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Role of Play in Development

Play

is

easier

to

define

with

examples

than

with

concepts.

In

any

case,

in

animals

it

consists

of

leaping,

running,

climbing,

throwing,

wrestling,

and

other

movements,

either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play

may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the

problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same

behaviors

that

take

place

in

other

circumstance-- dominance,

predation,

competition,

and

real

fighting.

Thus,

whether

play

occurs

or

not

depends

on

the

intention

of

the

animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.

Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly

sophisticated

nervous

systems,

mainly

birds

and

mammals.

Play

has

been

studied

most

extensively

in

primates

and

canids

(dogs).

Exactly

why

animals

play

is

still

a

matter

debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every

species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the

functions

may

be

long-term,

with

beneficial

effects

not

showing

up

until

the

animal's

adulthood.

Play

is

not

without

considerable

costs

to

the

individual

animal.

Play

is

usually

very

active,

involving

movement

in

space

and,

at

times,

noisemaking.

Therefore,

it

results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for

building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity

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