地进行的简单再配置。

reality land consolidation has been

associated

with

broader

social

and

economic

reforms from the time of its earliest

applications in western Europe.

< br>现实中土地

整理已与更广泛的社会和经济改革想结合，

最 初

应用在西欧。

consolidation has always been

regarded

as

an

instrument

or

entry

point

for

rural development.

工具或切入点，在农村发展问题上。

concepts of rural development were

virtually the same as agricultural

development

because

of

the

predominant

role

of agriculture in rural areas at the time.

早期概念的农村发展几乎一样的农业发展

,

因为

农业主导作用在农村地区的时间。

ing the agrarian structure was

viewed

as

being

identical

to

maintaining

the

social viability in rural areas; what was

good for the farmers was good for a reas.

改善农业用地结构被认为与维持乡村地区的社

会生存 发展能力具有相同的含义，

对农民有益的

事物也对乡村地区的发 展有益。

emphasis of land consolidation

projects has shifted from a focus on

restructuring agriculture to one of

achieving more efficient multiple use of

rural space by balancing the interests of

agriculture, landscape, nature

conservation , recreation and

transportation, especially when land is

required

for

the

construction

of

major

roads.

土地整理工 程的重点已经从以调整农业结构为

主转变为通过平衡农业、景观、自然保护、休闲

娱乐和交通特别是土地要满足主干道路建设需

求时之间的利益关系来实现乡村空间更有效的

多功能利用。

line

with

other

changes

in

the

concept

of rural development, land consolidation

now places increasing importance on gender

inclusion , participatory approaches and

the

use

of

mediation

and

alternative

dispute

resolution

in

resolving

conflicts.

< br>为了保持

与乡村发展概念中其他变化的一致性，

如今，< /p>

土

地整理日益强调性别包含。

参与途径以 及在化解

矛盾时调节机制和解决选择性冲突。

most effective consolidation

instrument of rural development is

comprehensive land consolidation but at

times other approaches such as simplified

consolidation , voluntary group

consolidation , and individual

consolidation initiatives can bring

benefits.

最有效的整合农村发展的工具是全

面的土地整理

,

但有时其他的方法

如简化的整

合

,

志愿组织整合

,

和个人整合行动可以带来的< /p>

好处。

hensive

land

consolidation

include

the re-allocation of parcels together with

a broad range of other measures to promote

rural development.

综合 土地整理包括破碎地

块的配置和促进乡村发展的范围广泛的其他措

施。

allocation of responsibilities for

carrying

out

these

steps

also

varies

between

jurisdictions.

职责分配执行这些步骤也在

不同法域之间。

There is usually a clear division between

responsibility for overall

supervision ,control and monitoring

functions, and responsibility for

implementation.

在全面监督、

控制、

监测功能

和执行的职责之间具有明显的差别< /p>

The responsibilities for the supervising

agency

should

be

defined

in

legislation.

One

of the first considerations in proposing a

land consolidation pilot project is

determining the roles and responsibilities

of the various parties .

负责监督机构应立

法界 定。

一次考虑在提出土地整理试点项目是确

定的作用和责任的各 当事方。

hensive land consolidation

projects usually have extensive public

works

and

so

they

require

the

participation

of a large number of central government

agencies such as the Ministry of

Agriculture ,Ministry of Justice, Cadastre

offices, Registry offices, Ministry of

Public Works, Ministry of Environment,

Ministry of Transportation and Ministry of

Rural Development.

土地综合整治项目通常有

广泛的公 共工程，

所以他们需要

participationg

大量中央政府机构等农业部，

司法部，

地籍登记

办公室，办公室，公共工程部，环境部，交通部

和农村发展部。

the trend towards decentralization

projects increasingly involve local and

regional governments, municipalities,

water boards or water associations.

随着地

方分权趋势的深化，

工程日益需要地方和区域政

府、市 政府、水资源理事会或者协会的参与。

ng that the project is

cost-effective is crucial. Geographic

information systems and satellite

positioning systems are now routinely used

to reduce time and costs of surveying and

planning .

phic

信息系统和卫星定 位系统

现在经常用来减少时间和成本的测量和规划。

Several countries have developed

semi-automated

systems

for

use

in

designing

the new layout of reallocated parcels.

几

个国家已开发 的半自动化系统在设计使用新布

局的重新分配包裹。

dual consolidation.

个人整理。

Consolidation

of

holdings

can

take

place

on

an informal and sporadic basis.

土地整理可

以在非正式的、零星的基础上进行。

The state is not directly involved and so

these initiatives do not include the

provision of public facilities. .

接参与，所以这些举措不包括提供公共。

15. However

，

the state can play a

significant

role

in

encourage

consolidation

that improve agriculture by promoting

instrunments such as joint use agreements

，

leasing and retirement schemes.

但是国家可以在鼓励土地整理方面发挥重要 作

用，

通过促进像联合土地利用协议、

租赁和收回

方案等手段来改善农业生产条件。

第二篇

are broad statements of desired

outcomes(e.g.

maintain

ecosystem

health

and

productivity,

promote

community

stability,

ensure sustainable development)that

usually are not quantifiable.

目的是对通常

不能量化的预期成果

（例如维持生态系统的健康

和生产能力、促进社区稳定、保障可持续发展）

都宽泛描述。< /p>

the

release

of

the

original

Handbook,

the BLM has worked with RACs (resource

advisory councils) to develop Land Health

Standards applicable to all ecosystems and

management actions.

土地管理局原“手册 ”的

发布以来，一直与

RACS

（资源 咨询理事会）开

发土地健康标准

“适用于所有的生态系统和管理

行动。

Land Health Standards must be

expressed as goals in the land use plan.

这些土地的卫生标准必须表示为目标的土地利< /p>

用规划。

4.A sample goal for a Land Health Standard

is:

“

Maintain

healthy,

productive

plant

and

animal communities of native and other

desirable species at viable population

levels commensurate with the species and

habitat’s potential.”一个有关土地健康标

使健康、

具有生产能力的< /p>

本地动物和植物群落以及其他值得保护的物种

保持和物种与栖息地 潜力相称的能够繁衍的种

族水平。

5.A

sample

goal

from

the

Strategic

plan

is:

“

Sustain

desired

biological

communities

on

Department of the Interior-managed and

influenced lands and waters in a manner

consisten with obligations regarding the

allocation and use of wat er.

战略规划目的的

例子为：

以与有 关水资源分配和利用职责相一致

的方式，

在土地和水的内部管理 、

内部影响的区

域内保持有益生物群落的活力。

the

land

use

plan

level,it

is

important

to identify reasonable development

scenarios

for

allowable

uses

such

as

mineral

leasing,locatable mineral

development,recreation timber

harvest,utility corridors,and livestock

grazing to enable the orderly

implementation

of

future

actions.

在 土地利

用计划的水平，

重要的是确定合理的开发方案允

许使用诸如矿产租赁，

可定位的矿产开发，

娱乐

的木材收获，

公用走廊，

牲畜放牧使有 条不紊的

执行未来的行动。

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