现在完成时知识点

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2021年01月25日 00:47
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誓师大会发言稿-

2021年1月25日发(作者:湖北蕲春一中)
。

一、现在完成时的构成



(一)肯定式


主语+助动词
have
/
has
+过去分词+其它


说明:这里的
have
/
has
是助动词,没有什么具体意义。当 主语是第三人称单数时助动词用
has
,其余
人称一律用
have
。

has
,
have
的缩略式分别为
's
或
've
。规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一
样,不规则动词可参看不规则动词表 。实例:


1
)
I've just copied all the new words
.我刚抄写了所有的生词。

(
表示不要再抄了
)
2
)
She has lost her books
.她丢失了她的书。

(表示到目前为止还没有找到)

(
如果用过去时:
She lost her books .
则强调书是过去丢的这一动作,而不知现在有没有找到
)
3
)
We've just cleaned the classroom
.我们刚好打扫了教室。(表明现在教室是干净的)


(二)否定式


主语+助动词
have
/
has
+
not
+过去分词+其它


说明:现在完成时构成否定句时,只需在助动词
have
/
has
后面加
not
就行。
have not
,
has not
的缩
略式分别为
haven't
,
hasn't
。另外,肯定句中有
some
,
already时,改为否定时要分别改成
any
,
yet
。
实例:


1
)
I haven't finished my homework yet
.我还没有完成我的作业。


2
)
She hasn't travelled on a train
.她没有坐火车旅行过。


3
)
We have never spoken to a foreigner
.我们从来没有和外国人说过话。


注:有时
not
可以用
never
代替,表示
“
从来没有
”
的意思。又如:


4
)
I have never seen him before
.以前我从来没有见过他。


(三)一般疑问式


助动词
Have
/
Has
+主语+过去分词+其它

?

说明:把陈述句中的
hav e
或
has
放到句首,句末打问号,同时把句中的
some
,
already
改为
any
,
ye
t
就构成了一般疑问句。
肯定回答用
“
Yes
,
主语+
have
/
has
.
否定回答用
“
No,
主语+
haven't
/
hasn't
.
”
有时也可以用
“
No
,
not yet
./
No
,
never
./
No
,
not even once
.
”
等。实例:


1
)
—
Have you ever made dumplings
?你曾经做过饺子吗?





—
Yes
,
I have
.是的,我做过。


2
)
—
Has she ever been abroad
?她曾经出过国吗?




—
No
,
never
.不,从来没有。


3
)
—
Have they found the lost books yet
?他们已经找到了丢失的书吗?




—
Yes
,
they have
.是的,他们找到了。


-
可编辑修改
-
。

注意:当句中有否定词
not
,
hardly
(几乎不),
never
的时候,在改为反意疑问句时,附加部分用肯定
形式。
例如:
Y ou have never come to our school
,
have you
?你以前从来没有来过我们学校,
是吗?


二、现在完成时的用法


(一)现在完成时的用法
1
:表 示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时,常与
时间副词
alread y
(已经)

,
yet
(还、已经)

,
just(
刚刚、仅仅
)
,
ever
(曾经)

,
never
(从不)

,
before
(以前)等连用。这几个副词的用法如下:

1
.
already
意为
“
已经
”
,通常用于 肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句末。实例:


1
)
I've already read this book.


我已经读过这本书了。



(
“
读< br>”
这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是
“
知道书中的内容
”。)


2
)
I've washed my clothes already
.我已经洗了衣服。



(洗衣服的动作已完成,其结果是
“
衣服冼干净了
”
。)


注意:在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时,
already
也可用于(口 语)疑问句中。实例:


3
)
Have you met him already
?你(真的)已经见过他了?


2
.
y et
用在疑问句中意为
“
已经
”
,用在否定句中意为
“还
”
,常放在句末。实例:


1
)
—
Has he found his watch yet
?他已经找到他的手表了吗?




—
No
,
not yet
.不,还没有。


2
)
The woman hasn't found her dog yet
.




那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。(没找到狗,心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)

3
.
just
意为
“
刚刚
”
,表示行为刚刚过 去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:




He has just come back from school
.他刚从学校回来。


4
.
ever
意为
“
曾经
”
,用于疑问句 或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:




1
)
Have you ever been to Hong Kong
?你曾去过香港吗?




2
)
I haven't ever spoken to her
.我未曾和她说过话。


5
.
never
意为
“
从来没有
”
常与< br>before
连用
(
before
要放在句尾,
而
n ever
多放在助动词与过去分词之间。
实例:




I have never travelled by plane before
.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。


6
.
b efore
意为
“
以前
”
,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末 ,不受句型的限制。实例:




1
)
Have you been to Hainan before
?你以前去过海南吗?




2
)
I haven't eaten Guangdong food before
.我以前没吃过广东菜。

二)现在完成时用法二
2
——
持续性用法(肯定句,疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词):表示过去已
经开始 ,持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与
“
for
+一段时间
一般过去时)以及
so far
(到目前为止)等时间状语连用。

或
“
since
+过去的点时间或从句(从句用
-
可编辑修改
-
。

for +
段时间

since +
点时间


实例:


1
)
I've lived here since 1990
.自从
1990
年以来我就住在这里。




= I've lived here since 13 years ago.
= I've lived here for 13 years.


= It is 13 years since I began to live here.
2
)
I haven't seen him for three years
.我三年没有看见他了。




= I haven't seen him since three years ago


= I haven't seen him since 2000.


= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.
3
)
Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city
.




自从到这个城市以来,王先生一直在这家工厂工作。


4
)
She's been at this school since five years ago
.




自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。


注意:①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句 中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续,故
不能与
for(
达到 ;累计
)
或
since
(自从。。。到现在)引出的时间状语连用。


②对
for
和
since
引导的时间状语提问要用
How long
1
)


他入团两年了。


误:
He has joined the League for two years
.


正:
He has been a League member for two years
.


2
)我买这辆自行车三年了。


误:
I have bought this bike for three years
.


正:
I have had this bike for three years
.


2
)


▲
部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词:




短暂性动词


延续性动词

die


→


be dead
borrow


→


keep


buy/catch


→


have
-
可编辑修改
-
。

get up


→


be


up


come


→


be


in


finish


→



be


over


leaver


→


be


away


open


→


be


open


close


→


be


closed


begin


→


be


on


become


interested


in


→


be


interested


in

有人可能会问:一般过 去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去,那么这两种时态有什么区别呢?


☆ 答:①一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如:
yesterday
连用;强调动作在过去发 生,与现在无关。



②现在完成时与自已的特征词连用,强调过 去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现
在的动作。

例:

He saw the film last night. (
过去时,表示他昨晚看过那部电影了,现在不知还要不要再看一次
)
He has (ever) seen the film before.
(现在

完成时,表时他已看过那部电影,现在不想再看了)

巩固练习:


I
.按要求转换下列各句,每空一词。


1
、
He has already finished his homework
.(改为否定句)




He _______ finished his homework ________
.


2
.
They have found the lost books already
.(改为一般疑问句,并作否定回答)




______ they _______ the lost books _______
?
No
,
they________
.


3
.
Julia has not got home from school yet
.(改为肯定句)




Julia ______ _______ ________ home from school
.


4
.
You have never been to Shanghai before
,
_________ _________
?(改为反意疑问句)


5.


He
’
s gone to Beijing, ______ ______?
(改为反意疑问句)

6
.
Mr Wang began to teach English in this school in 1999
.(改为同义句)




Mr Wang _________ _________ English in this school since 1999
.


7. He


hasn
’
t


left


home


for


3


days.(
同义句
)


He _____ ______ ______ home for 3 days.
8. They have lived here since 3 years ago.


(
对划线提问
)


-
可编辑修改
-
。

II
.选择正确答案。


(


)1
.
—
Who is Mary
?




—
____
?
I saw you talking with her at the meeting
.




A
.
Don't you meet her yet


B
.
Didn't you met her yet



C
.
Haven't you met her yet


D
.
Hadn't you met her yet

(


)2
.
—
How do you like Beijing
,
Mr Black
?




—
Oh
,
I

____ such a beautiful city
.




A
.
don't visit


B
.
didn't visit



C
.
haven't visited


D
.
hadn't visited

(


)3
.
The old people


____ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week
.




A
.
don't feel


B
.
hasn't felt



C
.
haven't felt




’
t feel

(


) 4
.
We have lived here


____


five years ago
.




A
.
when


B
.
since


C
.
before


D
.
after

11.11
用于现在完成时的句型


1
)
It is the first / second time
…
. that
…
结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。



It is the first time that I have visited the city.


It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2
)
This is the
…
that
…
结构,
that
从句要用现在完成时
.


This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.





这是我看过的最好的电影。



This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.
这是我第一次听他唱歌。

典型例题

(1) ---Do you know our town at all?



---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was

B. have been

C. came

D. am coming



答案
B. This is the first time
后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选
B
。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?


---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come

B. even, have come

C. ever, come

D. ever, have come
-
可编辑修改
-

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