研究生英语口语交流课程学习材料 (1)

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2021年02月24日 10:32
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2021年2月24日发(作者:几月几日万圣节)


II. Useful sentences in speaking


1.



It‘s up to you.







由你决定。



2. I envy you.







我羡慕你。



3. How can I get in touch with you?



How can I contact/reach you?



我怎么和你联系?



4. Where can I wash my hands?





请问卫生间在哪?



5. Where are you headed?





你要去哪?



6. I wasn‘t born y


esterday.






我又不是三岁小孩。



7. What do you do for relaxation?





你做什么消遣?



8.



It‘s a small world.






这世界真小。



9.



It‘s my treat this time.







这次我请客。



10. When is the most convenient time for you?






你何时最方便?



III. Group discussion


Topic 1: Physical Attractiveness



It has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. The popular television series Friends played


on anorexic chic in an ad which was soon pulled.


In some ways, we all have distorted views of what is beautiful. And the repeated


exposure to a particular image teaches you to like that particular image. And we have


become so used to seeing extremely thin women that we have learned to think that this is


what is beautiful.


The mystique of thin began with the arrival of the British model Twiggy in the late


1960s. Standing five feet six inches tall, she weighed only 91 pounds and was dubbed


Britain‘s top mini model. Since then, fashion models have become increasingly thinner,


with body weights nearly 25 percent less than the average American woman who weighs


140 pounds.


I think there are two primary things going on right now with the cultural availability of


eating disorders. First, the whole society is involved in the perfection game, alright, that we


all can fix our bodies, make our bodies over. And then, I think, among young women, they


are increasingly tuned in to a celebrity culture where the models‘ and actresses‘ bodies are


considerably thinner than they have ever been in the past. This is very seductive and hard


for young girls to resist. This is not about illness. This is about idealized beauty and


perfection of a certain type.


These plus-size models are boldly challenging contemporary ideals of beauty. Ranging


from size 12 to 18 they are much more in tune with the average American woman. Now a


plus-size icon, Kate Dillon started out as a skinny model.


I think it happens to everybody at some point where you feel one way about yourself.


And that your initial, your intuition about who you are is that you‘re a good person, that


you‘re beautiful, that you‘re strong, that you‘re capable. And then at some point it‘s met


with an outside force that‘s telling you, ―no, you‘re none of those things.‖



I remember getting ready for my first day of Junior High. And I was sitting at my


mirror, putting on my electric blue mascara and my frosted pink lipstick. And I was


thinking I was like, ―yeah, I‘m fine. I‘m looking good.‖ You know? And when I got to


school, it was just, they were just horrible to me, telling me I was fat. And whether it was in


PE or coming home on the bus every day,


they‘d stand up, and they would jump up and


down, and they would chant, ―overweight Kate, overweight Kate‖. And I remember just


like, you know, I‘m like sitting in the front seat. I would always wear these massive


sweaters, and I was sitting in the front seat, and just like trying so hard not to cry, because I


was so embarrassed and horrified.



Topic 2: Inner Beauty


I believe in mystery.



I believe in family.



I believe in being who I am.



I believe in the power of failure.



And I believe normal life is extraordinary.



This I believe. I‘m Jay Allison for This I Believe. Our essay this week comes from our


collaboration with USA Weekend from their call-out to readers to submit statements of their


core beliefs.


Lisa Sandin lives in Big Rabbits Michigan where she is raising her kids. And when she


read about our project, she immediately began to write of her belief that started to develop


the day she was born. Here‘s Lisa Sandi with her essay for This I Believe.




I believe I am not my body. Everyday we see images of perfect bodies we can never


have. And we become convinced our bodies are who we are. Passing through puberty into


adulthood and now into middle age, I



ve wasted a lot of time lamenting the size of my hips,


the gray in my hair and the lines in my face. Finally as I approach my fifties, I believe my


parents were right all along. I am not my body.



I was born in 1959 at the tail-end of the baby boom. Unfortunately, I arrived without all


my body parts fully intact. My left arm is a short stub with a small hand and three fingers


reminiscent of a thalidomide defect. To my good fortune, I had superb parents. They were


fighters who struck ―I can‘t‖ from my vocabulary and replace it with ―I will find a way‖.


They believed the development of the mind, heart and soul determined who you are and


who you will become. My body was not to be used as an excuse. Instead, it was a catalyst.


My body was not neglected though. It endured surgery; it was dragged to physical


therapy and to swimming and finally to Yoga. But it was not the focus of my life. I was


taught to respect my body but to remember it was only a vehicle that carried the important


things, my brain and soul. Moreover, I was taught that the bodies come in all shapes, colors


and sizes and that everyone was struggling in some way with their physical inadequacies.


Infomercials have convinced me this must be true although through adolescence I found it


difficult to believe the cheerleading squad had any self- doubts.



In my alternatively formed bodies, I have learned lessons about patience, determination,


frustration and success. This body can‘t play the piano or climb rock walls. But it taught all


the neighborhood kids to eat with their feet, a skill it learned in the children‘s hospital.


Eventually I learned to tie shoes, crossed the stage to pick up a college diploma,


backpacked through Europe and changed my baby‘s diapers. Some people think I am my


body and treat me with prejudice or pity. Some are just curious. It took years but I have


learned to ignore the stares and just smile back. My body has taught me to respect my


fellow humans, even the thin able- bodied beautiful ones. I am my words, my ideas and my


actions. I am filled with love, humor, ambition and intelligence. This I believe. I am your


fellow human being and, like you, I am so much more than a body.




Exercise: Discuss the following questions.


1. Describe a stereotypical beautiful person in your culture. In what ways do you think


different cultures can affect people



s understanding of beauty?



2. Is it better to be physically attractive or intelligent? Is it better to be physically attractive


or wealthy? Does beauty affect one's success in life?


3. What personality trait is the most important for inner beauty? How do you define beauty,


using your own words?



Unit 2 Biodiversity


II. Useful sentences in speaking


1. Take your time.








慢慢来,别着急。



2.



I‘m crazy about Bruce Lee/ rock music.







我迷死



李小龙


/


摇滚乐



了。



3. How do I address you?







我怎么称呼你?



4. What was your name again?







请再说一遍名字好吗?



5. Would you care for a cup of coffee?







要杯咖啡吗?



6.



So far so good.








到目前为止都好。



7. It drives me crazy.








它让我疯了。



8.



She never showed up.







她一直没有出现。



9.



That‘s not like him.








那不像是他的风格。



10.




I couldn‘t get through.








电话打不通。



III. Group discussion


Topic 1: Endangered Species



Climate change is normally bad news for endangered species, but in the case of


Australia‘s Grey Nurse Shark, some scientists suggest it might actually help their fight for


survival.


The Grey Nurse Shark is one of Australia‘s most critically endangered species.


A


survey in 2002 estimated there were fewer than 500 in the critically endangered population


living off the country's east coast. On the west coast, they are vulnerable but not yet


endangered. Australia‘s two Grey Nurse Shark populations have been isolate


d from each


other for more than 100,000 years. Until now the waters separating the two populations


have been too cold for the sharks to come into contact with each other. But as temperatures


rise due to global warming, warmer waters could result in the sharks inhabiting the same


areas. If the shark populations unite, the extinction risk may be reduced.



Topic 2: Conservation of Biodiversity


The 22 researchers that created the survey are hoping it will help with the


conservation of more than 2,300 species of plants and animals that are found only in


Madagascar.







Only 587,000 square kilometers in size, Madagascar is considered one of the most


significant of the so-


called biodiversity ―hot spots,‖ threatened areas of the world that are


among the most biologically rich.


―We had a lot of species and we wanted to use the data at the finest scale that we


possibly could, at the most precise scale and the most detailed scale,‖ she said. ―And that


means that the computational problem becomes very large. And that why one of the big


advances was the availability of a new piece of software that allowed us to tackle so many


species over such a large area and with so much detail or at such a fine resolution.‖




Topic 3: Health


Accountant Sydney Brookman loves two things,


working, which he‘s been doing


since 1937.


―I don‘t wanna retire; I wanna keep working as long as I can live.‖


And telling


jokes. ―I can rattle off 100 jokes, 50 I can tell, just by memory.‖



He is 97 years old.


―And I feel fine. Physically I feel great. M


y sexual demands may


be a little less, but I can‘t help that.‖



He is a youngster compared to Rhea Tauber, a former school teacher. She writes a


weekly column for her local paper and is working on her autobiography. She recently


turned 100.


―They held a big


party for me on my 100 birthday and everybody in the whole county


came down. Because they‘ve never heard of anybody who is 100 years old still working.‖



For the last 35 years, she‘s been living on her own and said she‘s happy that way. It


keeps her on her toes.



―When I was 100 years old, they said, ‗You shouldn‘t be living alone. You get all


steps to climb up.‘ But that‘s good for me. It‘s my exercise: up and down the steps.‖



At a time when the American life expectancy is 78 years, there is no obvious reason


why Rhea and Sydney should still be alive, much less thriving. Sydney‘s eating habits


would make a nutritionist weep.



―I love fried chicken. I love fried fish. I hate ve


g


etables. I violate every dietary law.‖


And Rhea is referred to by her own doctors


as ―the miracle lady‖. ―They can‘t figure out


why. I love the way I do, enjoy life the way I do, go about, and travel.‖



Exercise: Discuss the following questions.


1.



Are there any advantages that global warming can bring about to endangered species?


2.



Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more


important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this


point of view? Why or why not?



3.



Far too little has been done to prevent animals and plants from dying out. People today


have noticed this problem, but few actions are taken, why do you think people do little


about it? What do you suggest to solve this problem?


4.



What are the tips for longevity?


5.



Describe a health problem that you know. You should say: what this problem is; what


causes of the problem; how it affects people's health; and explain how to solve this


health problem.



IV


. Class survey (Group Work)


Each group take a small survey to find out your classmates‘ opinion about reasons to


preserve biodiv


ersity. Please interview at least 15 classmates. Here‘s how:



1.


Make a list of reasons to preserve biodiversity. Here are 7 reasons for you:





(1) To protect possible medicine sources, for example, for cancer or AIDS treatment.





(2) To protect world food security against the risk of disease or pests.





(3)


To provide a wider variety of food species for people‘s diet and health.





(4) To keep the climate in balance.





(5) To provide a variety of species that can cope with new climate conditions in the


future.





(6) To respect nature.




(7) To preserve plant and animal species for their own sake.



2.


Interview your classmates by asking them to choose 3 most important reasons.



3.


Count their choices, and take notes on their reasons behind their choices.



4.


Report and discuss your survey results in your presentation. Please include 5 parts: the


purpose of the survey, method (how you conducted the survey), results (remember to


use the statistics), discussion (how do you analyze your results) and conclusion.



5. Please present your results with a well-made PPT file. Your presentation in all will be


within 20 minutes.



For example:



You can record the results of your survey like this.




Top 3 reasons


Numbers


Classmates‘ Comments



5




To provide a variety of species that can


14


cope with new climate conditions in the


future.


To provide a wider variety of food


species for people‘s diet and health.



12


3


Because global warming


is becoming a serious


problem nowadays.





Because the biodiversity


in our diet is getting


smaller.





Unit 3 Cloning


II. Useful sentences in speaking


1. I got sick and tired of hotels.




我讨厌旅馆。



2. Be my guest.





请便


/


别客气。



3.



Can you keep an eye on my bag?





帮我看管一下包好吗?



4.



Let‘s keep in touch.





让我们保持联系。



5.



Let‘s call it a day.





我们今天到此为止。



6.



I


couldn‘t help it.




我没办法。



7.



Something‘s come up.





有点事。



8.



Let‘s get to the point.





让我们来谈要点。



9.



Keep that in mind.





记住那件事。



10.



That was a close call.






太危险了。


/


千钧一发。



Exercise: Make short conversations with the above useful sentences.




III. Group discussion


Topic 1: History of Cloning


This is the VOA English Agriculture Report.


The United States government has decided that food from cloned cattle, pigs and goats


is safe to eat. The Food and Drug Administration also says it found no risks in meat and


milk from offspring born to them.


A clone is a genetic copy of an animal prized for its quality. A laboratory process


develops a cell from the animal into an embryo. The embryo is put into a female animal


which, if all goes well, gives birth to the clone.


The F.D.A. looked at studies for several years before it announced its decision in a final


report this month. The United States Department of Agriculture supported the findings. But


it says time is needed to smooth the way for marketing meat and milk from clones. So, for


now, the industry is being asked to continue a voluntary ban on such products.


The idea of eating cloned animals rates low with the American public. Several major


food companies say they have no immediate plans to get involved.


The Food and Drug Administration will not require any product to be identified as


coming from clones or their offspring. A producer would need approval to label a product


―clone


-


free‖. The agency says that could be misleading because the food is no different


from other food.


But activists argue that the F.D.A. based its decision on incomplete research into


possible risks. The Center for Food Safety criticized the use of studies supplied by cloning


companies.


Animal rights activists point out that cloning attempts often fail. They say cloning is cruel


and can lead to suffering in clones born with abnormalities.


Congress has been trying to get the F.D.A. to do more studies. But the agency noted


that experts in New Zealand and the European Union have come to the same findings about


the safety of food from clones. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan say they want to study the


issue further before taking action.


Products from cloning may not be widely available for several years. Currently the


United States has about six hundred animal clones.


Clones are costly, which is why most are used for breeding. The Agriculture


Department says few clones will ever become food. Their traditionally bred offspring


would enter the food supply instead.


The first mammal cloned from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep, born in Scotland in


nineteen ninety-six. But the F.D.A. says it could not decide about the safety of food from


clones of sheep or other animals besides cattle, pigs and goats.


And that‘s the VOA English Agriculture Report, written by Jerilyn Watson.



I‘m Steve


Ember.



Topic 2: Cloned Animals: Safety Issues


This is the VOA English Agriculture Report.


The United States government wants to know what the public thinks about its findings


on the safety of cloned animals. The Food and Drug Administration says meat and milk


from clones of adult cattle, pigs and goats are safe to eat. An F.D.A. official called them ―as


safe to eat as the food we eat every day.‖ And when those clones reproduce sexually, the


agency says, their offspring are safe to eat as well. But research on cloned sheep is limited.


So the F.D.A. proposes that sheep clones not be used for human food. The United States


this year could become the first country to approve the sale of foods from cloned animals.



First, however, the public will have ninety days to comment on three proposed


documents. On December twenty-eighth the F.D.A. released a long report, called a draft


risk assessment, along with two policy documents. The agency says it must receive


comments by April second. The F.D.A. seemed ready to act several years ago, but an


advisory committee called for more research.


For now, the government will continue to ask producers to honor a request that they


not sell foods from cloned animals. Clones are still rare. They cost a lot and are difficult to


produce. Some people think farmers might find it difficult to export products from cloned


animals. Critics question the safety. Animal rights activists also have objections.


The F.D.A. says most food from cloning is expected to come not from clones


themselves, but from their sexually reproduced offspring. It says clones are expected to be


used mostly as breeding animals to spread desirable qualities. Public opinion studies show


that most Americans do not like the idea of food from cloned animals. But this research also


shows that the public knows little about cloning.



Cloning differs from genetic engineering. A cell taken from a so-called donor animal is


grown into an embryo in the laboratory. Next, the embryo is placed into the uterus of a


female animal. If the process is successful, the pregnancy reaches full term and a genetic


copy of the donor animal is born. The F.D.A. sees no scientific reason to require special


labels on products that involved cloning. But companies could identify products as


―c


lone-


free,‖ if statements do not suggest that one product might be safer than another.



And that‘s the VOA English Agriculture Report, written by Jerilyn Watson.




Topic 3: Debates Over Human Cloning


Saving lives has always been an important mission of science. Now science, and


indeed all society, is facing a new dilemma: whether or not to try and save more lives


through human cloning.



The first cloning experiments in the 1950s involved frogs and toads. It was not until


1997 that scientists successfully cloned the first mammal, the now world-famous sheep


known as Dolly. Cloning techniques have continued to improve since then, and today there


are cloned mice, salmon, and cattle.



Some scientists want to apply the methods used in cloning animals to produce skin,


organs, and other body parts for humans. One of these methods involves taking adult cells


from the brain or blood and growing them into new tissues. Another, more complex,


technique takes embryo cells and develops them into a wide variety of cell types and tissues.


It is this planned use of human embryos that has resulted in controversy and criticism.



The cloning of human cells provides the potential to find cures and eliminate diseases.


The dream of some researchers is to create a utopian world of good health. Others question


whether it is right to ―Play God‖ in an attempt to cure the disabilities and diseases of this


world. Some of the great hopes for cloning include the ability to perform transplants,


whenever they are needed, using cloned organs. For example, people with lung cancer may


simply have their lungs replaced with healthy ones. Scientists also look forward to the day


when people in wheelchairs can walk again, and illnesses such as Alzheimer‘s and


Parkinson‘s Disease can be prevented.



Many people fear the effects cloning could have on our society. They imagine masses


of identical people, and the production of ―perfect‖ humans for warfare or slave labor. We


might even see headless human bodies being stored at hospitals for their ―spare parts‖.


With


such thought- provoking possibilities for the 21st century, human cloning will no doubt


continue to receive widespread attention and scrutiny.



Exercise: Discuss the following questions.


1. What might be some of the beneficial applications of cloning?


2. Why would a clone be a good source for a blood, organ, or bone marrow transplant?


Medical advances save lives, but does technology go too far? Discuss whether anything


and everything should be done to save a person‘s life.



3. Politicians around the world have begun to ban human cloning experiments. Do you


think it is a good or bad idea for politicians to decide what scientists can and cannot do?


How about religious authorities, many of whom are also opposed to human cloning?


Who should make such decisions and why?



IV


. Class survey (Group Work)


Each group take a small survey respectively to find out your classmates‘ opinion about


cloning. Interview at least 15 classmates. Here‘s how:



1.


Interview your classmates and ask 3 yes/no questions:


(1)


Is it acceptable to clone animals?



(2)


Is it acceptable to clone humans?


(3)


Is it acceptable to genetically alter farm produce?



2.


Ask them to give reasons for their answers. If they couldn‘t tell the reasons very clearly,


you may prepare some reasons for them to choose from.



3.


Count the yes and no responses, and take notes on their reasons.



4.


Report and discuss your survey results in your presentation. Please include 5 parts: the


purpose of the survey, method (how you conducted the survey), results (remember to


use the statistics), discussion (how do you analyze the results) and conclusion.



5. Please present your results with a well-made PPT file. Your presentation in all will be


within 20 minutes.


For example:



You can record the results of your survey like this.




Questions


Yes


No


Reasons


1


Is it acceptable to clone


humans?



2


13


Yes. Infertile couples might choose


human cloning to have a copy of one


of them rather than accept genes from


an unknown donor.



No. The technique of human cloning


is not ready.



No. There are many problems that


surround the issue.



……



Unit 4 Love


II. Useful sentences in speaking


1.



2.



3.



4.



5.



6.



7.



8.



9.



10.



I



ll be looking forward to it.


我期待这一天。



Chances are slim.


机会很小。



Far from it.


一点也不。



I



m behind in my work.


我工作进度落后了。



It



s a pain in the neck.


那真是麻烦


/


棘手的事。




We



re in the same boat.


我们的处境相同。



My mouth is watering.


我在流口水了。



What do you recommend?


你推荐什么?



I ache all over.


我全身酸痛。



I have a runny/ running nose.


我流鼻涕。



III. Group discussion


Topic 1: Love and Marriage


Matchmaking services have become a booming business in Japan, thanks to a popular


book released last year. In the book


Marriage Hunting Era


co-author Touko Shirakawa


wrote that singles had to work harder for true love, and that waiting for a soul mate was not


enough. She coined the term ―konkatsu‖—


a play on the Japanese words for marriage and


action.



Shirakawa says there was an entire industry built on matchmaking. But it was


considered an embarrassment to search for a spouse so aggressively. She says people were


secretly searching until her term ―konkatsu‖ made it okay to do so publicly.



Shirakawa compares the ―marriage hunt‖ to a job hunt. She encourages hunters to


perfect the resume and dress to impress. Some companies even host seminars to prepare


people for a matchmaking event. The term ―konkatsu‖ has become so popular there is even


a television drama named after it.


That popularity is welcome news for Japan, where the birthrate has been declining


for more than three decades now, and the country‘s population is beginning to shrink. The


percentage of men and women who remain single into their late 30s has tripled since the


1980s. And the government says without marriage, there are no children.



Topic 2: Parental Love


Charles Spearman and Nancy Burnett have been married nine years.


―When we are


outside in the community, we know other people perceive us as a black and white couple.


But inside the house, we‘re a couple and we‘re thinking of


the challenges and the


opportunities any other couple has.‖




In the Virginia suburb where Spearman and Burnett live, their marriage would have


been illegal prior to 1967.


That‘s when the U.S. Supreme Courts dropped down laws


prohibiting interracial marriage.


Richard and Mildred Loving, who were also residents of Virginia, led that


battle.


―That was a lot of courage by that couple. It was a testament to love, courage and, I


think, the legal profession to pave the way for the changes that have taken place in (the past)


40 years.‖



Spearman and Burnett, who were both previously married, say if they had met earlier,


they would have married then. But Burnett says it may have been more challenging.


―Because I came from a more conservative smaller city, a town and


grew up seeing


and knowing very few people of color. I can‘t really predict how my family at that time


would have been able to accept that difference‖.



40 year-old, Rachel Lerman, knows what it is like to be a person of color in a


majority white community.


―A lot of people I don‘t personally knew. So for me I was


about black‖. But Lerman‘s mother was white. Lerman married Alex Diaz


-Asper seven


years ago. They have three- year-


old twin boys Alejandro and Migue. ―We took every action


obviously because how they look being such contrasts. Usually it is people who are aware,


people who look at them and ask ‗how did that happen? Gosh, oh, you got one for mum,


one for dad.‘ ‖



Despite such comments, Lerman, whose father was Nigerian, says she believes her


children would have a better experience growing up in Washington DC than she did


growing up in suburban Boston in the 70s.









Being bi-


racial isn‘t something a lot people didn‘t quite get. It is not like Halle Berry


today. There is nothing cool about it. There is nobody. There is no president. President


Kennedy was running. Even before Americans became familiar with Barack Obama,


Oscar-winning actress Halle Berry and golf superstar Tiger Woods, both of whom are


multi-racial, were public figures in America.






Topic 3: Humanitarian love



Eleven-year-old Zach Bonner walked across the southeastern countryside on his


1,900 kilometer hike


to bring attention to the plight of homeless children. ―I think it‘s


ridiculous that there‘s any child that doesn‘t have a home in


this country, here, in America, I


think it‘s horrible.‖


He traveled from Florida to Washington, D.C. where he told an


audience there are many child homeless children.


―It still amazes me the amount of people


still today who don‘t believe


that this problem even exists. And the truth is, not only does it


exist, but it‘s getting worse‖.



Zach says There are many reasons that children are homeless.


―Because of the


economic crisis going on right now,


it‘s getting worse because of people losing their jobs,


and pe


ople losing their homes. And therefore, that‘s also a reason they become homeless


.


And sometimes, the families are abusive toward the child and they run away.‖



It took three years for Zach to finish his walk, which began when he was only eight.


He made the trip in three stages averaging 20 kilometers each day. No matter how tired he


got, he felt he had to keep walking. ―When a child gets tired of being homeless,


you know,


they don‘t get to think, ‗Well, I‘m tired of being homeless, so I‘m not going to be ho


meless


anymore.‘



So why should I be able to say, ‗Well, I‘m tired of walking, so I‘m not going to


walk anymore.




‖ His mother Laurie took each step with him, and his sister


Kelly followed


them in a car. At night they stayed in a donated recreational vehicle.


Exercise: Discuss the following questions.


1.



What characteristics do you look for in a girlfriend or boyfriend?


2.



Would you go to TV shows for dating such as If You Are the One (


非诚勿扰


)?


3.



Do your parents will stand by you if you go into a transnational marriage?

-


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