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Unit 1
The Roots of Chemistry
I. Comprehension.
1.C
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. B
II. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.
1.
The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable
difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.
2.
Science
is
an
ever-increasing
body
of
accumulated
and
systematized
knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.
3.
Life,
after
all,
is
only
chemistry,
in
fact,
a
small
example
of
chemistry
observed on a single mundane planet.
4.
People
are
made
of
molecules;
some
of
the
molecules
in
people
are
rather
simple whereas others are highly complex.
5.
Chemistry
is
ever
present
in
our
lives
from
birth
to
death
because
without
chemistry there is neither life nor death.
6.
Mathematics
appears
to
be
almost
as
humankind
and
also
permeates
all
aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.
III. Translation.
1.
(a) chemical process
(b) natural science
(c) the technique of distillation
2.
It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and
so forth/and otherwise.
3.
Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes
back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.
4.
According
to/From
the
evaporation
of
water,
people
know/realized
that
liquids
can
turn/be/change
into
gases
under
certain
conditions/circumstance/environment.
5.
You must know the properties of the material before you use it.
IV
. Translation
化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以< br>来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人
们也许认为生命是三 步进化的最终结果
,
第一步非常快
,
其余两步相当慢。这三
步是：< br>（
I
）物理进化（化学元素的产生）
，
（
II
）化学 进化（分子和生物分子的
形成）
；和（
III
）生物进化（有机物的形成和发 展）
。
V
. Solution:
（
1
）
The relative mass of
1
H and
12
C atoms can be calculated from their absolute
masses in grams.
H
1.6735
10
24
0.083986
< br>12
C
1.9926
10
23
1
If the mass of a
12
C atom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a
1
H atom to five
significant figures must be 1.0078 amu.
12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu
（
2
）
First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.
k< br>
log
log
0.693
1.21
1 0
4
/
yr
5730
yr
A
0
A
kt
2.303
4
1.000
1.21
10
/
yr
t
0.477
2.303
2.303
log
2 .09
6.1
10
3
6100< br>yr
t
1.21
10
4
/< br>yr
The
bone
was
tossed
away
(more
precisely,
the
animal
whose
bone
was
died)
about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was
in existence at that place at that time.
Unit 7
The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances
I. Comprehension
1.A
2.B
3.C
4.C
5.B
II. Give the systematic name for the following
ammonium ion
copper(II) ion
strontium ion;
Ccopper(I) ion;
iron(II) ion;
zinc ion;
hydrogen ion;
lead((II) ion;
aluminum;
silver ion;
magnesium ion;
chromium(III) ion;
Barium
Manganese(II) ion;
iron(III) ion;
calcium ion;
mercury(II) ion;
chromium(II) ion;
tin(II) ion.
carbon monoxide;
ditrogen trioxide;
carbon dioxide;
diphosphorus pentoxide;
sulfur trioxide;
dichlorine heptoxide
arsenate ion;
sulfite ion;
hydride ion;
arsenite ion;
bromide ion;
hydroxide ion;
phosphate ion;
chlorate ion;
hypochlorite ion;
phosphate ion;
chloride ion;
iodate ion;
carbonate ion;
chlorite ion;
nitrate ion;
chromate ion;
cyanide ion;
iodide ion;
dichromate ion;
fluoride ion;
nitrate ion;
oxide ion;
hydrogen carbonate ion;
nitrite ion;
sulfide ion;
hydrogen sulfate ion;
perchlorate ion;
sulfate ion;
hydrogen sulfite ion;
permanganate ion.
III.
Complete the table.
Formula
Old name
Systematic name
FeO
Fe
2
O
3
Sn(OH)
2
Sn(OH)
4
Hg
2
SO
4
HgSO
4
NaCLO
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
Cu
3
(AsO
4
)
2
Cr(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
3
iron (II) oxide
iron (III) oxide
tin(II) hydroxide
tin(IV) hydroxide
mercury (I) sulfate
mercury (II) sulfate
sodium hypochlorite
potassium dichromate
copper(II) arsenate
chromium(IV) acetate
IV
. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name
of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid.
Formula of acid
Old name
Name of acid
H
2
CO
3
carbonic acid
HClO
2
chlorous acid
HClO
4
perchloric acid
HCN
hydrocyanic acid
HBr
hydrobromic acid
H
4
SiO
4
silicic
acid
H
3
AsO
4
arsenic acid
V
. Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of
the sentence.
altered;
illustrate
tes
expect
cancel
6. are pulled
on
; referred
discussed
VI. Translation
1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.
2. It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate
answer to question.
3. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.
4.
The
experiment
was
successful.
It
’
s
results
was
the
same
as
what
we
had
expected.
5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.
VII. Write equations for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in
inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or
the products. (Partially Solved)
Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from
formic acid:
O
H
C
O
H
O
+
C
N
H
C
O
+
H
C
N
formic
acid
stronger
acid
cyanide
stronger
base
formate
weaker
base
weaker
ac id
Reading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (p
K
a
=3.76) is a stronger acid than
HCN
(p
K
a
=9.22),
and
cyanide
is
a
stronger
base
than
formate.
The
products
(weaker acid and base) are favored.
…………
..
VIII.
Write
equations
for
the
net
reactions
which
occur
when
the
following
materials are added to a sodium- ammonia solution.
Answer: (1) 2CH
3
GeH
3
+ 2e
am
-
→ H
2
+ 2CH
3
GeH
2
-
(2) I
2
+ 2e
am
-
→ 2I
-
(3) (C
2
H
5
)
2
S + 2e
am
-
+ NH
3
→ C
2
H
5
S- + C
2
H
6
+ NH
2
-
Unit 10
Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
I. Comprehension
1.C
2.D
3.B
4.A
5.B
6.B
II. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system
1
CH
3
(CH
2
)nCH
3
(n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively)
butane, pentane, hexane, octane
2
(CH
3
)
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3
2-methylpentane
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
(CH
3
)
3
C-CH
2
-CH(C
2
H
5
)-CH
2
-CH
3
(CH
3
)
2
CH-CH
2
CH
2
-CH(CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
)-CH(
CH< br>3
)
2
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH< br>2
-C(CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
)
2
-CH(CH
3
)
2
◇
-
CH
2
-CH(CH
3
)
2
CH
2
=C(C
2
H
5
)(CH(CH
3
)
2
)
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH=CH- CHCl-CH
3
CH
3
-CH(CH
3
)-C H(C
2
H
5
)-C
≡
C-CH
3
CH
2
=CH-C
≡
CH
(CH
3
)
2
CH- CH
2
CH(OH)CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
CH=CHCH(OH)CH
3
4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane
4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane
isobutylcyclobutane
2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene
2-chloro-3-hexene
4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne
1-buten-3-yne
4-methyl-2-pentanol
3-hexen-2-ol