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2021年1月31日发(作者：2015全球高校排名)


历年英语六级阅读真题

(2012,6--- 2006,12)
2012
年

12
月英语六级阅读真题





(1) Passage One


Amid
all
the
job
losses
of
the
Great
Recession,
there
is
one
category
of
worker
that
the
economic
disruption
has
been
good
for:
nonhumans.


From
self-service
checkout
lines
at
the
supermarket
to
industrial
robots
armed
with
saws
and
taught
to
carve
up
animal
carcasses
in
slaughter-houses, these ever-more-intelligent machines are now not just
assisting workers but actually kicking them out of their jobs.


Automation
isn’t
just affect
ing
factory
workers,
either.
Some
law
firms
now
use
artificial
intelligence
software
to
scan
and
read
mountains of legal documents, work that previously was performed by
highly paid human lawyers.


“Robots
continue
to
have
an
impact
on
blue
-collar
jobs,
and
white-
collar
jobs
are
under
attack
by
microprocessors,”
says
Edward
Leamer,
an
economics
professor
at
UCLA’s
Anderson
School
of
Management and director of the UCLA Anderson Forecast, a survey of
the
U.S.
and
California
economies.
Leamer
says
the
recession
permanently
wiped
out
2.5
million
jobs.
U.S.
gross
domestic
product
has climbed back to pre-
recession levels, meaning we’re producing as
much as before, only with 6 percent fewer workers. To be sure, robotics
are not the only job killers out there, with outsourcing stealing far more
1

gigs than automation.


Jeff
Burnstein,
president
of
the
Robotics
Industry
Association,
a
trade group in Ann Arbor, Mich., argues that robots actually save U.S.
jobs.
His
logic:
companies
that
embrace
automation
might
use
fewer
workers, but that’s
still better than firing everyone and moving the work
overseas.


It’s not that robots are cheaper than humans, though often they are.
It’s that they are better. “In some cases the quality requirements are so
stringent
that
even
if
you
wanted
to
have
a
human
do
the
job,
you
couldn’t,” Burnstein says.



Same goes for surgeons, who are using robotic systems to perform
an
ever-growing
list
of
operations
—
not
because
the
machines
save
money
but
because,
thanks
to
the
greater
precision
of
robots,
the
patients
recover
in
less
time
and
have
fewer
complications,
says
Dr.
Myriam Curet.


Surgeons may survive the robot invasion, but others at the hospital
might not be so lucky, as iRobot, maker of the Roomba, a robot vacuum
cleaner, has been showing off Ava, a three- foot-tall droid on wheels that
carries a tablet computer. iRobot reckons Ava could be used as a courier
in a hospital. And once you’re home, recovering, Ava could let you talk
to your doctor, so there’s no need to send someone to your house. That
“mobile telepresence” could be useful at the office. If you’re away on a
trip, you can still attend a meeting. Just connect via videoconferencing
software, so your face appears on Ava’s screen.

2



Is any job safe? I was hoping to say “journalist,” but researchers
are already developing algorithms that can gather facts and write a news
story. Which means that a few years from now, a robot could be writing
this
column.
And
who
will
read
it?
Well,
there
might
be
a
lot
of
us
hanging around with lots of free time on our hands.









(2) Passage Two


You've now heard it so many times, you can probably repeat it in
your
sleep.
President
Obama
will
no
doubt
make
the
point
publicly
when he gets to Beijing: the Chinese need to spend more; they need to
consume more; they need
—
believe it or not
—
to become more like
Americans, for the sake of the global economy.


And it's all true. But the other side of that equation is that the U.S.
needs to save more. For the moment, American households actually are
doing
so.
After
the
personal-savings
rate
dipped
to
zero
in
2005,
the
shock
of
the
economic
crisis
last
year
prompted
people
to
snap
shut
their wallets.


In China, the household- savings rate exceeds 20%. It is partly for
policy reasons. As we've seen, wage earners are expected to care for not
only
their
children
but
also
their
aging
parents.
And
there
is,
to
date,
only the flimsiest
（
脆弱的）

of publicly-funded health care and pension
systems, which increases incentives for individuals to save while they
are
working.
But
China
is
a
society
that
has
long
esteemed
personal
financial
prudence
（谨慎）
for centuries.
There
is
no chance
that
will
3

change
anytime
soon,
even
if
the
government
creates
a
better
social
safety net and successfully encourages greater consumer spending.


Why does the U.S. need to learn a little frugality(
节俭
). Because
healthy
savings
rates
are
one
of
the
surest
indicators
of
a
country's
long-term
financial
health.
High
savings
lead,
over
time,
to
increased
investment, which in turn generates productivity gains, innovation and
job
growth.
In
short,
savings
are
the
seed
corn
of
a
good
economic
harvest.


The
U.S.
government
thus
needs
to
act
as
well.
By
running
constant deficits, it is dis-saving, even as households save more. Peter
Orszag,
Obama's
Budget
Director,
recently
called
the
U.S.
budget
deficits
unsustainable
and
he's
right.
To
date,
the
U.S.
has
seemed
unable
to
have
what
Indiana
Governor
Mitch
Daniels
has
called
an

than is taken in. That needs to change. And though Hu Jintao and the
rest
of
the
Chinese
leadership
aren't
inclined
to
lecture
visiting
Presidents, he might gently hint that Beijing is getting a little nervous
about the value of the dollar
—
which has fallen 15% since March, in
large
part
because
of
increasing
fears
that
America's
debt
load
is
becoming unmanageable.


That's what happens when you're the world's biggest creditor: you
get
to
drop
hints
like
that,
which
would
be
enough
by
themselves
to
create
international
economic
chaos
if
they
were
ever
leaked.
(Every
time
any
official
in
Beijing
deliberately
publicly
about
seeking
an
4

alternative to the U.S. dollar for the $$2.1 trillion China holds in reserve,
currency
traders
have
a
heart
attack.)
If
Americans
saved
more
and
spent less, consistently over time, they wouldn't have to worry about all
that.








2012
年

6
月英语六级阅读真题



(3)
Passage One

As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting
generally produces the best results. That's partially because it appears
people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert
more effort, to achieve those goals.
What's far less understood by scientists, however, are the potentially
harmful effects of goal-setting.
Newspapers relay daily accounts of goal-setting prevalent in industries
and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street , yet
there has been surprisingly little research on how the long- trumpeted
practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic
crisis , and unethical
（不道德的）
behavior in general.
“Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects.
And yet, the same motivation that can push people to exert more effort
5

in a constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to
engage in unethical behaviors,” says Maurice Schweitzer, an associate
professor at Penn’s WhartonSchool.

“It turns out there’s no economic benefit to just having a goal
---you just
get a psychologic
al benefit” Schweitzer says. “But in many cases, goals
have economic rewards that make them more powerful.”

A prime example Schweitzer and his colleagues cite is the 2004
collapse of energy-trading giant Enron, where managers used financial
incentives to motivate salesmen to meet specific revenue goals. The
problem, Schweitzer says, is the actual trades were not profitable.
Other studies have shown that saddling employees with unrealistic
goals can compel them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the
early 1990s when Sears imposed a sales quota on its auto repair staff. It
prompted employees to overcharge for work and to complete
unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.
Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of
literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates
of the practice have taken issue with his team’s use of such evidence as
news accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely
over-prescribed
6

In a rebuttal (
反驳
) paper, Dr. Edwin L
ocke writes:“Goal
-setting is not
going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their
desired end results any more than an individual can thrive without goals
to provide a sense of purpose.”

But Schweitzer contends the “mounting causal evidence” linking
goal- setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help spotlight
issues that merit caution and further investigation. “Even a few negative
effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects,” he
says.
“Goal
-setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My idea would
be to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational
culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be
constructive and not significantly harm the organization,” Schweitzer
says.

(4) Passage two

For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from
the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What
can the West’s overly indebted and sluggish (
经济滞长的
) nations learn
from a flourishing Asia?
Just
a few decades ago, Asia’s two giants were stagnating(
停滞不前
)
under faulty economic ideologies. However, once China began
7

embracing free-market reforms in the 1980s, followed by India in the
1990s, both countries achieved rapid growth. Crucially, as they opened
up their markets, they balanced market economy with sensible
government direction. As the Indian economist Amartya Sen has wisely
said, “The invisible hand of the market has often relied heavily on the
visible hand of government.”

Contrast this middle path with America and Europe, which have each
gone ideologically over-board in their own ways. Since the 1980s,
America has been increasingly clinging to the ideology of uncontrolled
free markets and dismissing the role of government--- following Ronald
Reg
an’s idea that “government is not the solution to our problem;
government is the problem. “Of course, when the markets came
crashing down in 2007, it was decisive government intervention that
saved the day. Despite this fact, many Americans are still strongly
opposed to “big government.”

If Americans could only free themselves from their antigovernment
doctrine, they would begin to see that the America’s problems are not
insoluble. A few sensible federal measures could put the country back
on the right path. A simple consumption tax of, say, 5% would
significantly reduce the country’s huge government deficit without
damaging productivity. A small gasoline tax would help free America
from its dependence on oil imports and create incentives for green
energy development. In the same way, a significant reduction of
8

wasteful agricultural subsidies could also lower the deficit. But in order
to take advantage of these common-sense solutions, Americans will
have to put aside their own attachment to the idea of smaller
government and less regulation. American politicians will have to
develop the courage to follow what is taught in all American
public-policy schools: that there are good taxes and bad taxes. Asian
countries have embraced this wisdom, and have built sound long- term
fiscal (
财政的
) policies as a result.
Meanwhile, Europe has fallen prey to a different ideological trap: the
belief that European governments would always have infinite resources
and could continue borrowing as if there were no tomorrow. Unlike the
Americans, who felt that the markets knew best, the Europeans failed to
anticipate how the markets would react to their endless borrowing.
Today, the European Union is creating a $$580 billion fund to ward off
sovereign collapse. This will buy the EU time, but it will not solve the
bloc’s larger problem.


2011
年

12
月英语六级阅读真题



(5) Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
What's the one word of advice a well- meaning professional would
give to a recent college graduate?
China
How
about
trade!

9

When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade
deficit in June approached $$50 billion, it set off a new round of
economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $$200.3 billion in the
month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The
larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances
continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.
But there's another way of looking at the trade data. Over the past
two years, the figures on imports and exports seem not to signal a
double-dip recession
–
a renewed decline in the broad level of economic
activity in the United States
–
but an economic expansion.
The rising volume of trade
–
more goods and services shuttling in
and out of the United States
–
is good news for many sectors.
Companies engaged in shipping, trucking, rail freight,
delivery,
and
logistics
(
物流
) have all been reporting better than expected results.
The rising numbers signify growing vitality in foreign markets
–
when
we import more stuff, it puts more cash in the hands of people around
the world, and U.S. exports are rising because more foreigners have the
ability to buy the things we produce and market. The rising tide of trade
is also good news for people who work in trade-sensitive businesses,
especially those that produce commodities for which global demand
sets the price
–
agricultural goods, mining, metals, oil.
10

And while exports always seem to lag, U.S. companies are becoming
more involved in the global economy with each passing month. General
Motors sells as many cars in China as in America each month. While
that may not do much for imports, it does help GM's balance sheet
–
and hence makes the jobs of U.S.-based executives more stable.
One great challenge for the U.S. economy is slack domestic
consumer demand. Americans are
paying down debt, saving more, and spending more carefully. That's to
be expected, given what we've been through. But there's a bigger
challenge. Can U.S.-based businesses, large and small, figure out how
to get a piece of growing global demand? Unless you want to pick up
and move to India, or Brazil, or China, the best way to do that is
through trade. It may seem obvious, but it's no longer enough simply to
do business with our friends and neighbors here at home.
Companies and individuals who don't have a strategy to export more,
or to get more involved in foreign markets, or to play a role in global
trade, are shutting themselves out of the lion's share of economic
opportunity in our world.


(6) Passage Two

A recurring criticism of the UK's university sector is its perceived
weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.
11

Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could
lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless
adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this
concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation
system.
However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the
sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent
comparative data on the performance of universities and research
institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a
relatively weak starting position, the UK now leads on many indicators of
commercialisation activity.
When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past
decade have helped trans form the performance of UK universities.
Evidence suggests the UK's position is much stronger than in the recent
past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very
large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence
shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the
pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders.
This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the UK and is mirrored
across other economies. In the UK, research is concentrated: less than
25% of universities receive 75% of the research funding. These same
universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of
PhD graduates, science citations, patents and licence income. The effect
12

of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a
distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially
active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and
commercialisation work creates differences between universities.
The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to
maximise the impact oftheir research efforts. These universities should be
generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental
benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their
expertise in order to build greater confidence in the sector.
Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next
generation of research commercialisation spilling out of our universities.
There are three dozen universities in the UKwhich are actively engaged
in advanced research training and commercialisation work.
If there was a greater coordination of technology transfer offices within
regions and a simultaneous investment in the scale and functions of our
graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a key role in
positioning the UK for the next growth cycle.

2011
年

6
月英语六级阅读真题



(7) Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
13

At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question:
are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public
overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most
economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small
net boost to the economy. Immigrants provide cheap labor, lower the
prices of everything from farm produce to new homes, and leave
consumers with a little more money in their pockets. So why is there
such a discrepancy between the perception of immigrants' impact on the
economy and the reality?
There are a number of familiar theories. Some argue that people are
anxious and feel threatened by an inflow of new workers. Others
highlight the strain that undocumented immigrants place on public
services, like schools, hospitals, and jails. Still others emphasize the
role of race, arguing that foreigners add to the nation's fears and
insecurities. There's some truth to all these explanations, but they aren't
quite sufficient.
To get a better understanding of what's going on, consider the way
immigration's impact is felt. Though its overall effect may be positive,
its costs and benefits are distributed unevenly. David Card, an
economist at UC Berkeley, notes that the ones who profit most directly
from immigrants' low- cost labor are businesses and employers
–

meatpacking plants in Nebraska, for instance, or agricultural businesses
in California. Granted, these producers' savings probably translate into
14

lower prices at the grocery store, but how many consumers make that
mental connection at the checkout counter? As for the drawbacks of
illegal immigration, these, too, are concentrated. Native low-skilled
workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor. According to
a study by George Borjas, a Harvard economist, immigration reduced
the wages of American high-school dropouts by 9% between
1980-2000.
Among high-skilled, better-educated employees, however, opposition
was strongest in states with both high numbers of immigrants and
relatively generous social services. What worried them most, in other
words, was the
fiscal
(
财政的
)burden of immigration. That conclusion
was reinforced by another finding: that their opposition appeared to
soften when that fiscal burden decreased, as occurred with welfare
reform in the 1990s, which curbed immigrants' access to certain
benefits.
The irony is that for all the overexcited debate, the net effect of
immigration is minimal. Even for those most acutely affected
–
say,
low-skilled workers, or California residents
–
the impact isn't all that
dramatic.
perceptions,
University of Oregon.
the economists calculate the numbers, it ends up being a net positive,
but a small one.

15

(8) Passage Two

Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the
majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the
time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however,
and you'll get a completely different impression. For a start, you will
now see plenty more women
–
the University of Pennsylvania's
Wharton School, for example, boasts that 40% of its new enrolment is
female. You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of
practically every country.
It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been
broken down and equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly, this
apparent diversity is becoming a mask for a new type of conformity.
Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are
common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set
of clones among the business leaders of the future.
Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses
in business leadership. So what can be done to create more effective
managers of the commercial world? According to Valerie Gauthier,
associate dean at HEC Paris, the key lies in the process by which MBA
programmes recruit their students. At the moment candidates are
selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria such as prior academic and
career performance, and analytical and problem solving abilities. This is
16

then coupled to a school's picture of what a diverse class should look
like, with the result that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all become
influencing factors. But schools rarely dig down to find out what really
makes an applicant succeed, to create a class which also contains
diversity of attitude and approach
–
arguably the only diversity that, in a
business context, really matters.
Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting
candidates from traditional sectors such as banking, consultancy and
industry. They should also be seeking individuals who have
backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history
or philosophy, which will allow them to put business decisions into a
wider context.
Indeed, there does seem to be a demand for the more rounded leaders
such diversity might create. A study by Mannaz, a leadership
development company, suggests that, while the bully-boy chief
executive of old may not have been eradicated completely, there is a
definite shift in emphasis towards less tough styles of management
–
at
least in America and Europe. Perhaps most significant, according to
Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in more
collaborative management models, such as those prevalent in
Scandinavia, which seek to integrate the hard and soft aspects of
leadership and encourage delegated responsibility and accountability.
17


2010
年

12
月英语六级阅读真题



(9) Passage One



In the early 20th century, few things were more appealing than the
promise of scientific knowledge. In a world struggling with rapid
industrialization, science and technology seemed to offer solutions
to
almost
every
problem.
Newly
created
state
colleges
and
universities
devoted
themselves
almost
entirely
to
scientific,
technological,
and
engineering
fields.
Many
Americans
came
to
believe
that
scientific
certainty
could
not
only
solve
scientific
problems, but also reform politics, government, and business. Two
world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many
people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and
ordered
world.
After
World
War
Ⅱ
,
the
academic
world
turned
with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies, which seemed to many
scholars
the
best
way
to
ensure
the
survival
of
democracy.
American
scholars
fanned
out
across
much
of
the
world
—
with
support from the Ford Foundation, the Fulbright program, etc.
—
to
promote the teaching of literature and the arts in an effort to make
the case for democratic freedoms.


In
the
America
of
our
own
time,
the
great
educational
challenge
has
become
an
effort
to
strengthen
the
teaching
of
what
is
now
18

known as the STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering,
and
math).
There
is
considerable
and
justified
concern
that
the
United States is falling behind much of the rest of the developed
world in these essential disciplines. India, China, Japan, and other
regions seem to be seizing technological leadership.


At
the
same
time,
perhaps
inevitably,
the
humanities
—
while
still
popular
in
elite
colleges
and
universities
—
have
experienced
a
significant
decline.
Humanistic
disciplines
are
seriously
underfunded, not just by the government and the foundations but
by academic institutions themselves. Humanists are usually among
the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often
lightly
regarded
because
they
do
not
generate
grant
income
and
because
they
provide
no
obvious
credentials
(
资质
)
for
most
nonacademic careers.


Undoubtedly American education should train more scientists and
engineers. Much of the concern among politicians about the state
of American universities today is focused on the absence of “real
world”
education—
which
means
preparation
for
professional
and
scientific
careers.
But
the
idea
that
institutions
or
their
students
must decide between humanities and science is false. Our society
could not survive without scientific and technological knowledge.
But
we
would
be
equally
impoverished
(
贫
困
的
)
without
humanistic
knowledge
as
well.
Science
and
technology
teach
us
19

what we can do. Humanistic thinking helps us understand what we
should do.


It is almost impossible to imagine our society without thinking of
the
extraordinary
achievements
of
scientists
and
engineers
in
building
our
complicated
world.
But
try
to
imagine
our
world
as
well
without
the
remarkable
works
that
have
defined
our
culture
and values. We have always needed, and we still need, both.






(10) Passage Two



Will
there
ever
be
another
Einstein?
This
is
the
undercurrent
of
conversation at Einstein memorial meetings throughout the year. A
new
Einstein
will
emerge,
scientists
say.
But
it
may
take
a
long
time.
After
all,
more
than
200
years
separated
Einstein
from
his
nearest rival, Isaac Newton.


Many physicists say the next Einstein hasn’t been born yet, or is a
baby now. That’s because the quest for a unified theory that would
account for all the forces of nature has pushed current mathematics
to its limits. New math must be created before the problem can be
solved.


But
researchers
say there are
many
other
factors
working against
another Einstein emerging anytime soon.
20



For one thing, physics is a much different field today. In Einstein’s
day, there were only a few thousand physicists worldwide, and the
theoreticians
who
could
intellectually
rival
Einstein
probably
would fit into a streetcar with seats to spare.


Education is different, too. One crucial aspect of Einstein’s training
that
is
overlooked
is
the
years
of
philosophy
he
read
as
a
teenager
—
Kant,
Schopenhauer
and
Spinoza,
among
others.
It
taught him how to think independently and abstractly about space
and
time,
and
it
wasn’t
long
before
he
became
a
philosopher
himself.


“The
independence
created
by
philosophical
insight
is—
in
my
opinion
—
the mark of distinction between a mere artisan (
工匠
) or
specialist and a real seeker after truth,” Einstein wrote in 1944.



And
he
was
an
accomplished
musician.
The
interplay
between
music and math is well known. Einstein would furiously play his
violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem.


Today,
universities
have
produced
millions
of
physicists.
There
aren’t many jobs in science for them, so they go to Wall Street and
Silicon
Valley
to
apply
their
analytical
skills
to
more
practical
—
and rewarding
—
efforts.


“Maybe
there
is
an
Einstein
out
there
today,”
said
Columbia
21

University physicist Brian Greene, “but it would be a lot harder for
him to be heard.”



Especially considering what Einstein was proposing.


“The
actual
fabric
of
space
a
nd
time
curving?
My
God,
what
an
idea!” Greene said at a recent gathering at the Aspen Institute. “It
takes a certain type of person who will bang his head against the
wall because you believe you’ll find the solution.”



Perhaps
the
best
examples
are
the
five
scientific
papers
Einstein
wrote in his “miracle year” of 1905. These “thought experiments”
were pages of calculations signed and submitted to the prestigious
journal Annalen der Physik by a virtual unknown. There were no
footnotes or citations.


What might happen to such a submission today?


“We
all
get
papers
like
those
in
the
mail,”
Greene
said.
“We
put
them in the junk file.”


2010
年

6
月英语六级阅读真题




(11) Passage One

Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for
paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the
two,
Australia,
gave
up
the
dubious
distinction
by
establishing
paid
22

family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make
the news here in the United States
—
we're now the only wealthy country
without such a policy.


The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family
and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much
as
12
weeks'
unpaid
leave
for
care
of
a
newborn
or
dealing
with
a
family
medical
problem.
Despite
the
modesty
of
the
benefit,
the
Chamber
of
Commerce
and
other
business
groups
fought
it
bitterly,
describing
it
as

personnel
management
and
a

precedent
In
fact,
every
step
of
the
way,
as
(usually)
Democratic
leaders
have
tried
to
introduce
work-family
balance
measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed.


As
Yale
law
professor
Anne
Alstott
argues,
justifying
parental
support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some
sense,
society
must
pay
for.
In
her
book
No
Exit:
What
Parents
Owe
Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents
are
burdened
in
many
ways
in
their
lives:
there
is

exit
when
it
comes
to
children.

expects
—
and
needs
—
parents
to
provide
their
children
with
continuity
of
care,
meaning
the
intensive,
intimate
care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional and
moral capabilities. And society expects
—
and needs
—
parents to persist
in their roles for 18 years, or longer if needed.


While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties
for
not
providing
care.
What
parents
do,
in
other
words,
is
of
deep
23

concern
to
the
state,
for
the
obvious
reason
that
caring
for
children
is
not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state
recognizes
this
in
the
large
body
of
family
laws
that
govern
children'
welfare,
yet
parents
receive
little
help
in
meeting
the
life-changing
obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice
for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the
social
benefits
of
good
parenting;
really,
it
is
to
steal
those
benefits
because
they
accrue
(
不断积累
)
to
the
whole
of
society
as
today's
children
become
tomorrow's
productive
citizenry
(
公民
).
In
fact,
by
some
estimates,
the
value
of
parental
investments
in
children,
investments
of
time
and
money
(including
lost
wages),
is
equal
to
20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge
social
benefits
—
as
they
clearly
do
—
the
benefits
of
providing
more
social support for the family should be that much clearer.




(12) Passage Two



A new study from the Center for Information and Research on
Civic
Learning
and
Engagement
(CIRCLE)
at
Tufts
University
shows
that today's youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations, and
a
2008
study
from
the
Center
for
American
Progress
adds
that
increasing
numbers
of
young
voters
and
activists
support
traditionally
liberal causes. But there's no easy way to see what those figures mean in
real life. During the presidential campaign, Barack Obama assembled a
racially
and
ideologically
diverse
coalition
with
his
message
of
hope
24

and change; as the reality of life under a new administration settles in,
some
of
those
supporters
might
become
disillusioned.
As
the
nation
moves
further
into
the
Obama
presidency,
will
politically
engaged
young people continue to support the president and his agenda, or will
they gradually drift away?


The writers of Generation O (short for Obama), a new Newsweek
blog
that
seeks
to
chronicle
the
lives
of
a
group
of
young
Obama
supporters,
want
to
answer
that
question.
For
the
next
three
months,
Michelle
Kremer
and
11
other
Obama
supporters,
ages
19
to
34,
will
blog about life across mainstream America, with one twist: by tying all
of
their
ideas
and
experiences
to
the
new
president
and
his
administration, the bloggers will try to start a conversation about what it
means
to
be
young
and
politically
active
in
America
today.
Malena
Amusa, a 24-year-old writer and dancer from St. Louis sees the project
as a way to preserve history as it happens. Amusa, who is traveling to
India this spring to finish a book, then to Senegal to teach English, has
ongoing
conversations
with
her
friends
about
how
the
Obama
presidency has changed their daily lives and hopes to put some of those
ideas,
along
with
her
global
perspective,
into
her
posts.
She's
excited
because,
as
she
puts
it,

don't
have
to
wait
[until]
15
years
from


now


Henry Flores, a political-science professor at St. Mary's University,
credits
this
younger
generation's
political
strength
to
their
embrace
of
technology.

Internet]
exposes
them
to
more
thinking,
he
says,
25

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