英语语法基本句子成分和结构
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2021年02月01日 10:53
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第一讲
英语基本句子成分和句子结构
一、英语句子成分
句子成分的定义:
构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子 成分有
主要成分
和
次要成分
,主要
成分有
主语
和< br>谓语
,次要成分有
表语
、
宾语
、
定语
、状语
、
补足语
、
同位语
和
插入语
。
1.
主语
:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在
there be
结构
、
疑问句(当主
语不是疑问词时)
和
倒装句中
,主语位 于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由
名词
、
代词
、
数词< br>、
不定式
、
动名词
、
名词化的形容词
和
主语 从句
等表示。例如:
Tom
is a good boy.
(名词)
We
often speak English in class.
(代词)
One- third of the students
in this class are girls.
(数词)
To swim in the river
is a great pleasure.
(不定式)
Smoking
does harm to the health.
(动名词)
The rich
should help the poor.
(名词化形容词)
When we are going to have an English test
has not been decided.
(主语从句)
It
is necessary
to master a foreign language
.
(
it
为
形式主语
,不定式为
真实主语
)
2.
谓语:
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词
在句中作谓语,一般放在主语
之后。谓语的构成如下:
(1)
简单谓语
:由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如:
He
practices running
every morning.
(2)
复合谓语
:
由(情态动词或其他助动词
+
动词原形)构成。例如:
You
may keep
the book for two weeks.
He
has caught
a bad cold.
We
are having
a quick breakfast.
3.
表语:< br>表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于
系动词
(如
be,
keep,
remain,
become, get, grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste
等)之后。
表语须和系动词一起构成
句子的复合谓语(
系表结构
)
。表语一般由
名词
、
代词
、
形容词
、
分词
、
数词
、
不定式
、
动名
词
、
介词短语
、
副词< br>及
从句
充当。例如:
My mother is
a doctor
.
(名词)
Is it
yours
?
(代词)
The weather has turned
cold
.
(形容词)
The speech is
exciting
.
(现在分词)
The door is
closed
.
(过去分词)
Three times seven is
twenty one
.
(数词)
His job is
to teach English
.
(不定式)
His hobby is
playing football
.
(动名词)
The machine must be
out of order
.
(介词短语)
Time is up. The class is
over
.
(副词)
The truth is
that he has never been abroad
.
(表语从句)
4.
宾语:
宾语表示动作的
对 象
或
承受者
,一般位于
及物动词
和
介词
后面。例如 :
They went to see
an exhibition
yesterday.
(名词)
The heavy rain prevented
me
from coming to school on time.
(代词)
How many dictionaries do you have? I have
three
.
(数词)
They helped
the old
with their housework yesterday.
(名词化形容词)
He pretended
not to see me
.
(不定式)
I enjoy
listening to popular music
.
(动名词)
I think
(that) he is fit for this job
.
(宾语从句)
宾语种类:
(1)
双宾语
(间接宾语
+
直接宾语)
,例如:
Lend
me
your dictionary
, please. =Lend
your dictionary
to
me
, please.
间宾
直宾
直宾
间宾
※
可以带双宾语的动词有
bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do
等。
(2)
复合宾语(宾语
+
宾语补足语)
,例如:
They elected
him
their monitor
.
宾语
宾语补足语
5.
宾语补足语
:用以补充说明宾语,并与宾语一起构成复合 宾语的句子成分,叫做宾语补足
语。英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足 语,才能使句子的
意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如
make, let, see, find, name
等)
或介词(如
with
)+
宾语
+
宾补。宾语补足语可由
名词
、
形容词
、
副词
、
不定式
、
分词
、
介词
短语
和
从句
充当。例如:
His father named him
Dongming
.
(名词)
They painted their boat
white
.
(形容词)
Let the fresh air
in
.
(副词)
I ask him
to go home
now.
(不定式)
We saw her
entering the room
.
(现在分词)
He found the door
locked
.
(过去分词)
We found everything in the lab
in good order
.
(介词短语)
We will soon make our city
what your city is now
.
(从句)
6.
定语
:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分充当:
Guilin is a
beautiful
city.
(形容词)
China is a
developing
country.
(现在分词)
America is a
developed
country.
(过去分词)
There are thirty
women
teachers in our school.
(名词)
His
maths is very good.
(形容词性物主代词)
I am the last person
to leave the classroom
.
(不定式)
The
teaching
plan for next term has been worked out.
(动名词)
He is reading an article
about how to learn German
.
(介词短语)
7.
状语
:
修饰
动词 、
形容词、
副词或整个句子
,
说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,
叫做 状语。
可由以下形式充当:
Light travels
most quickly
.
(副词性词组)
He has lived
in the city for ten years
.
(介词短语)
He is proud
to have passed the national college entrance examination
.
(不定式)
He is in the room
making a model plane
.
(现在分词短语)
Wait
a minute
.
(名词)
Once you begin
, you must continue.
(状语从句)
状语种类如下
:
How about meeting again
at six
?
(时间状语)
Last night he didn’t go to the dance party
because of the rain
.
(原因状语)
I shall go there
if it doesn’t rain
.
(条件状语从句)
Mr. Smith lived
on the third floor
.
(地点状语)
She put the eggs into the basket
with great care
.
(方式状语)
She came in
with a book
in her hand.
(伴随状语)
In order to catch up with the others
, I must work harder.
(目的状语)
He was so tired
that he fell asleep immediately
.
(结果状语从句)
She works very hard
though she is old
.
(让步状语从句)
I am taller
than he is
.
(比较状语从句)
8.
同位语
:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列的另一个
名词
或
代词
,对前者加以解释或说明的
句子成分。
它近乎于后置定 语,
对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,
说明前面的词是“谁”、
是“什么”等。同 位语通常由
名词
、
代词
或
从句
等担当。例如:
Yangtze River,
the longest river in China
, flows through the center of the city.
(名词)
We
all
are students.
(代词)
The fact
that the transport of goods costs too much
was not discussed.
(同位语从句)
Passive smoking,
the breathing in of the smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs
or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker
, can also cause a health risk.
(动名词)
9.
插入语:
插入语是对句子的
额外补充说明
,是句子主体内容之外的成分,用
逗号
或者
破折
号把插入语和主体内容隔开。虽然处于句子内部,但是插入语的存在并不影响句子的结构。
如果将插入 语去掉,则基本句在结构上仍然是完整的。从语义上看,插入语的作用仅仅在于
表明说话人对句子内容所 持的态度或指出说话内容的来源、
根据或评价。
插入语可以是
副词
、
动词短语
、
介词短语
、
动词不定式短语
,也可以是
各类从句
。例如:
The box is a little bit heavy. I can manage it,
though
.
(副词)
The long-buried past,
it seems
, offers hope for the future.
(动词短语)
China and India,
for example
, are friendly neighbours.
(介词短语)
It is said that the blood
poison is,
so
to speak
, a newer product
from
an improved formula.
(动词不定式短语)
Jack,
as far as I know
, is not as honest as we expected.
(从句)
二、英语句子结构
1.
基本句型
(1)
主
-
系
-
表
People are clearly more curious about bad news than good ones.
Traditional methods may prove economically valuable in the future.
(2)
主
-
谓
Often, governments act in an even more harmful way.
This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of
partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy.
(3)
主
-
谓
-
宾
Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.