展顺序和过渡词语的运用上。

1

）

逻辑顺序

按照时间先后，或空间位置 的相互关系，我们可以写出眉目清晰、符合逻辑的

段落或文章。叙述文体多采用时间顺序 ，描写文体中空间顺序更常见。高潮形成系

指按照其重要性或严重性安排各个发展点（指 段落）或发展段（指文章）的顺序，

这种语篇发展方法在描写、叙述、说明和议论文中均 常出现。英语语篇的逻辑顺序

安排一般是先谈最次要的内容，继而谈较为重要的内容，最 后再谈最重要的内容，

从而形成文章高潮。

2

）

过渡词语的运用——

语篇的外在连贯手段

有时，

单靠逻辑上的连贯对英语语篇来说是很不够的，

因而过渡词语的运用必< /p>

不可少。汉语的连贯属于“意合”，英语的连贯属“形合”，而借助过渡词语取得

语篇的连贯是形合法最突出的特点。

所以，

在英 语文章内，

诸如等过渡词语特别多。

它们的运用挑明了句子与句 子之间、

段落与段落之间的关系，

使文章更加显得连贯。

由于受汉语“意合”的影响，中国学生常忽略过渡词语的运用。所以中国学生在进

行英语写作时必须对此给以足够的重视。

、

3

．

语言规范

语言的规范涉及面广。小至 遣词造句，大到语篇结构，无不体现语言使用的质量。

根据近年博士生入学英语考试的作 文试卷统计，

许多考生未熟练掌握造句技能甚至

不能保证单词拼 写正确、句子无重大语法错误。因此要多读多看英语报刊和原著，

第

1

页

从中学习语言用法，没有仔细阅读过、理解过的东西千万不要 在作文中使用，切忌

中国式英语。、、

第二部分

35

篇范文

1.

Television Program and Their Effect on children

Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our

children. Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the

effect that particular show will have on a child. Most programs can be classed as beneficial or

harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.

The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young. There are

often specials on animal life. A few regular children

’

s programs develop the child

’

s interest in

school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be

creative. The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti- litter, and health,

should be included in this category.

On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children. Many

commercials, especially those sponsoring the children

’

s programs, are deliberately written to

create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy. All adult

programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child

’

s mind with confusing or

misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.

Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs. A

child

’

s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.

2.

How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities

With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities.

Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.

People have offered many solutions to this problem. I think building satellite cities in the suburbs

is more practical. The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city

citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc. in the overcrowded city. With more people

leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining. The housinmg problem in big

cities will thus be solved.

3.

“

The younger generaton knows best

”

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comments is

made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than ti is today. The

young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They

grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and

do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders. Events, which the older generation remembers vividly,

are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the

one preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.

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The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a

bit longer. They don

’

t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this

precisely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and

disturbing their complacency. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best

of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity. Office hours, for instance,

are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn

’

t people work best if they were given complete

freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should

wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said

that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who

said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means?

Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent

means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are

they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the

desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat

—

race?

Haven

’

t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?

There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past

forty years or so hasn

’

t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for

guilance. Today, the situation might reversed. The old

—

if they are prepared to admit it

—

could

learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment

is not

< br>“

sinful

”

. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong

to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to

live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be

expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of

complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often

question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?

4. Public Transportation

As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in

China. I can illustrate some examples.

There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and

railways. Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes.

Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more

people. When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater

–

ressure on public

transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home. And travelers need

special arrangements to go home. In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the

advanc of Chinese economy.

To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the

following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original

lines. But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.

There are three sources for fund raising. One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all

transportation vehicles. Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale. The third is to

第

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raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds. If all this money to raise

the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds. If all this money collected is

used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.

The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of

vehicles. For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as

many people can be held. In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically

alleviated. So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while

having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.

5. Human Education

The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture

“

Chinese Intellectuals and

Written Cultural Text

”

. In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural

text since the May 4

th

movement. His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane

education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.

With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved

a lot in terms of material wealth. In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned

more attention to profit. At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular

fashion. On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today

’

s society. It has become

unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional gical confusion, moral decline

and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order

to tackle the problem of cultural orientation. Our times call for an ideal humane education.

It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole. Some of the elements of this

culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some

adaptation. Our attitude towards tradition should be

“

discarding the dross and selecting the essence

”

.

The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education. It should start

from primary school. In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect

personality. The national morale will be deeply rooted in people

’

s mind, and will help push forward

the growth of economy.

To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education. We should

find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional

Chinese culture.

6. Criticism on Television

A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren. A few years ago, the

same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal

of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager

’

s

crimes.

For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago. In those days,

writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions

about including scenes of violence.

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The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself

frightens children. The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.

A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a

television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their

parents. In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations

but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child

’

s paprents should be in real life. There is an

adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story

ends happily.

In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but

they cannont help seeing these through news programs. When they are being entertained, the

healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave

naturally and confidently in any situation.

7. The ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man. They were

very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married. The young people

’

s parents

shook their heads.

“

You can

’

t get married yet.

”

They said. Wait till you get a good job with good

prospects. So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were

able to get married. They were still poor, of course, they didn

’

t have a house to live in or any

furniture, but that did

’

t matter. They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large

organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical

appliances and a car. The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves.

And so ends another modern romantic fable.

We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive. Our

possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood. When we grow old enough to

earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you

earn. We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses. If we buy a new

television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one. If we buy a new car, we can be sure

that Jones will go one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself. The most

amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to

keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of

course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.

It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money.

Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new

markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of industry

must be kept turning. Built-in obsolescence provides the means; goods are made to be discarded.

Cars get tinnier and tinnier. You no sooner acquire this year

’

s model than you are thinking about its

replacement.

This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people

these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere.

第

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i.e. to a bigger wage packet. The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big

companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.

Tempting salaries and

“

fringe benefits

”

are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led

to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest

bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While

Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.

8. Communication and Language

One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language. There are

thousands of languages spoken around the world today. In fact, linguistis say that there may be as

many as 10000.

Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate

without using words, that is by nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication includes voice

quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body

position. But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication. Sometimes,

we

“

say

”

more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.

Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication. Today we

can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites. Some scientists

say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth. The technology

necessary to build these machines is very complex. But the language we speak every day is much

more complex than the most modern communication technology.

9. Cooperation Goes with Competition

In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world. Both of them speed up the

wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind. It is possible to accomplish a complicated

program by only one person now. As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the

more efficient it will become in business.

Furthermore, we can

’

t avoid competition in our exchanges. From time to time, we compare

ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others. This is the spirit of competition, by which

we pursue the highest goal. It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its

reputation. Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.

10. The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection

Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and

administrators even 15 years ago. Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies

and directions. This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on

ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society. Until recently, research at

universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate

students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.

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Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations.

The number of U.S. patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980

to almost 2000 in 1995. The direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities

themselves has been relatively small. In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the

local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act

() is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history. It has been

estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development

and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as

the licenses mature.

Intellectual property terms have become vitally important. The company wants to be assured

that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their

competitors. But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and

mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret. The key to resolving this dilemman is to

grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will

protect the company

’

s privilege in the commercial market place.

11. Generation Gap

Despite various improvements in all aspects of social life, the generation gap between the

grown-up and the young remains unbridged. Instead, it grows wider apart.

Nowadays, the youths do not blindly follow what their elder say. Owing to widespread

edcuation, the influence of western civilization, to certain extent, gives them a new code of

philosophy, which is completely different from that of their elders. An invisible cold wall thus

appears between the two generations.

Modern youths are trying to be more revolutionary. They have their own interpretation fro

different matters; they also have their own ideals. Their reluctance to learn old teaching and sayings

becomes the constant friction between the two generations. They always introduce new changes.

However, the old people, wedded to everything of the past, are hostile to changes and the generation

gap becomes wider and wider.

After all, the young generation, like the old one, is made of flesh and blood. The young also

need respect and they also have skills and good ideas. In order to narrow the gap, both groups should

try to understand each other. Most probably, these suggestions may help to solve the problem.

12. Should Men and Women Be Equal?

Should men and women be equal? This is a question much talked about by many people. Some

hold the opinion that men are superiro to women in many ways. For one thing, many a job men do

can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough; and for another, most of the

word-famous scientists or statemen are found to be males. Moreover, the whole human society

seems to have all along been dominated by men only. Isn

’

t it evident enough to show that men are a

lot stronger than women? Hence, the former should enjoy more rights than the latter.

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Other people, however, think quite differently on this question. They firmly believe that men and

women are born equal. And women are certainly as talented as men if they are given equal

opportunities of education. Isn

’

t it a fact known to us all that women have been working side by side

with men in China and elsewhere in the wordl? Like their men folks, they have been distinguishing

themselves not only in research institutions, but in government bodies and other organizations as

well.

Personally, I am firmly standing on the side of those women

’

s rights defenders. Since men and

women are playing an equally important role in all human activities, why should not they be on an

equal footing? Furthermore, from time immemorial, there have been two sex groups, namely, men

and women. Our Human society could definitely not have existed or advanced without either of

them. Is it wonder that men and women ought to be equal and enjoy equal rights accordingly?

13. Computer and Man

It is believed that the computer can do almost every thing. At the time the computer was invented,

scientists, carried away by its calculating speed, felt that they had created a miracle. It

Was gradually used not noly in mathematics,physics,chemisry and astronomy, but in places like

the library, hospital and military army to replace the work of man. For the work of man. For this

reason, the computer was entiled

“

Electronic Brain

”

in terms of appreciation.

Can man be controlled by computers? The answer is negative. Although a computer works much

faster and accurately than man , a fact is undeniable; it is designed, manufactured and programmed

by man, and therefore by human beings. Of course, science fictions have made up many fascinating

stories about a computer, or rather robot,who conquers man and the earth, even the whole universe;

however, they are only unrealistic imaginatio. A horse helps man a lot runs much faster than we, but

it is only a slave.

The future for the computer is very promising. With the help of it, we can do things that could not

be done ring the universe, discovering new things, explaining mysteruiys phenomena

puzzling us at present are all made possible by computer.

14. what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic ?

There has always been an argument between the young and the old about what kind of life to

live- realistic or romantic. Young people tend to think real think that real lofe is as dramatic and

fascimating as it is in the novels and movies while more experiened adults think this naï

ve daydream

is certain to be broken by later experiences and everyone should learn to get used to the dull routine

of his everydy life.

However, there are some inadequacies in the opinions on the part of both sides. Life will be

unimaginable if everything we do is only for realistic purpose, and the same is true if what we do

everyday is just to enjoy ourselves. So it

’

s not difficult for us to see that neither way can ensure a

happy life.

In my opinion, a real happy lofe can never be separated from either of the two ways. On the one

hand, let

’

s enjoy life-enjoy the excitement of sports. On the other, let

’

s not forget our work. Happy

life can never go without hard work.

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