牛人整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
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英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，
希望大家也<
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能用得上：
差别
gaps between,
differentiate between,
discrepancies
，
no intergroup
difference
No statistically significant
differences in survival were found for MMC or
MPMA.
Although MMC and MPMA decreased
with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage,
this difference failed to achieve
statistical significance.
存在，出现
occurred, occurrence
,existed, existence, presence, present
多数，少数
the
overwhelming
majority
of,
in
the
majority
of
cases
，
a
marked
majority, handful
方法
approaches, avenues,
methods, techniques, means, tools
发生率
Incidence, frequency,
prevalence
In contrast with regions of
high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show
a high
prevalence of mutations at A:T
base pairs.
发现，阐明，报道，证实
verify,
confirm,
elucidate,
identify,
define,
characterize,
clarify,
establish, ascertain, explain, observe,
illuminate,
illustrate
，
demonstrate,
show,
indicate,
exhibit,
presented,
reveal,
display,
manifest
，
suggest,
propose,
estimate,
prove, imply,
disclose
，
report,
describe
，
facilitate the
identification of
，
screening
，
isolation
改变
change, alteration,
高，增加
high,
enhanced, elevated, increased, forced
各种，
多种
in multiple
types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis,
in a variety of
tumors
关系，相关，参与
closely involved in,
associated,
广泛的
in an
extensive survey
进行
conducte<
/p>
，
perform, carry
out,
降，少，缺
decrease, reduction,
reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient,
low,
weak,
faint,
light,
absence,
absent,
undetectable,
lack
,defective,
negative,poor,impaired,
greatly
reduced
or
completely
absent,
frequently
lost
or
down-
expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker
expression, completely negative,
was
not
detectable
or
dramatically
reduced,
very
faint,
was
undetectable
or
barely
detectable, no
expression was found,
角色，
起作用
role, part
（
limited, potential, early,
possible
role
）
，
serve
antiapoptotic
1
functions
可能性
feasibility
密切地
intimately
难理解的，似谜的
enigmatic (x remains
enigmatic)
潜在假定的
potential,
candidate, putative,
缩写
abbreviations
识别，辨别
discernment
事件
Metastasis to
the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.
a putative tumor initiating event
a (more, extremely, highly, rather,
fairly) common initial,
a
common event in the signal transduction mechanisms
of, in the signal transduction
processes
a common event
associated with the mechanisms of
a
common early event in responses of, after high-
dose chemotherapy
a common event
following gestational exposure to immunotoxicants
a common event
（
that
occurs
）
during
apoptosis is……
a
common
event
during
oncogenic
transformation,
in
neoplastic
transformation
that
directly
or
indirectly
involves
activation
of
specific
tyrosine
kinase
signaling
pathways
a common event
through which
a common event in vivo
a rather common event of unknown
biological significance
a common event
resulting from heterogeneous aberrations
a common event regardless of
histological subtyping, but does not bear any
pejorative
significance
a
common event contributing to
a
rare,
common,
prerequisite,
central,
major,
transient,
initiation,
stressful,
critical,
crucial,
secondary,
independent,
regulatory,
early,
earlier,
late,
later,
subsequent,
circumstantial, untoward, upstream,
irreversible, very frequent event
提供，帮助
provide,
supply,
help
(to),
contribute
to,
offer,
allow,
dedicate,
devote,
assist in
调节
（失调，<
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上调，
下调）
dis-
regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-
expression,
over-expression, down-
expression, down-regulation,
推测
presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture
,guess, deduce
，
deduction
(
推论
)
2