《英语语法大全(完全版)
余年寄山水
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2021年02月01日 10:40
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乐观心态-懊悔的反义词
实用文案
语法
1
•
5
种类型的谓语
1326
在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有
谓语。
5
种类型的
第一类包含一个不及物动词
（
IV
）
:
He came
.
My wife cried
.
第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（
TV
+
0
）
:
John likes me
.
His un cle wrote letters
第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（
DV+IO+DO
）
:
They teach me En glish
.
I bought Mary sugar
.
第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（
LV
+
C
）
:
He is a teacher
.
标准文档
实用文案
She looks sad
.
第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语
(
FV
+
O
+
C
):
We made him ki ng
She left the house dirty
.
1
.
基本成分
1302
根据其结构，句子可以分为
5
类
:
a
.
主语
+
不及物动词
Joh n
came
.
(
S
)
(
IV
)
b
.
主语
+
及物动词
+
Joh n
likes
(
S
)
(
TV
)
标准文档
宾语
oranges
.
(
O
)
实用文案
C
.
主语
+
双宾动词
+
间接兵语
+
直接宾语
Joh n
gave
Mary
books
.
(
S
)
(
DV
)
(
10
)
(
DO
)
d
.
主语
+
系动词
+
主语补语
Joh n
is
happy
.
(
S
)
(
LV
)
(
SC
)
e
.
主语
+
宾补动词
+
宾语
+
宾语补语
Joh n
makes
Mary
angry
.
(
S
)
(
FV
)
(
O
)
(
OC
)
主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾语及补语
可
以称为基本句子成分。在上面的句子中，如把任何一个成分删除，都会成为病
句。
从上面例句也可看出，完整的句子一般至少包含
2
个基本成分，至多
4
个
基本成
分。
2
•附属成分
1303
基本成分可以加修饰语：
1
）定语（即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或
从句）或
2
）状语（即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）。下
面
标准文档
实用文案
例句中，修饰语为斜体字，被修饰的词为黑体字：
1
）
Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby
.
John likes oranges imported from the U
.
S
..
John gave Mary many
books
,
which are full of illustrations
2
）
John often came to chat with me
.
John likes oranges very much
.
Whenever he gets drunk
,
John makes Mary very angry
.
这类句子，即使把修饰语去掉，结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语，可能在意思
上
很重要，但在结构上不影响句子的完整性，因此称作附属成分。
3
.
独立成分
1304
句中还有一类成分，可以去掉，不影响句子的完整性，并和句子的
其他
词没有语法的关系，可以称作独立成分。
Oh
!
What is that
!
（惊叹词）
He has
，
alas
，
failed again
标准文档
实用文案
Come here
,
John
.
（呼语）
Roll on
,
Ocean
,
roll on
4
.
省略成分
1305
此外还有一类被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的
意
思：
(
You
)
Come here
.
(
I wish you
)
Good luck
!
Some gave him praises
,
but others
(
gave him
)
rotten eggs
.
5
.
连接成分
1306
最后还有连接成分，它实际上是一个并列连词，用来连接两个或几
个
平行的词、短语和分句。
1307
，一个完整的句子
(
从句或分句
)
必须包含
2
个到
4
个基本成分
,
此外，
如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。
1
•解析
That
—指示形容词，修饰单数名词
boy
。
标准文档
实用文案
boy
—普通名词，阳性，单数，主格，为动词
shook
的主语
shook
—及物动词，过去式。
his
—物主代词，阳性，单数，第三人称，所有格，修饰名词
head
。
head
—普通名词，中性，单数，宾格，
shook
的宾语。
2
.
分析
3
.
图解
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
标准文档
实用文案
解析对词的分类处理过多，不甚有用。分析说明了句中词之间的关系，但有
时显得很复杂。图解最有用，因为它以最简单明了的方式说明了词与词之间的关
系，这种关系有时会把读者弄糊涂。
1
.
4
个基本成分的图解办法
1309
5
类基本句及
4
种基本成分可以用下面的方式加以图解
:
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
一个词的特定地位意味着它的特定作用。和横线交叉的左边竖线把主语
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
标准文档
S
实用文案
（在左面）和动词
V
（在右面）分开。斜线表示它右面的词为主语或宾语的补语。
另一竖线表示右面的词为宾语
0
。
2
•附属成分的图解办法
1310
主语、动词。宾语及补语这
4
种基本成分都放在横线的上方，附属
成
分，如形容词、畐
9
词及起相同作用的其他词语，都放在横线的下方，紧挨在它
们
所修饰词的下面：
My father left yesterday
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Some people write commercial letters skillfully
.
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Some n aughty little childre n broke his expe nsive spectacles purposely
.
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
A dow nright bad man is very ofte n a won derfully successful man
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
标准文档
实用文案
The old man opposite the street visited his ehildren in Francein
1968
.
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
3
.
成语、助动词、动名词等的图解办法
1311
应当记住，一个空位通常只容一个词（类），但成语由几个词构成
却起
一个词（类）的作用。因此有必要把构成成语的几个词放在一个空位中，因
为成语
表示一个单一的意思，不宜分割成几个词（类）：
The Mi nister of Econo mics paid atte nti on to the in flati on
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
助动词应和主要动词放在一起：
She has bee n raisi ng her ehildre n for the last ten years
介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语或名词从句，在用作主语、宾语或补语
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
标准文档
实用文案
时，可用一个
其内在结构，还表示它作为一个词和其他词的关系
:
来进行图解，不仅表示
He is in a bad temper
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意，这个句子有
3
个基本成分：主语< br>+
系动词
+
补语。第三部分
in a bad
temper
的图解，不仅说明了这
4
个词之间的关系，还通过使用
说明它作为一个单一词类和其他词之
标准文档
实用文案
间的关系，即起形容词的作用，作为系动词
is
的补语。在下面图解中，这个短
语占了
2
个空位，这样容易引起误会，因为人们会以为这个句子包含
成分：
4
个基本
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
To tell lies is not always successful
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
上面图解中
to tell lies
这个不定式短语，一方面表明了
to tell
是一个及
物动
词，
lies
是它 的宾语，另一方面说明整个短语起名词作用，只占一个空，作
为句子的
主语。如果用下面图解，就会引起误会：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
He likes playi ng tennis in the morni ng
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意上面动名词
playing tennis in the morning
playing
为及物动词，
tennis
为其宾语，而
in the morning
的图解，一方面说明
为其修饰语，另一
方面说明这个短语起名词作用，用作及物动词（谓语动词）
like
的宾语。
He washes before tak ing dinner
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
标准文档
实用文案
注意，
talking dinner
这个动名词短语，通过使用
，表明为一个单一词类，起名词作用，
用作介词
before
的宾语。如作下面图解则会引起误会：
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
know that you speak En glish well
.
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意
that
引起的从句的图解，一方面表明了这
5
个词之间的关系（
that
为
连词，主语为
you
，
speak
为及物动词，宾语为
english
，
well
为
speak
的修
饰语），另一方面说明整个从句起一个单一词即名词的作用，
用
作及物动词，
know
的宾语。
that
上下的两条模线表明它是一个连词。
4
.
其他规则
1312
在图解中省略的词应用圆括号标出：
标准文档
实用文案
He has walked fifty miles
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Come here
.
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
What
(
=The thing which
)
I know is unimportant
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
问号及惊叹号放在正横线右边末尾，在图解中大写字母保持不变：
Can he come
？
What a trip we have had
！
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
只要句子的意思保持不变，词语位置的任何变动都不影响图解。
He left for France yesterday
.
和
Yesterday he left for France
.
图解的
方式一样：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
同样，
I sing this song specially for you
.
和
Specially for you I sing this song
.
图解的方式一样：
标准文档
实用文案
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
My happy days are gone
!
和
Gone are my happy days
!
也如此：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
某个特殊的句子，根据不同的理解可有不同的图解方式。例如在
He is out
of temper
.
中，
out of temper
可看作是成语，是一个整体，这时图解方式如
下：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
如果把它看作介词短语，包含
2
个成分，则可作如下图解：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
在
Walking along the street
，
John met Mary
.
这个句子中，
Walking
alo ng the street
可以看作定语，这时可以按下面方式图解：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
如果把它看作状语，图解会是下面这个方式：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
还有一些其他规则，说明如下：
在主要横线左端下方的竖线来表示它后面或下面的词和全句有关，
可以是
个句子修饰语或是一个把这个句子和另一句子连接起来的并列连词：
标准文档
实用文案
Luckily
，
I found the lost ring
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
In at word
，
I can do no more
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
I study music and my wife does housework
.
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
He is a great politician
；
besides
,
he is an artist
.
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
He worked very hard
；
on the other hand
,
his children played all day
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
In deed he knows his fault
,
but he refuses to own it
.
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
最后，注意以后各节中，凡有星号的例句，都将在各句型讲完之后加以图解。
I
•名词（或代词）
1314
Books are good compa nions
标准文档
实用文案
London is populous
.
如果由名词表示的主语受到强调或有较长的修饰语，它可以由一个代词代
替，本身则移到句子末尾：
He is a nice fellow
，
your uncle
.
It is truly long
,
that bridge across the Yellow River
.
They have gone away
,
those rascals
.
There it stood a monument of all ages
.
It is funny the way
（
that
）
he teaches his children
（主语可以跟一定语从句）
It ast oni shes me the nu mber of the wives he has
It is in scrutable the rumour that is spread ing
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
匸］表示它上面的整个词组和它前面的词指的是同一东西。
标准文档
.
实用文案
U
•名词成语
1315
“
Crocodile tears
”
means pretended sorrow . The dog star is the
largest fixed star
.
A
“
field piece
”
means a cannon
The river bed is muddy
.
I wore a sun hat
.
He is a paper tiger and who is
afraid of him
?
（名词
+
名词）
His maiden speech is wonderful
.
A leap year comes every fourth year
.
His
untimely end is beyond belief
.
A wet blanket and a queer fish are coming toward
us
.
Is a heavy hand eno ugh to suppress the revolt
?
（形容词
+
名词）
Today is All Fools'Day
.
A cat's paw may be a scapegoat
.
This prin ter's ink
is poor
.
“
Man's estate
”
means the age of man hood
.
（名词所有格
+
名词）
An apple of discord was thrown among them
.
A Jack of all trades
may be a good- for
—
nothing
.
A fish out of water will die soon
.
Here is a
case in point
.
A friend at court will help me
.
（名词
+
介词
+
名词）
The insand outs of this scandal interested us
.
The long and short of
the story is this
.
The ups and dow ns of life are familiar to my uncle
.
（名
词
+and
标准文档
实用文案
+
名词）
Guangdong Province is in the south of China
.
Stratford-on- Avon is the birth
—
place of Shakespeare
.
The Mini stry of Educati on has issued an importa nt
ordi nance
.
（专有名词短语）
其他例子
:
A curta in lecture
,
elbow room
,
an in sect bite
,
fairy tales
The Almighty Dollar
,
the Dark Continent
,
the black market
,
a dark room
,
a golden wedding
,
an aching void
,
a low diet
The bull's eye
,
a sheep's eye
,
a fool's cap
,
a sailors home
,
Achilles'
heel
,
Adam's apple
,
the lion's share
,
the king's evil
The age of machinery
,
the art of God
,
the man in the street
,
a bed of
roses , a woman of the world , a man of family , a letter of credit , a word of honour
,
castles in the air
,
a friend in need
,
a man about town
All beer and skittle
,
the alpha and beta
,
the why and where
—
fore
the sum and substanee
,
Darby and Joan
,
David and Jonathan
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
标准文档
实用文案
1316
We shall start tomorrow
.
She likes it
Mine
(
= My family
)
is an unhappy family
.
His
(
=His fate
)
has been
the fate of an unusual artist
.
Hers is a car made in Germany
.(
名词性物
主代词
+
系动词
+
名词
)
We
(
= Our
class
)
are full up
.
We
(
= Our office
)
close on
Saturday after
noon
have bee n packed
.
He
(
= His watch
)
is too fast
.
We
(=
Our things
)
.
（人称代词有时可用来表示属于某人的东西）
My uncle he
(
名词
+
多余的代词
)
wants it done
.
People in town they have
never seen cows
.
（文化低的人的语言或歌谣中的说法）
She is a nice girl
，
Mary
.
They are very selfish
，
those people
.
（代词
在前，指同一人或东西的名词在后，参阅
1314
节）
It is hot
（
or cloudy
,
snowing
,
raining
.
）（
It
指天气）
It is spri ng
（
or morning
,
Sun day
,
my birthday
）
；
struck three
,
is
growing towards evening
.
（
It
指时间）
It is ten miles
（
or a long way
）
.
（
It
指距离）
It is I
（
or me
）
.
（
It
指一个身份尚不清楚的人）
It is all over with him
.
How is it with him
？
How goes it
？
般情况）
（
It
泛指一
It is my sister
（主语受至
U
强调）
that
（
or who
）
studied English at
A
.
A
.
A
.
School when she was seventeen
.
（用
It is
…
that
…这种结构可以
标准文档
实用文案
对主语、宾语、状语短语或状语从句加以强调。
A
.
A
.
A
.
School whe n she was seve ntee
n
调时可改为上面形式。）
My sister studied at
.
是原来的句子，对主语加以强
It is English
（宾语受至
U
强调）
that
（
or which
）
my sister studied
,
etc
.
It is at A
.
A
.
A
.
School
（状语短语受到强调）
that
（
or where
）
my sister
studied English
,
etc
.
It is whe n she was seve ntee n
（状语从句受至
U
强调）
that my sister
studied English at A
.
A
.
A
.
School
.
It is I that said so
标准文档
实用文案
It is wait ing for a cha nee that will not do
It is here
(
or then
,
for this reason
,
with a lightning speed
married her
)
that he
It was after see ing her that he became crazy
Who is it that you want
?
What is it that he is looking for
?
It is only arithmetic that he is afraid of
.
It is only her idols that she
pays attention to
bus in ess
.
.
It is not his children that he cares about
,
but his
It is a good horse that n ever stumbles
. (
= No horse is so good as to
never stumble
.)(
这类常在谚语中出现的句子，结构虽和上面句子相同，意
思却不
一样。
)
It is a silly fish that is caught twice
.
caught twice
.)
(
= no fish is so silly as to be
It is an ill bird that fouls his own nest
. (
= No bird is so ill as to foul his own
nest
.)
注：
It
可以代表一个动名词、不定式或从句。可参阅
1318
—
1322
。
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
标准文档
实用文案
It
表示
the thing
,
that
引起的从句可以看做定语，修饰主语
It
。
that
起从
属连
词和代词的作用，图解记号异于并列连词。
IV.
the+
形容词（或分词）
1317
The brave deserve the fair
.
The young are to be educated
.
There are
the dying and the dead
,
the slain and the van
—
guished
.
（复数主语）
The beautiful and the good is our ideal
.
The middle or the thick of the forest
has many animals in it
.
The accused
（
or The deceased
）
is a rich man
.
The
French is different in character from the English
.
（单数主语）
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
V.
不定式
1318
作主语的不定式常常由
it
代替，本身放到句末作为
it
的同位语
:
标准文档
实用文案
To live in Tokyo would be too expensive
.
It would be too expensive to live in
Tokyo
.
To go out of town every weekend became our custom
custom to go out of tow n every weeke nd
.
It became our
To have broken his leg is his bad luck
.
It is his bad luck to have broke n his
leg
.
To be happy requires
(
or needs
,
wants
)
no great fortune
It requires no great fortune to be happy
.
To be rich or to be poor makes a lot of differenee
differe nee to be rich or to be poor
.
.
It makes a lot of
To raise the fund
,
to set up the building
take time
.
,
to employ workers
,
all these
The story makes me sick to repeat
.
To repeat the story makes me sick
.
It
makes me sick to repeat the story
.(
这三句意思相同，去卩有不同的
主语。
)
This theory takes much time to understand
.
To understand this
.
theory takes much time
.
It takes much time to understand this theory
标准文档
实用文案
To an swer the questio n you asked in your letter is easy
.
It is easy to an swer the questi on you asked in your letter
The question you asked in your letter
,
it is easy to answer
（这三句意思相同，可比较其主语。）
To handle a wife who comes of a rich family seems difficult
difficult to han dle a wife who comes of a rich family
a rich family
,
it seems difficult to handle
.
.
It seems
.
A wife who comes of
不定式可以有一个意义上的主语：
For John to live in Tokyo would be too expensive
expe nsive for Joh n to live in Tokyo
.
.
It would be too
For a com moner to marry a no blema n's daughter does n ot ast onish me
.
It
does not astonish me for a commoner to marry a nobleman's daughter
.
For politicia ns to talk about peace is as funny as for drin kers to talk about
tempera nee
.
It is as funny as for drin kers to talk about tempera nee
,
for politicia
ns to talk about peace
.
下面句子中的不定式没有意义上的主语。
for you , of you
等和
it is
有关
,
起补语作用：
标准文档
实用文案
It is for
(
or up to
)
you to say yes or no
.( =
To say yes or no is for[or up to]
you
.)
It is easier for you to speak to the boss tha n for me
the boss is easier for you than for me
.)
.
(
=To speak to
It is very kind of you to do so
.
(
=To do so is very kind of you
.)
It is n atural in Mary to love Joh n
It is inconvenient to her to wait so long
It is up to you to apologize
.
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意意义上的主语
for John
是如何图解的。
W.
动名词
1319
和不定式一样，作主语的动名词也可以用
it
代替：
标准文档
实用文案
Living in Tokyo would be too expensive
.
It would be too expensive
livi ng in Tokyo
.
Crying over spilt milk is no use
.
It is no use crying over spilt milk
There is no climbing up the cliff
.
impossible
.)
(
= Climbing up the cliff is
There is no denying the fact
. (
=De nying the fact is impossible
.)
John's
(
or His
)
living in Tokyo would be too expensive
It would be too expensive John's
(
or his
)
living in Tokyo
.
(
动名词这里有意义上的主语
)
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意动名词意义上主语
John's
如何图解的。
VD.
that
引起的从句
1320
由
that
引起的 主语从句常可用
it
代替，而本身则移到句尾，作为
it
的同位
语：
That he had succeeded pleased me very much
.
It pleased me very much that
标准文档
实用文案
he had succeeded
.
That he was killed is a serious matter
.
It is a serious matter that he was
killed
.
That he has done his best is clear
.
It is clear
(
that
)
he has done his
best
.(
如果句子不长，
that
可以省略。
)
The fact
(
or The circumstanee
)
that he was killed was a serious matter
.
(
that
引起的从句前面常可放
the fact
或
the circumstanee
)
It is clear
(
or likely
,
certain
)
that he likes his job
.
It would be better that he give up smok ing
smoking
).
(
=He had better give up
It is rumoured
(
or said
,
learned
,
denied
)
that the premier decides to
resign
.
It is a pity that he should die so young
It happened
(
or chaneed
,
came about
,
developed
,
turned out
)
that the
detective himself was the thief
.
It came about that we had not eno ugh money to pay the bill
It seems
(
or appears
,
occurs
)
to me that she is a poet
标准文档
实用文案
It struck me that I could be a lawyer
.
He is poor
,
but it does not follow that he will cheat anyone
It is not that A is an upright man
,
but that he has no chanee to do
evil
.
It may be that B is too hungry to do any good
,
but it cannot be that he is willi
ng to do any evil
.
It is
(
high
)
time that we started
.
How is it that you know so much
?
How comes it
(
about
)
that you know so
much
?
How come
(
=why
)
you know so much
?
(
It is
)
Some
(
Little
,
No
)
wonder
(
that
)
he failed
.
(
在用
wonder
作补语时，
it is
可以省略。
)
(
It was
)
A wonder
(
that
)
he did not fall
.
What wonder
(
was it
)
that he
falled
? (
= It was natural that he failed
.)
It is said
(
or denied
,
rumoured
)
that the Mayor fell in love with
Mary
.
The Mayor
,
it is said
(
or denied
,
rumoured
) ,
fell in love with
Mary
.(
这两句意思几乎相同，但在第二句中不能用
that
。
)
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
由
that
引起的从句用作名词及主语。注意连词
that
的图解方式
标准文档
实用文案
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
毗
.
疑问词引起的从句
1321
由疑问词引起的从句，和
that
引起的从句一样，可以由
it
代替
:
How he could do it seemed a mystery
.
It seemed a mystery how he could do
it
.
Where he had escaped puzzled me
.
It puzzled me where he had escaped
.
What is it to me who he is
?
It does not matter when you get married
,
but
•…
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
连接词
how
和副词
how
都在这个图解中表示出来，但一个需加括号。
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
区•疑问词
+
不定式
标准文档
实用文案
1322
疑问词引起的不定式，和连接词引起的从句一样，也可以 用
it
代替：
How to escape seems to be a problem
.
It seems to be a problem
,
how to
escape
.
What to say puzzles me
.
It puzzles me what to say
.
Whether or not to follow the policy depends upon circumstances
depends upon circumstances
.
whether or not to follow the policy
.
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
X.
术语和引语
1323
On is a preposition . Buy means
“
get by paying a price
”
.“
Look
before you leap is a famous proverb
.“
Honesty is the best policy
”
is a
say ing ofte n ridiculed by people
.
幻
.
介词短语
标准文档
It
.
实用文案
1324
From seven to seven is our store hours
.
From infancy to man hood is
an importa nt period
.
From here to there is a short distanee
.
Good in the saddle
is good for everything
.(
这样的短语用作主
语时很少
)
刘
.
省略
1325
(
You
)
Sit down
,
please
.
(
You
)
Wait a minute
.
you
)
Like it
?
(
You had
)
Better say no
.(
Are you
)
Feeling any better
?
Seems to be impossible
.(
作主语时，有些代词有时省略。
)
{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
标准文档
Do
(
It
)
(
实用文案
1
•
5
种类型的谓语
1326
在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有
标准文档
5
种类型的
实用文案
谓语。
第一类包含一个不及物动词
（
IV
）
:
He came
.
My wife cried
.
第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（
TV
+
0
）
:
John likes me
.
His un cle wrote letters
第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（
DV+IO+DO
）
They teach me En glish
.
I bought Mary sugar
.
第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（
LV
+
C
）
:
He is a teacher
.
She looks sad
.
第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（
FV
+
O
+
C
）
:
We made him king
She left the house dirty
标准文档
:
实用文案
2
•动词的短语形式
1327
不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动
词、
不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语
或成
语。例如“及物动词
+
名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词：
He lost heart
.
（他灰心
了。）
This habit has struck root
.
（这种习惯已
根深蒂固）
下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：
I looked for my lost dictionary
.
（我在找我弄失的字典。）
He paid atte ntion to his lesson
.
（他很注意他的功课。）
He gave up drinking
.
（他戒酒了。）
He is afraid of blood
.
（他怕血。）
He can't get along with anyone
.
（他和谁都
处不好。）
下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：
I waited for him to come
详见
（我等他来。）
1182
—
1206
节。
标准文档
实用文案
3
•宾语的
9
种形式
1328
此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有
9
种东西可用作及物
动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，
可以称作
名词等同体（
Nou n
—
Equivale nt
），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：
I know John
（名词）
.
She kept the floor dirty
.
I will teach Joh n Chin ese
.
I know him
（代词）
.
She kept it clea n
That depe nds upon them
.
He threw out an apple of discord
I have just visited the Board of Trade
.
I am not fond of wild goose chase
.
标准文档
（名词短语）
.
实用文案
This matter in terests the rich and the poor
（
the +
形容词或分词）
The general visited the dying and the wounded
（
the
）
short of this case
.
.
I know the long and
He wan ts to go to college
（不定式）
She refuses to marry me
I asked to see a frie nd in pris on
He is fond of swimmi ng in the morni ng
（动名词）
He avoids meet ing any of his frie nds
I postp oned going to the doctor
I know that she loves me
（
that
引起的从句）
I am sure that you will succeed
Is he afraid that he will be defeated
？
I won der what he wants
（疑问词弓
I
起的从句）
I asked where he had bee n
I don't know which way I should go
I don't know what to do
（疑问词引起的不定式）
I am doubtful how to settle this problem
标准文档
实用文案
I do not care where to eat dinner
4
•补语的
15
种形式
1329
不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的
9
种名词等同体以及
下面
例句中的
6
种形容词等同体（
Adjective
—
Equiva
—
lent
）都可用作系动词
或宾补
动词的补语。
名词及名词等同体作补语：
He is a ki ng
（名词）
.
We chose him chairma n
It is me
（代词）
.
He became a fish out of water
（名词短语）
.
I find it a moot point
The victims are always the poor
（
the +
形容词）
.
To respect others is to be respected
（不定式）
.
Seeing is believ ing
（动名词）
.
His purpose is that all children should be educated
标准文档
（
that
弓丨起的从
实用文案
句）
.
The problem is who is to blame
（疑问词引起的从句）
.
My problem is how to lear n
（疑问词引起的不定式）
.
形容词及形容词等同体作补语：
He seems happy
（形容词）
.
You look young
He makes me angry
He is out
（地点副词）
.
The show is over
.
Time is up
.
He is at home
（介词短语）
.
We are on good terms
.
He leaves his desk out of order
.
It seems in teresti ng
（现在分词）
The situati on grows en courag ing
I saw Mary smok ing
标准文档
.
实用文案
I am ast oni shed
（过去分词）
He looked frighte ned
I had my clothes washed
He is to blame
（不定式）
It is to be throw n away
He wants his daughter to marry a rich man
5
•再复杂的句子也可简化
1330
因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，
从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把
to live in this country
把许多不同形式看作同类东西，
I know that he does not like
.
中的
10
个斜体词和
I know John
.
中的一个斜体词看
作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把
begged to see a friend in prison
He
.
中的
6
个斜体词和
He begged pardon
.
中
的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。
同样，我们也可把
He is to come to the office at eight
.
中的
7
个斜体词
和
He is
punctual
.
中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，
因为两者都是补语。另外
下面
4
个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我 们却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或
是
标准文档
实用文案
起及物动词作用的词组：
He likes chocolate
.
（他喜欢巧克力。）
He is fond of teachi ng
.
（他爱教书。）
Joh n pays atte nti on to his bus in ess
.
（约翰关心他的买卖。）
I am sure that he will be a good husband
.
（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。）
此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽
管
形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂
的句
子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。
2
.
一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中
1332
为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子
:
a
.
I know him to work hard
.
b
.
We want him to come
.
c
.
She let us to use her car
.
d
.
They suppose all of us to obey
.
标准文档
实用文案
e
.
John saw Mary to walk with a boy
所有这些句子的谓语都属于第
42
种类型，即“宾补动词
+
名词
+
不定式”，
但
只有
b
.
句的谓语是正确的，因为只有
want
这一动词可用于这个类型，其他
动词都
不能这样用。再看下面句子：
a
.
I tried advising her
.
b
.
I asked seeing the boss
.
c
.
He thinks going with you
.
d
.
We wish moving to another place
.
e
.
They refused helping us
.
上面所有谓语都属 于第
13
种类型，即“及物动词
+
动名词”，但只有
a
.
句
是
正确的，因为动词
tried
可用于这种 类型，而其他动词不可这样用。
从上面
10
个例句我们可以看出，一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，
在一特定类型中，一个特定的动词能用还是不能用，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。
1333
从下面句子中可以看出
know
可用在多少类型的谓语中：
I know John
.
（及物动词
+
名词）（正确）
I know Joh n to come tomorrow
.
（宾补动词
+
名词
+
不定式）（错误）
标准文档
实用文案
I know that John comes tomorrow
.
（及物动词
+that
引起的从句）（正
确）
I know to an swer this questio n
.
（及物动词
+
不定式）（错误）
I kn ow the work easy
.
（宾补动词
+
名词
+
形容词）（错误）
I know how to answer this question
（正确）
.
（及物动词
+
疑问词引起的不定式）
I kn ow the work to be easy
.
（宾补动词
+
名词
+to be+
形容词）（正确）
I kn ow John comi ng
（宾补动 词
+
名词
+
现在分词）
.
（错误）
I know orga nizing a political party
（及物动词
+
动名词）
.
（错误）
从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在
47
种类型的某些类型中，不能
在许多类型中使用。
3
.
一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词
1334
有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系
动
词
+that
引起的从句”这种类型中只能用
be
这一个动词。在“不及物动词
+
介词
+
疑
问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用
20
个动词，在“及物动词
+
不定
式或动名词”
这类类型中，约可用
50
个动词，而在“及物动词
+that
引起的从
句”这 种类型中，
约可用
150
个动词。每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将
标准文档
实用文案
几乎全部列出并加上例句，以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。
不
过某些谓语类型中可用的动词极多
（可说是成百上千）。在这种情况下只能给出
一小部分动词。
C
•谓语类型与句型
1335
关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：
1
•
动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。
而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂，这在下面
47
种谓语类型中可清楚看出。
如果对主语不加考虑，这
47种谓语类型也就是
47
种句型。事实上在下面讨论
中，
谓语类型的公式都采用“
S
+
TV
+
N
”，“
S+DV
+
N
+
N
”，“
S
+
FV
+
N
+
A < br>”这类形式，里面包含了主语（
S
）
,
因此也就代表了句型。
2
.
一个句型可以包含一个简单句：
Joh n knows how to play football
He avoided meet ing her at some party
.
3
.
它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句：
He knows what you are doing
标准文档
实用文案
I asked where he got it
.
4
•但并列句中至少需有两个句型：
I have decided to go
（一个句型）
and he will go too
（—个句型），
but
she decides to remain at home
（一个句型）
.
（共包含三个句型）
D
.
修饰语与独立成分
1336
句型指一个完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语（即形容
词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语）。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语
法
上却是可以删除的，在我们考虑句型，也就是句子的基本结构时，可以对它们
不加
考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语
+
及物动词
+
名词”，但却
可包含不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含
25
个词的句子和第一个包含
4
个
词的句子同属一个句型：
I saw a house
.
I saw a big house
.
I saw a big house on the opposite side
.
I saw a big house on the opposite side , which was said to be haun ted
标准文档
实用文案
by a ghost
.
Yesterday I saw a big house
标准文档
实用文案
Yesterday whe n I sailed dow n the river I saw a big house
修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不
变。
所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语
+
系动词
+
补语”：
That man is crazy
Oh
！
that man is crazy
Oh
！
that man is crazy
，
I am sure
.
Oh
!
that man is crazy
,
you may be sure
,
Mary
.
E
.
句型的用法
1337
在下面讨论中，所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。
列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。
一般说来，数目越小，越难
使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词，则用错的机会更多。
1338
偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这
47
种句型的任何一个。但如果
把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语，
则它们大部分仍可归入某
些句型：
标准文档
实用文案
I have a good mind
(
=intend
)
to punish you
.(
have a good mind
可能换为
intend
，则句型将是“主语
+及物动词
+
不定式”。
)
He will have it
(
=insists
)
that I have cheated him
.(
主语
+
及物动词
+that
引
起的从句
)
“
Who has taken my pen
?
”“
john
(
has taken your pen
).”
(
I
)
Beg
(
your
)
pardon
.
(
It was
)
No sooner said than
(
it was
)
done
.
(
You
)
Live and let
(
others
)
live
.
(
I wish you
)
Good luck
!
1339
确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的，因
为它
们不代表
47
种句型中的任何一个：
1
.
I hear about that John has arrived
.(
主语
+
不及物动词
+
介词
+that
引起
的从句
)
2
.
I paid attention what he was doing
.(
主语
+
及物动词
+
名词
+
疑问
词引
起的从句
)
标准文档
实用文案
+
介词
+that
引起的从句）
4
.
He is afraid being assass in ated
词）
3
.
He is afraid of that he will be assass in ated
.
（主语
+
系动词
+
形容词
.
（主语
+
系动词
+
形容词
+
动名
5
.
I know that who has broken the window
.
（主语
+
及物动词
+that+
疑问词引起的从句）
（主语
+
及物动词
+
形容词）
6
.
We want peaceful
这些句型应改正如下：
正确句子
正确句型
I hear that Joh n has ar
1
.
主语
+
及物动词
+that
引
rived
.
起的从句
I paid atte nti on to
2
.
主语
+
及物动词
+
名词
+
介
what
he was doing
词
+
疑问词引起的从句
He is afraid that he will
3
.
主语
+
系动词
+
形容词
+ that
be assass in
引起的从句
ated
He is afraid of being as
4
.
主语
+
系动词
+
形容词
+
介
sass
词
+
动名词
inated
.
标准文档
实用文案
5
.
主语
+
及物动词
+
疑问词
I kn
ow
who has broken
引起的从句
the win dow
.
6
.
主语
+
及物动词
+
名词
We wa nt peace
.
其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。
F
.
47
种句型的公式
1340
每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表，例如：“
S
+
IV
”，“
S
+
TV
+
N
”，“
S
+
LV
+
AP
”，“
S
+
FV
+
N + PaP
”，“
S
+
DV
+
N
+
that
—
CI
”.下
面列出了代表某些词的缩写形式：
S= Subject
（主语）
PaP
=
Past Participle
（过
0= Object
（宾语）
去分词）
（
名
C= Compleme nt
（补语）
N= Noun or Pronoun
IO= In direct Object
（间接
词或代词）
宾语）
R= Reflexive Pronoun
（反
DO= Direct Object
（直接
身代词）
标准文档