人教版高中英语必修五动词不定式
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2021年02月01日 00:03
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定义
:动词不定式是一种非限制动词形 式,即非谓语动词。非限定动词是指不能单独在句
中充当谓语的动词形式。非谓语动词包括:动词不定式 ,
-ing
分词和
-ed
分词。
动词不定
式在语法功能上可 作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
2
.不定式的用法
1)
不定式结构作主语
1. To see is to believe.
finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge
.
< br>在上述情况下,如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由
it
作形式主语,而将不定式放 到
后面。如:
1. It is really a challenge to finish that task in such a short time
.
2.
It's… for sb
to do.
和
It's …
of sb to do.
1
)
for sb.
句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如
easy,
hard, difficult, interesting, impossible
等:例如:
It's very hard for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2
)
of
s b
句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容
词,如
careless
,
clever
,
considerate
,< br>foolish
,
good
,
impolite
,
k ind
,
naughty
,
nice
,
sill y
,
stupid
。例如:
It's very nice of you to help me.
你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
2)
不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种:一种是及物动词后直接跟带
to
的不定式,
另一种是
“
及物动词
+
疑
问词
+
带
to< br>的不定式。
及物动词
+
带
to
的不定式结构
:
只能跟动词不定式的动词,常见的有
: afford
,
agree
,
aim
,
appear
,
ask
,
decide , demand
,
desire
,
determine
,
expect
,
fail
,
happen
,
hesitate
,
hope
,
intend
,
learn
,
long
,
manage,
offer
,
pretend
,
promise
,< br>prepare
,
refuse
,
seek
,swear
,
want
,
wish
等。
managed to solve the complicated problem.
stranger offered to show me the way.
动词
+
疑问代
(
副
)
词
+
不定式:
这类动词常见的有
advise
,
decide
,
find out
,
forget
,
inquire
,
know
,
learn
,
see
,
remember
,
teach
,
tell
,
understand
,
wonder
等。常见的疑问代
(
副
)
词有
: what< br>,
when
,
where
,
which
,
h ow
,
whether
等。
does not know when to start.
can decide whether to continue or to stop.
3.I will show you how to deal with it.
有时,
不定式可 由
it
代替,
而把不定式放到后面去。
这可以用这一结构表达:
动词
(
如
find
,
think
,
cons ider
,
feel
等
)+it+
形容词
+
不定式。
considers it necessary to make friends with him.
find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
3)
不定式做表语
不定式可放在
be
动词后面,形成表语。例如
:
see is to believe.
另一种情况为主语是以
aim
,
duty
,
hope
,
idea
,
job
,
plan
,
problem
,
purpose
,
thing
,
wish
等名词为中心的短语,或以
what
引导的名词性从句,不定式表语对主语起补充说明
作用:
;例如:
aim is to study abroad in the near future
.
most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price
.
I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience
.
4)
不定式作定语
第一种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如:
was really nothing to fear
.
gave me an interesting book to read
.
如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就得加相应的介词。例如:
needs a friend to play with
.
girl has nothing to worry about
.
gh the film had been on for ten minutes
,
I still was not able to find a chair to sit on
.
第二种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语;例如:
you got a key to unlock the door?
action to be taken is correct
.
5)
不定式作状语
1
)目的状语
常用结构为
to do , in order to do,
so as to do,
so
(
such
)
… as to…
(如此
…
以便
…
)
。例
如:
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here to say good-bye to you.
我来是向你告别。
2
)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone.
我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing.
他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3
)表原因
I'm glad to see you.
见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight.
她一看到这情形就哭了。
4
)表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
不带
to
的不定式的使用
动词不定式通常带
to
,
但在有些搭配中不带
to
,
在另一些搭配中可带
to
可不 带
to
。
归纳起
来,以下情况下使用不带
to
不定式:
1)
在
can
/
could
,
may
/
might
,
will
/
would
,< br>shall
/
should
,
must
,
need
,
dare
等情态
动词之后,动词不定式不带
to
。
2)
在感官动词,如
see
,
feel
,watch
,
notice
,
smell
,
hear< br>,
observe
等后,或使役动词,如
have
,
let< br>,
make
等后,动词不定式不带
to
。例如:
1.I often heard him say that he would study hard
.
2.I must have him see his own mistakes
.但是,当这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不
带
to
不定式一般转换为带
to
不定式。例如:
was often heard to say that he would study hard
.
3)
在动词
help
之后可用不 带
to
的不定式,也可用带
to
的不定式。例如:
the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.
4)
在
had better
,
would rather
,
may
/
might as well
最好还是,
不妨,
rather than
,
can not but
不得不,等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带
to
。例如:
you feel to ill to go out
,
I would rather not stay at home tonight
.
could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.
5)
在介词
but
,
except
之后,如果其前有动词
do
的某种形式,其后 不定式一般不带
to
,反
之则必须带
to
,表示
“
不得不,只能
”
。例如:
will do anything except work on the farm
.
was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender
.
3.I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining
.
6)
紧跟在
why
或
why not
之后的动词不定式总是 不带
to
。
但是,
紧跟在
who
,
what
,
which
,
whether
等连接词后的不定式带
to
。例如:
Why stand up if you can sit down?
Why not ask your teacher when you don't understand the meaning?
You needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science
.
4
.
不定式的时态语态:
(以
to do
为例)
时态
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
主动
To do
To have done
To be doing
To have been doing
被动
To be done
To have been done
feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline
.
Vikings are believed to have discovered America
.
you called me last night, I happened to be working on the computer
.
snow was supposed to have been blown off the mountain
.
不定式的否定形式
否定形式是在不定式的标志
to
前加
not
。例如:
1.I decided not to ask him again.
remember not to leave the lights on when you are out
.