转喻、提喻、换称三种修辞手法的对比
-淞沪会战简介
THE COMPARISON BETWEEN METONYMY,
SYNECDOCHE AND ANTONOMASIA
转喻、提喻、换称三种修辞手法的对比
转喻(
Metonymy
)、提喻(
synecdoche
)、换称(
p>
antonomasia
)这三种修辞
手法
都属于关系类修辞,它们的共同之处都是用某一事物的名称指代另一事物的
名称,故而常
常容易使人混淆。目前国内有关英语修辞的教科书中就常将这三种
修辞手法混为一谈,使
得老师和学生对此模糊不清。其实,如果将这三种修辞手
法的定义和用法弄清,就不难区
分它们。下面就这三种修辞手法的定义、用法以
及它们之间的异同等作些比较:
一.转喻(
Metonymy
)的定义与用法:
1.
<
/p>
定义:
用某一事物的名称代替另一事物的名称的修辞手法叫做转喻
或借代。
这
两种事物之间有着密切相关的联系。
(A metonymy is a figure of speech that has
to do with the substitution of the name
of one thing for that of another with which it
is closely associated.)
2.
用法:
转喻通常用下列几种方式指代:
①
根据人名或商品品牌名:
Uncle
Sam
(山姆大叔)→
Americans or the American government
(美国人
/
美国政
府
)
John Bull
(
约翰牛)
→
the
English nation or a typical Englishman
(
英国
/
地道英国人)
He is reading
Shakespeare
.
他在读莎士比亚作品。
Shakespeare's works
(用作者指代作品)
He went
in debt just to keep up with
the
Joneses
.
他为了与邻里攀比而负债。
neighbours
(用“琼斯家”指代“邻里”)
We
drove
a Ford
to Hyde Park.
我们驾驶一辆福特牌小轿车到海德公园去。
a
car whose make is
Ford
(用品牌名指代实物)
②
根据实物名称:
Finally
she married
money
.
她最终嫁给了有钱人。
a rich man
(用“钱”指代“有钱人”。)
I
live near an airport and
passing
planes
can be heard night and day.
我住在飞机场
附近,日夜可以听到过往的飞机声。
the noise made by passing planes
(用“过往的飞机”指代“噪音”。)
③
根据动植物名称:
the big
apple
(大苹果)→
New
York city
(纽约市)
Russian
bear
(俄国熊)→
Russians or the Russian government
(俄国人
/
俄国政府)
British lion
(英国狮
)
→
England or the
English government
(英国
/
英国政府)
The
flower
of the nation was sent off to
war.
该国的壮小伙子都被送去打仗了。
the strong young men
(
the flower
通常用来指代
“精英”
、
“精华”
< br>等。
在句中,
它被用来指代
“壮
小伙子”
。
)
④
根据工具名:
When the
war was over, he laid down the
sword
and took up the
pen
.
arms
writing
战争结束后,他放下武器,从事写作。
1
The
pen
is mightier than
the
sword
.
文章胜武力。
books and writing
armed force
(用“笔”指代“文章”,用“剑”指代“武力”。)
Only
the knife
can save him.
只有手术刀能够挽救他。
ope
ration
(用“手术刀”指代“手术”。)
⑤
根据职业名:
I could
not hear
the actors
.
我听不见演员的台词。
the
words of the
actors
(用“演员”指代“台词”。)
Some students were talking loudly in
class that I could not hear
the
teacher
clearly.
一些学生在课堂上大声说话,我听不清老师的课。
the teacher's lecture
(用“老师”指代“老师的课”。)
⑥
根据装东西的容器或容器里所装的东西:
He is too fond of
the
bottle
.
他太喜欢喝酒了。
wine
(用容器“瓶”指代内含的
物质“酒”。)
The
kettle
is boiling.
水开了。
the
water in the kettle
(用容器“壶”指代内含的物质“水”。)
His
purse
would
not allow him that luxury.
他钱包里的钱不允许他那么奢侈。
the
money in his purse
(用“钱包”指代它里面所装的“钱”。)
Two beers
, please.
请来两杯啤酒。
two
glasses of beer
(用内含的物质“啤酒”指代容器“杯”。)
⑦
根据身体的部位:
Brain
drain.
人才流失。
p>
talent
(用“大脑”指代“人才”。)
But I was not one to let my
heart
rule my
head
.
我可不是那种让感情驾驭理智的人。
feelings or emotions
reason or good sense
(用“心”指代“感情”,用“头”指代“理智”。)
Grey hairs
should be
respected.
老年人应该受到尊敬。
old
people
(“头发”是人体的一部分,其前加了形容词
“灰白的”之后,具有一种象征意义,常用
来指代“老年人”。)
⑧
根据典型实物借代职业:
He
decided to enter
the bar
after college.
他决定大学毕业后当律师。
the legal profession
(
the
bar
原意是法庭围栏,现常用来指代律师职业)
Members of
the
press
weren't allowed into the combat
zone.
新闻记者不准进入战斗
区域。
newspaper reporters
(
the
press
原意是印刷机,现常用来指代新闻记者)
He has been appointed to
the
bench
.
他被委任为法官。
position of judge
(
the
bench
原意是法官的席位,现常用来指代法官。)
⑨
根据制作某东西的材料:
He
had only a few
coppers
in
his pocket.
他口袋里只有几个铜币。
coins
(
copper
是制作
coin
的材料
。)
She was dressed in
silks
.
她穿丝绸衣服。
silk clothes
(
silk
是制作
clothes
的料子。)
p>
⑩
根据政府、工商企业的所在地以及事物活动的场所:
2
the White
House
(白宫)→
the
U.S. government
(美国政府)
Wall Street
(华尔街)→
U.S. financial
circles
(美国金融界)
Capitol
Hill
(国会山)→
the
United States
Congress
(
美国国会)
Foggy Bottom
(雾谷)→
U.S. State
Department
(美国国务院)
Hollywood
(好莱坞)→
American film-making
industry
(美国电影业)
Madison
Avenue
(麦迪逊大街)→
American advertising
industry
(美国广告业)
Downing
Street
(唐宁街)→
the
British government
(英国政府)
Fleet
Street
(舰队街)→
The
British press
(英国新闻界)
Down Under
(对跖地)→
Australia or New
Zealand
(澳大利亚或新西兰)
The field
was won after two
hours of bloody fighting.
the battle
经过
2
小时的浴血奋战,战斗取得了胜利。
p>
(用“战斗场地”指代“战斗”。)
二.提
喻(
Synecdoche
)的定义与用法:
< br>
1.
定义:用局部代替全体或全体代替局部,用属代替种或种代替属,用具体代替
抽象或
抽象代替具体的修辞手法叫做提喻。
(A synecdoche is a
figure of speech
that involves the
substitution of the part for the whole or the
whole for the part, and
the
substitution of the species for the genus or the
genus for the species, and also
the
substitution of the concrete for the abstract or
the abstract for the concrete.)
2.
用法:
①
以局部代全体:
The poor
man had six
mouths
to feed.
这可怜的人要养六口人。
people
(“口”只是人体的一部分,在此用来指代“人”。)
The poor man is now left without
a roof
.
这可怜的人落得个上无片瓦。
house
(“屋顶”只是房子的一部分,在此用来指代“房屋”。)
He can't ride
a
wheel
.
他不会骑自行车。
bicycle
(“轮子”只是自
行车的一个部件,在此用来指代“自行车”。)
②
以全体代局部:
The birds
sang to welcome
the smiling
year
.
小鸟歌唱迎新春。
the
spring
(“春季”只是“一年”中的一个季节,句中
用“欢笑的年”指代“春天”。)
He has
gained a footing in the musical
world
.
他在音乐界站住了脚。
field
(“世界”包括一切,表示“领域”的“界”。)
③
以属代替种:
Spring
vanishes with
the rose
.
花谢春尽。
flowers
(“玫瑰”属于“花”中的一种。)
It will cost you a pretty
penny
.
这恐怕会花费你许多钱。
money
(“便士”属于“钱”中的一种。)
④
以种代替属:
3