data
that
seem
to
confirm
a
particular
position, while
ignoring a significant portion of related cases or
data that may contradict that position.
The term is based on the perceived
process of harvesting fruit, such as cherries. The
picker would be
expected to only select
the ripest and healthiest fruits. An observer who
only sees the selected fruit may thus
wrongly conclude that most, or even
all, of the fruit is in such good condition.
cherry pick:
v.
最佳决定
/
选择
11.
Turkey established a textiles cluster
to try to fend off lower-cost rivals.
(Para.9) Turkey set up a large
scale of textiles shops in one
particular place in order to defend itself from
the competitors with lower
costs.
fend off: prevent from happening
3
e.g. He tried
to fend off the questions raised by the newsman.
12. S
ingapore is
making a play for biotechnology.
(Para.9)
Singapore is trying
to position itself to start a regional center for
biotechnology.
make a play for
something:
to try to get something
e.g. It was rumored that he
would make a play for the director’s
post.
Unit 1
13.
There is
always
a
risk in
spending
massive amounts of focus
and
money
on one
sector since so
many factors
have to align for economic development to work.
(Para.9) It is very risky for a company
to spend large amounts of money and
efforts on one sector since so many factors work
together to make
economic development
become true.
align
v
. coordinate or work
together
14.
When clustering
does work, though, it’s gold.
(Para.10)
Even though the idea of clustering is very
hard to realize, when clustering does
work, it is valuable.
15.
“By having it all in close proximity,
it reduces overhead costs,”
(Para.10)
By having all of its shops
placed close
to each other, a
company’s
daily expenditure could be reduced.
overhead:
adj
. connected with the
general costs of running a business or an
organization, for example
paying for
rent or electricity
16.
…which will significantly increase the
$$1 to $$1.5 billion the company already annually
invests to
keep its fabs on the cutting
edge.
(Para.11)
Here it refers to SanDisk increasing
its annual investment
to get the
company operating.
17.
Microsoft knows a thing or two about
the latter.
(Para. 13) Microsoft knows
a lot about the latter
—
a
firm
helps
regions
position
themselves:
“you
have
to
find
skilled
labor
if
all
your
machines
are
comp
uter-
controlled.”
know a thing or two:
知道的很多，不是一点
18.
Many of the classic reasons companies
set up shop in far-flung locales, like gaining a
foothold in a
new
market,
are
still
in
the
mix.
(Para.
14)
There
are
many
complicated
reasons
for
companies
to
choose to set up their shops in remote
places, such as, gaining a position in a new
market.
19.
But even the
auto industry isn’t immune from the evolution of
globalization.
(Para.15) Even the
auto industry is affected by the
influence of globalization and sets up their shops
overseas.
be immune from:
not affected by given influence
20.
…it’s not uncommon to
source auto parts for a particular car from around
the world: cast iron
from India, seat
fabric from Tunisia.
(P
ara.15)…
it is very common
to find auto parts suppliers for a
particular car are from around the
world: iron comes from India; seat fabric comes
from Tunisia.
In business, if a person
or firm sources a product or a raw material, they
find someone who will supply it.
III. Key to the exercises
1.
Reading comprehension
(1) By saying
Globalization is different from what it was a few
years ago, the writer means Globalization is
much more linked to economic
development compared with what was in the past.
(2) In Para.2, as manual work becomes
more automated and trade barriers fall,
present companies chase
knowledge workers and efficiency just
as much as they do cheap labor and access to new
markets so as
to enhance their
competitiveness.
(3) The
traditional advantages such as cheap labor or lack
of tariffs mean less in
today
’
s competitive global
2
全日制
硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考
market because with
transportation costs continue to plummet and
markets are becoming freer, there
are
many more places for companies to set up shop.
(4) The
reason
why
some
regions
start
to
apply
the
concept
of
clustering
is
to
get
at
the
usefulness
of
companies in close proximity sharing
infrastructure, ideas and employees
—
like high
performance cars
in Germany.
(5) According to the text, there are
two reasons why the idea of clustering
doesn’t
always work well.
Firstly,
there is always a risk in
spending massive amounts of focus and money on one
sector since so many
factors
have
to
align
for
economic
development
to
work.
Secondly,
the
place
where
the
companies
cluster might not be the real place
where the top scientists or talents want to be
working.
2. Vocabulary
Section A
(1) squeeze
(2) proliferate
(3)
burgeoning
(4) mantra
(8)
overhead
(5) skyrocketing
(6) clustered
(7) amenities
Section B
(1) C
(2) B
3. Cloze
(6) access
(11) agents
(3) D
(4) D
(9)
topsy-turvy
(10) flush
(5) B
(6) B
(7) C
(8) D
(9) A
(10) A
(1)
advances
(2) reduction
(7)
leading
(12) launched
(3)
associated
(8) erosion
(18)
divided
(4) expansion
(5)
emergence
(15) connected
(20) advent
(9)
surroundings
(10) search
(19) wave
(13) integrating
(14) existed
(16) taken
(17) spread
4.
Translation
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following
sentences into English.
(1)
The convenience brought by modern technology can
be found easily, bank customers today can access
their checking accounts instantly
through the electronic system.
(2)
Experience tells us this is a very hard race, but
there can be no doubt that the players we support
will
finally win out.
(3) At a press conference,
spokesmen sometimes need to tactfully fend off
some awkward questions from
reporters.
(4)
“While
their sales grow, intensifying
competition may push auto firms into price cuts
later this year. That
will narrow their
margins,” said Mr. Qian, an analyst at United
Securities.
(5) The Shanghai
municipal government, which seems confident to
keep the real estate market stable for the
moment, now must ensure that prices
will not to plummet.
(6)
History tells us that in an integrated global
market, no single economy can expect to be immune
from the
results of financial turmoil
elsewhere in the world.
(7) John is a
secretary to the manager in a joint venture. He
doesn’t like his present job, but he
decides to
hang on to it until he finds
a better one.
(8) With
willpower,
a
zeal
for
work
and
a
sense
of
mission
towards
the
nation,
he
shouldered
different
responsibilities at different stages,
fulfilling every role like a mission. He has never
allowed himself to fail
nor has he ever
disappointed the people around him.