不定式作定语的用法
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2021年01月31日 23:56
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不定式作定语的用法
不定式及其短语作定语,与其他短语作定语一样,一般都放在被 修饰的词之后,通常表示一个将来
的动作,有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作。
一些名词后常用不定式作定语,如:
chance(
机会),
way(
方法),
time(
时间)等;另外,
the first,the second,the last,the only
等作名词或者它们作形容词用来修饰代词,它们或 它们所修饰
的代词后,也常用不定式作定语。
不定式作定语时,不定式与被修饰词之 间存在的关系复杂,有的是主谓关系;有的是动宾关系;有
的是动状关系,还有的不存在主谓、动宾、动 状关系。
1
、主谓关系的(
1
)
We must find a person to do the work.
(2) There is no one to take care of her.
(3) In my family,my mother is always the first one to get up.
(4) He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
(5) We need someone to go and get a doctor.
2
、
动宾关系的
如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系,
不定式里的动词必须是及物动
词。注意:是及物动词的,后面不要再加宾语,因为前面的被修饰词是它 的宾语;是不及物动词的,
要加上适当的介词或副词让它变成及物动词,只有这样,它才能带上前面的宾 语。
(
1
)
He has a lot of books to read.(2) I would like a magazine to look at.
(3) Here is some advice for you to follow.(4) Do you have anything else to say?
(5) There is no one to take care of.(6) She has nothing to worry about.
3
、动状关系的
被修饰词如果是不定式里动词的状语,应多用介词短语。由 于被修饰词前没有介词,
所以只能在不定式里的动词后加介词。(
1
)
Ple ase give me some paper to write on.
(2) Let
)
I have no house to live in.
(4) He has no pen to write with.(5) There are five pairs to choose from.
4
、不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的
被修饰词与不定式里的动词不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的,
被修饰词多是些抽象名词。
(
1
)
I have no time to go to the movie.
(
2
)
There
(4) Is that the way to do it?(5
)
I
现在分词作定语
状语的用法
现在分词在句中起形容 词和副词的作用。现在分词用定语时相当于一个定语从句;
作状语表示时间、原因、条件等时相当于一个 状语从句。然而,我们在使用现在分词时
应注意两方面的问题。
一、作定语
现在分词短语作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,
现在分词短语作后置定语
时,应注意下列三点:
1.现在分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作是一先一后发生而不是同时发生时,
不能用现在分词作定 语,应使用定语从句表示。如:
(误)
The teacher criticized the student having broken the window.
(正)
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
(误)
Do you know anyone having lost a car ?
(正)
Do you know anyone who have lost a car ?
可用状语或补语,但不可作定语。如:
(误)
Anybody being outside after ten o
’
clock will be criticized.
(正)
Anybody who is outside after ten o
’
clock will be criticized.
3.
表示经常性或已完成的非进行动作的时候,不用现在分词作定语。例如:
(误)
The boy bringing us milk everyday is my brother.
(正)
The boy who brings us milk everyday is my brother.
二、作状语
现在分词作状语,我们必须注意以下四点:
1.
现在分词作状语与谓语动词的时间关系。
现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生时,
现在分词用一般式。
如:
The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.
He sent me an E-mail, hoping to get further information.
现在分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作时,现在分词要用完成式。如:
Having suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine
with him whenever he goes.
Having finished his homework, the boy went out to play football.
2.
现在 分词作状语与主语的关系。现在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语必须
保持一致。如果不一致,分词 应有自己的逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构。如:
Looking out of the window of our hotel room, we could see lots of mountains around.
They came into the classroom, talking and laughing.
Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
It being a fine day, we all wanted to go outing.
3.
现在分词作状语时,前面可用连词
when, while, once
等。如:
When talking to you, I always feel happy.
Be careful while crossing the street.
4.
现在分词作状语时与主语之间不能有并列连词
or, and, b ut
等,
因为并列连词连接
的是两个并列的成分,而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分 ,但分词与主语之间可用逗
号。如:
(误)
Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
(正)
Having been t
old many times, he still couldn’t understand it.
过去分词的主要用法
非谓语动词除了包括不定式、
动名词和现在 分词之外
,
还包括过去分词。
过去分词又
称
-ed
分词,
在句中可以构成句子的谓语和复合宾语
,
也可以用作句子的表语、定语和状语。
一、过去分词构成谓语和作表语的情况
1.
和某些助动词一起构成句子的谓语
:
I haven
’
t been out much recently.
我最近没太出门。
分析
:
过去分词
been
和
have
的否定形式
haven’
t
一起构成句子的谓语
(
完成否定形
式
)
’
t been
。
It was said that he had been arrested.
据说他被捕了。
分析
:
过去分词
arrested
和
be
的完成形式
had been
一起构成句子的谓语
(
用了被动语
态
)
。
2.
在句中用作表语
:I am awfully worried. Daddy is ill.
我很着急
,
我爸爸病了。分析
:
过去分词
w orried
作表语
,
和
am
一起构成系表结构。
二、过去分词和它所补充说明的名词一起构成复合宾语
这种用法又可分为两种情况
:
1.
过去分词和名词一起构成复合宾语。
例如
:She didn
’
t want her daughter taken out
after dark.
她不希望天黑后女儿被带出门。分析
:
过去分词短语
taken out
作名词短语
her
daughter
的补语
,
并和该名词短语一起构成复合宾语。
2.
介词
with
后有时也可以跟这类复合宾语。例如
:
He sat with his arms clasped round his knees.
他双手抱膝坐着。
That year ended with nothing settled.
那一年什么事也没解决就结束了。
分析
:
在这两句话中
,
过去分词
clasped
和
settled
分别作
his arms
和
nothing
的补语
,
并一起构成介词的复合宾语。< br>
三、过去分词用作定语修饰名词
1.
表示情绪的过去分词可以作 定语
,
这些过去分词主要有
satisfied,frightened,worri ed,pleased,confused,embarrassed,surprised,astonish ed,
agitated,puzzled
等。例如
:
Martin
’
s confused sorrows turned to optimism.
马丁烦乱的悲哀情绪转而变成乐观情
绪。
He didn
’
t notice the surprised look on her face.
他没有注意到她脸上惊讶的表情。
分析
:
在这两个例句 中
,
过去分词
confused
和
surprised
均作 定语
,
分别修饰名词
sorrows
和
look
。
2.
一些过去分词用作定语并与其修饰的名词构成固定搭配。
例如
:boiled water
开水
canned food
罐头食品
required courses
必修课
united front
统一战线
3.
过去分词和名词、形容词、副词等一起构成复合形容词。例如
:
a simply- furnished apartment
一套陈设简单的房间
a cautiously-worded statement
措辞谨慎的声明
strongly-motivated students
学习动力很强的学生
4.
带有完成意义的一些过去分词也可以作定语。例如
:
the risen sun ( = the sun that has just risen)
初升的太阳
vanished jewels
消失了的珠宝
an exploded bomb (a bomb that has exploded)
爆炸了的炸弹
returned students
归国留学生
注
:
有些以
-ed
结尾的词
,
并不是过去分词
,
而是由名词变来的形容词。例如
:
armored cars
装甲车
a gifted boy
有天赋的孩子
salaried class
工薪阶层
a detailed account
详细的叙述
a bearded man
留络腮胡子的男人
5.
有些过去分词短语用在所修饰词后面作定语
,
作用相当于一个定语从句。例如
:
Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in green.
突然出现一个穿绿衣的女
子。
分析
:
过去分词短语
dressed in green
放在名词短语
a young woman
后面作定语
,
相当
于一个定语从句
who was dressed in green
。
The play put on by the teachers was a big success.
老师们上演的戏很成功。
分析
:
过去分词短语
put on by the teachers
放在名词短语
the play
后面作定语
,
相当于
一个定语从句
that was put on by the teachers
。
6.
单一的过去分词有时也可跟在名词后面作定语。例如
:
The designers decided to change the materials used.
设计者决定改变所用的材料。
分析
:
单一的过去分词
used
跟在名词短语
the materials
后面作定语
,
相当于一个定语
从句
that were used
。