直接引语和间接引语用法及练习(含答案)
余年寄山水
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2021年02月02日 10:30
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直接引语和间接引语
直接引语变为间接引语时,人称代词要根据转述人的立场作相应变动。
人称代词的 变动情况要根据语境及转述人的不同作相应变化,
一般情况下,
与汉语中的变化
相同。 可记住一个口诀:
―
一主、二宾、三不变
‖
。即第一人称按照主句中的主语变 化,第二
人称按照主句中的宾语变化,第三人称一般不需要变化。
例如:
1) He said,
―I
am glad to see
you.‖
→
He said that he was glad to see me.
2)
―Do
you know the man over
there?‖
Mary said to Tom.
→
Mary asked Tom if he knew the man over there.
3) Jim said to me,
―Jane
left her schoolbag at
home.‖
→
Jim told me that Jane had left her schoolbag at home.
2
、时态的变化
(
1
)主句的谓语动词是一般过去时
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时
(
不变
)
一般将来时
过去将来时
一般将来进行时
过去将来进行时
一般将来完成时
过去将来完成时
如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,
直接引语变间接引语时,
从句的谓语动词在时态方面 要作
相应的变化。直接引语改为间接引语时
,
动词时态相应变化表:
He said,
―
I usually watch TV on Sunday .
‖
他说:
―
我常在星期天看电视
‖
。
→
He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.
他说他常在星期天看电视。
He said,
―
I'm using the knife.
‖
他说:
―
我正在用小刀。
‖
→
He said that he was using the knife.
他说他正在用小刀。
She said,
―
I have not heard from him since May.
‖
她说:
―
自从五月份来我就没有收到他
的来信。
‖
→
She said that she had not heard from him since May.
她说自从五月份以来她就没收
到他的来信。
He said
,
―
I came to help you.
‖
他说:
―
我来帮助你。
‖
→
He said that he had come to help me.
他说他来帮助我。
注意:
直接引语如果是客观真理、
名人名 言、
与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时,
变为间接引语时,时态不变
。
The teacher said,
―
The earth is round.
‖
老师说:
―
地球是圆的。
‖
→
The teacher said that the earth is
round.
老师说地球是圆的。
(
2
)主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时
(
3
) 如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一律不变
He says,
―
I finished the work.
‖
他说:
―
我做完工作了。
‖
He says that he finished the work.
他说他做完工作了。
He will say,
―
I have watered the flowers.
‖
他会说:
―
我己经浇花了。
‖
He will say he has watered the flowers.
他会说他己经浇花了。
3
、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化
直接引语
间接引语
指示代词
this/thesethat/those
时间状语
now
then
today
that day
tonight
that night
this week (month…)
that week
(month…)
Yesterdaythe day before
last week (month…)
the week (month…)before
two weeks (month)ago
two weeks (months)before
tomorrow
the next day
next week (month…)
the next week (month…)
地点状语
herethere
动
词
come---go
Bring---take
He said,
―
My sister was here three days ago.
‖
他说:
―
三天前我妹妹在这儿。
‖
→
He said that his sister had been there three days before.
他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。
(here
→
there; ago
→
before)
She said,
―
I will come here this evening.
‖
她说:
―
今晚我将来这儿。
‖
→
She said that she would go there that evening.
她说那晚她将去那儿。
(
come
→
g o
;
here
→
there
;
this
→
that
)
以上这些变化
,
要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情 况而定,不可机械照搬。
如果就在当地转述,
here
就不必改为
there , come
也不必改为
go,
如果就在当天转
述,
yesterd ay
或
tomorrow
等时间状语也不必改变。
二、当直接引语是
陈述句
时
直接引语是陈述句时,间接引语用
that
引导,
但在口语中
that
可以省去。从句中的人称、
时态、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语等要作相应的变化。
例如:
She said to me,
―I
came back an hour
ago.‖
→
She said to/told me that she had come back an hour before.
三、当直接引语是
一般疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句
时
1
、疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。
2
、主句中的谓语动词为said
时,要改为
asked
;没有间接宾语时,可以加一个间接宾语
(如
me
,
him
等)。
3
、句末用句号。
4
、从句中的人称、动词时态和状语等也要作相应的变化。
5
、原句若为一般疑问句时,用
whether
或
if
转
述;
He said,
―Are
you interested in
English?‖
→
He asked (me) if /whether I was interested in English.
6
.原句若为选择疑问句时,用
whether…or…/…or
not
;
I asked him,
―Will
you stay at home or go to a film
tonight?‖
→
I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
7.
原句若为反意疑问句,则常用
whether
或
if
转
述。
―You’ve
already got well,
haven’t
you?‖
she asked
→
She asked (me) whether/if I
had already got well.
四、当直接引语是特殊疑问句时
如果直接 引语是特殊疑问句,
改为间接引语时,
仍用原句中的
wh-
类的词引导,其余的变化
同直接引语为一般疑问句的情况
2
—
5
条一样。例如 :
―What
is your
name?‖
he asked me.
→
He asked me what my name was.
He asked:
―Where
are you to get off,
Peter?‖
→
He asked Peter where he was to get off.
如果在直接引语的特殊疑问句中,疑问词作主语或主语的修饰语,则语序不需要变化。
例如:
―Whose
picture is the most beautiful in your
class?‖
asked the
boy’s
father.
→
The
boy’s
father asked him whose picture was the most beautiful in his class.
五、当直接引语是祈使句时
直接引语为祈使句,变为间接引语可用如下的结构
―
主语
+asked sb. (not) to do sth.
‖
。
1
、需将原祈 使句中谓语动词变成不定式。如果祈使句为否定句,则用不定式的否定形式,
即在不定式前加
n ot
。
2
、原主句谓语动词
said
须改为
a sked
,
told
或
ordered
等含有祈使意义的能带宾补的 及
物动词。
ask sb. (not) to do sth.
表示客气)
tell sb. (not) to do sth.
(命令性强于上面)
order sb. (not) to do sth.
(命令性最强)
例如:
He said,
―Don’t
make so much
noise.‖
→
He told us not to make so much noise.
3
、原句有< br>―please‖
时,主句谓语多用
asked
(请求),并去掉
pl ease
。
例如:
He said to me,
―Shut
the window,
please.‖
→
He asked me to shut the window.
4
如果以
let< br>开头的祈使句表示劝告或建议,可用
―suggest
+ that
从句
‖
或
―suggest
doing‖
来转述。例如: