英语语法基本基础知识时态
余年寄山水
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2021年02月01日 10:20
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读书卡图片-女头像图片
英语的时态问题
的时空,也构成了英语动词的时态问题。
时间分为:过去,现在,将来,过去将来
体分为:一般(在某个时间点)
,
进行(延续某个时间段)
,
完成(完成某个时间段)
完成进行
(延续某个完成的时间段)
如此以来,英语中就有
16
种时态变化,现在就用动词为
writ e
例,看看它们的形式。
英语的时态可以分为:
“时”
(time)
和
“体”
(aspect)
(又称为态)
。时是指动作发生的时间,
体是指动作发生时的状态。
时间与体就象是 坐标里的横轴和纵轴,
它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变
注意:里面的斜体字部分,由于时态过于复 杂,几乎没有人真正去应用它们,可以忽略不记。
时间
体
一般
Write(s)
Wrote
Shall write
Should
Will
进行
Am writing Is
Was
are
writing
were
完成
Have
written
Had written
has
完成进
行
Have
Been
writhing
has
Had been writing
Shall
Have written
will
Shall Have been
Should Have
written
would
Should Have
would
writhing will
been Writing
write Would
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
Shall
Be writing will
Should Be
writing Would
下面就常用的
12
种时态,
(其中还有三种相对用的较少的,请注意)
。具体分析一下。
一.一般现在时
表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态,常用于以下的情况
1
、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态,多与
often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday,
等时间
状语连用。
He takes a walk after supper everyday
2
、表示性格,特征,能力。
Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any.
3
、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。
My mother and father work at the same company.
The sun rises in the east.
二.
一般过去时
(yesterday, last
点”
的时间状 语表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态,
常和表示过
去某个时间“
week, 3 years ago, in 1987)
连用
She bought a car last week.
He came to help me at that time.
三.一般将来时
”上发生的动作或者状态。表示将来的时间“
点
The train will arrive soon.
We shall know the news tomorrow.
四.
过去将来时
要发生的动作或状态。
点
”
上< br>将
过去某个时间
“
I asked her where she would spend
her holiday.
五.
现在进行时
上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。
表示现在的时间
“段”
m doing some washing.
I'
六.过去进行时
“段”
正在延续进行的动作。在过去某一个时间
clock yesterday evening. I was
working in my office at eight o'
七.将来进行时
一般不 太常用。
在将来某个时间“
段”
正在发生的动作,一般表示一种猜测
和未来的 计划,
clock tomorrow afternoon? o'What will you be doing at 3
(明天下午三点你将在做什么哪)
八.现在完成时而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟
“段”
表示动作在一个
时间的完成,
相连。
for 10 hours , by the last yearsince 1987
,
时间状语
My brother has been ill for
3 days.
九.过去完成时
过去的
或者称为的某个 时间
过去“段”
里动作的完成,从过去的一点再到过去
的另一点。在
过去。
He said that he had written her a letter.
Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.
I told my father that I should go home next Monday.
What are you doing?
He was making a phone call when I saw him.
I have not seen her since 1991.
十.将来完成进行时
一般不太常用。
表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作,
.
by next
day
'll have done all the work I
十一。现在完成进行时
,
表示从过去某一个时间开始 一直延续到现在的动作,它强调在这个已
经完成的时间
“段”
动作持续的进行,
常有感情色彩。
everywhere for the whole morning. I have been
looking for you
我找了你整整一天了。
(有抱怨的感情色彩)
十二。 过去完成进行时并且强调动作的持续进是过去的一点延续到过去的另一点,正个时间段
都是发生在过去的 ,
。行,带感情色彩,
但一般不常用
He told me he had been teaching for more
than 20 years.
最后提醒一下:
某些与时态规律不太一致的规则。
过去将来同除了一般将来时态外,
还可以用
以下的几种形式表达。表示一般将来的意思 的,
样可以运用。
一般现在时、
1
am (is ,are) + to do
The girls are to go to school next week.
2
、现在完成时
am (is ,are) + doing
We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History tomorrow.
在这里,我们重点讲一下以下常用时态:
一、一般现在时
一般现在时主要用来表示:
1.
表示一种永久性的、不涉及特定的时间的一般性陈述和客观存在。
e.g.
I) He smokes too much.
II) It seldom snows here.
2.
用于说明自然规律、客观真理、科学事实,格言、谚语等也属于词类等。
e.g.
I) The earth moves round the sun.
II) Actions speak louder than words.
行动胜于雄辩。
3.
动作动词的一般现在时可以表示现阶段重复发生的一系列事件。这时常和
sometimes,
often, usually, frequently, every day/week/month/year, daily, monthly, once a year,
twice a day, five times a month
等表示频度的副词(短语)连用。
e.g.
I) Teenagers often spend hours shopping, especially on weekends.
II) We always care for each other and care for each other.
4.
如果动作动词所 指的是一个在讲话时开始并结束的单一行为,则意味着该事件很少或没有持
续性,通常只用于行为语、特 殊感叹句或对快速体育运动等的实况报导。
e.g.
I) Here comes the winner.
II) I declare the meeting open.
我宣布会议开始。
5.
表示将来时间。在由
wh en
,
if
,
after
,
before
,
as
soon
as
,
even
if
,
in
case
,
though
,
till
,
until
,
unless
,
so long as
等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,一般现在时可以
用来表示将来时间。
e.g.
I) You'd better take an umbrella in case (
万一
) it rains.
II) So long as (
只要
) you work hard, you'll surely succeed.
6.
一般现在时可以用来表示一个按规定、计划、或安排要发生的情况。但这只限于少数动词 ,
如
begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, end, stop, depart,
open, close
等。
e.g.
I) The plane takes off at 11 a.m.
II) School begins the day after tomorrow.
III) Is there a film on tonight?
7.
在
I hope, I bet
等后面的
that-
分句中可用一般现在时表示将来概念。
e.g.
I) I bet Houston Rocket beats Miami Heats this afternoon.
II) I hope the storm passes quickly.
8.
在
see (to it), make sure, make certain
等后面的
that-
分句中可用一般现在时表 示将来
概念。
e.g.
I) Please see (to it) that windows are closed before you leave.
II) Be sure that you don't work too hard.
9.
用于讲故事,叙述文、新闻报导或图片说明等中,以增加描述的生动性和真实感。
e.g.
He sits down, shivers (
颤抖
) a little. The clock outside strikes twelve.
二、一般将来时
一般将来时主要用来表示:
1.
将要发生的动作或情况。
e.g.
I) When shall we have an oral test (
口试
)?
II) He will start to work in June.
2.
习惯动作或未来的倾向。
e.g.
I) Wherever he goes, he will take an umbrella with him.
II) Only in this way will we succeed.
只有这样我们才能成功。
3.
表示将要发生的动作,除了一般将来时外,还有一些其他结构和时态。
a) be going +
不定式
(
表示打算、准备做的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事
)
e.g.
I) Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.
看那些乌云,天快下雨了。
II) I am going to leave for Paris with my classmates next week.
b) be about +
不定式
(
表示正要、刚要发生的事情
)
e.g.
I) The train is about to leave.
II) We are just in time. The curtain is about to go up.
我们来得很及时,电影刚好拉开
序幕。
c) be +
不定式
(
表示按日程将要发生的动作
)
e.g.
I) There is to be a test in the fifth week.
II) I am to meet my friend at the railway station this afternoon.
d)
动词现在时
(
见现在进行时
2)
e)
一般现在时
(
见一般现在时
5
、
6
、
7
、
8)
f)
动词将来进行时,可用来表示不含意图的将来概念。
e.g.
I) Machines will be doing many jobs that people do today.
II) We will be staying in Beijing for three days.
三、一般过去时
一般过去时主要用来表示:
1.
表示事件或状态必定发生在过去,从其 完成到现在之间有一段间隔。过去时间可以由状语表
示,如
yesterday
,an hour ago
,
in 1972
,
last year
等。
e.g.
I) In 1972, Father's Day became a national holiday in the United States.
II) Jane was here a moment ago.
2.
动作动词的一般过去时可以表示在过去一段时间里重复发生的一系列事件。 这时常和
sometimes, often, usually, frequently, every day/week/month/year, daily, monthly,
once a year, twice a day, five times a month
等表示频度的副词(短语)连用。
e.g.
I) Ken never smoked.
II) I went to the cinema three times last week.
3.
在时间和条件状语从句中,一般过去时可以替代过去将来时。
e.g.
I) Father promised to buy me a MP3 if he got a pay raise.
II) I couldn't watch that exciting game before my homework was finished.
谓
语
动
词
的
时
态(二)
四、现在完成时
1.
现在完成时只要用来表示:
a)
开始于过去而延续至今的动作(有可能继续延续下去)或重复性的事件。
e.g.
I) Advertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times.
广告在现
代社会中已成为一项非常专业化的活动。
II) She has lived here since 1997.
b)
动作的结果到现在时刻仍然存在,常与
recently, just, already, yet, before, in
the past few years, up to now, so far, this year, for, since
等时间状语连用。
e.g.
I) So far we have learned a lot about different tenses.
II) In the past few decades (
十年
) great changes have taken place in Hangzhou.
2.
现在完成时和一般过去时的比较:
a)
意义上的区别
两种时态的动作都发生在过去,
现在完成时 强调动作现在的结果;
过去时着眼过去的动作或状态
本身。试比较:
e.g.
I) I have read this book. (
说明我了解书的内容。
)
II) I read this book yesterday. (
叙述昨天做的一件事,与现在无关。
)
b)
时间状语的区别
与一般过去时相关的
yesterday (morning), a month ago, earlier this month, last week/month/year/
状语
Monday, the other day (
前几天
), at that time, in 1979, etc.
与现在完成时相关的
since Monday, so far, ever, never, up to now/ present, yet, for three days,
状语
etc.
Today, recently, this week/month/year/June, this morning/afternoon/evening,
与两者都相关的状语
recently, before, once, already, etc.
c)
特殊用法
i)
在“
This/ It is the first (second, third, last, etc.) time
…”后用现在完成时。
e.g.
It is the first time that I have traveled by train.
ii)
在“
It is/ has been a long time since
…”后用过去时。
e.g.
It has been 10 years since I graduated from my university.
iii)
在“
This is +
最高级形容词
+
名词”后的从句中用现在完成时。
e.g.
He is the most interesting person I have ever met.
五、将来完成时
将来完成时由
shall
(will)
have
加过去分词构成,主要表示将来某时已经发生的事情。如果句
子中有“
by +
将来的某一时间”或
when, before
等时间状语时,可以用将来完成时。
e.g.
I) I shall have finished my homework before lunch.
II) By the end of next month, he will have lived here fore three years.
III) When we get there, they will probably have left.
IV) Hurry up, or the train will have left by the time we get to the station.
六、过去完成时
1.
过去完成时的用法
过去完成时主要表示先于过去某一时间的事件或 状态,即“过去的过去”
。这一事件或状态可以
在过去某一时间以前已经完成,也可能从“过去 的过去”
某一时间一直延续到过去某一时间(甚
至还可能延续下去,但与现在时间无关)
。
a)
过去完成时常和
after, before, by, till, when, until
等引入的状语连用。
e.g.
I) I began collecting stamps in February and by November I had collected
more than 2000.
II) When I woke up it had already stopped raining.
III) She didn't go to bed until she had finished her homework.
b)
在很多情况下没有明显的时间状语,时间由上下文表示出来。
e.g.
I) He went to see his boss and told him what had happened.
II) They returned earlier than we had expected.
c)
过去完成时的几种特殊用法
i)
和
before
连用,表示“还没……就”
。
e.g.
I) She cried before I had realized what was happening.
我还没有意识到发生什么事
情她就哭了起来。
II) They set out before I had told them the address.
ii)
“
It/This/That was the first/second/third time that
…”
结构中的从句,要求用过
去完成时态。