初中英语全套复习资料
-
一般现在时
主要用于下面几情况：
1)
描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。
在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：
always , everyday , often ,
once a week
(month , year , etc
。
) ,
sometimes , seldom , usually
等等，以表示句中
的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：
They raise
ducks as a sideline
。他们以养鸭为副业。
She doesn't often write to
her family, only once a month.
她不常给家里写信，
仅一月一封而已。
I cycle to
work every day
。我每天骑自行车上班。
It seldom
rains here
。这儿很少下雨。
2)
仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。
这里的目的是为了
描述现阶段的动作或状态
，其重点
不是强调动作发生
的时间、或进行的状态
。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages
。他能说五种外语。
That is a beautiful city
。那是座美丽的城市。
Changjiang River is one of
the longest rivers in the world.
长江是世界上最长
的河流之一。
She majors in
music
。她主修音乐。
All my family love
football
。我全家人都喜欢足球。
My sister is
always ready to help others .
我妹妹总是乐于助人。
3)
陈述客观事实、客观真理。
顾名思义，客观的情况是
没有时间概念
的；也
不会在意动作进行的状态
。例如：
The sun rises in the east
。日出东方。
The earth goes around the
sun
。地球绕着太阳转。
Ten minus two is eight
。十减二等于八。
Light travels faster than
sound
。光的速度比声音的速度快。
The United
States lies by the west coast of the Pacific
Ocean.
美国位于太平洋
西岸。
4)
根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状
语从句的谓语
动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：
I'll tell him the news
when he comes back.
他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
If you take the job , they
will talk with you in greater details
。
如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。
用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：
now, today , nowadays
等等。
一般过去时
主要是用来描述在过去某
个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过
去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性
动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在
时相同，
只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的
句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的
最大区
别之一。
一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加
-ed(
除不规则
动词外
)
。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：
last
night (week ,
month , year , century , etc
。
) , yesterday , the day
before yesterday ,
yesterday morning (
afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago (
one week ago ,
tree years ago , … )
等等。
使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的
某个时候。
过去
的时间概念有两层意思：一是指
现在某个时间
以前
的时间；
二是指
说话、写文章的那个时间点
以前的时间，在这个意义上，
现在的那个
时间点
是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如：
He got his
driving license last month.
他上个月拿到了驾照。
--Where's Jim?
吉姆在哪里？
--He just went out
。他刚刚出去。
一般将来时
概念：一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状
态，也表示将来
经常发生的动作。
一、常见的将来时间状语：
tomorrow, the
day after tomorrow, this afternoon, this year,
before long,
in the future, some day(
将来的某一天
)
，
next year, next Sunday,
soon,
in ten
days(
十天后
)
等
二、一般将来时结构：
主语
+ will
(shall) +
动词原形
~
。动词一般将来时，表示将要发生事
(
所有人称都可以用
will
，
shall
只用于
I, We
后面
)
如：肯定式：
They will finish the
work next week.
否定式：
They won ’
t finish the work next week.
疑问式：
Will they finish the work next week?
Yes, they will. / No, they
won ’ t. (
注意：不能用
Yes, they ’ ll.)
特殊疑问句：
How many
books will you give us?
I ’ ll give you thirty
books.
2.
主语
+ be (am,
is, are) going to +
动词原形
~
。
be going to,
表打算，准备计划将来干
表可能，有必然，通过现象来判断。
如：
I ’ m going to
see a film this evening.
今晚上我打算去看电影。
It ’ s going to
rain.
天要下雨了。
We aren ’ t
going to have any lessons next week.
我们下周不上课。
3. will/ shall
和
be going to
结构的区别
(1)
对于事先经过考虑的打算、计划，应使用
be going
to
结构。
Why are you taking down
all the pictures? I am going to repaint the wall.
(2)
对于事先未经过考虑的打算、计划，而是临时起意，则用
will
结构。常
见于会话时，乙听了甲的话做出的反应。
Where is the telephone book? I ’ ll go
and get it for you .
(3)
表示即将发生某事时，两者区别不大，多可互换。
What is going
to happen? -----What will happen?
be going to
一般指较近的将来，
will
则表示较远的将来。
(4)
正式的通知等多用
will.
4.
其他一般将来时表达结构：
(1)
少数几个动词如
go, come, start,
arrive
等，当表示根据规定时间要发生的
动作时，要用
一般现在时来表示。
My train leaves at 6:30.
我乘的火车将在
6
：
30
开。
<
/p>
另外，时间、条件状语从句中，
“
主将从
现
”
I ’ ll let you know as soon
as I hear from him.
He ’ ll go
fishing if it is fine tomorrow.
(2)
现在进行时表将来。
go, come, leave,
arrive, start, stay, return
等表示动作
的动词，可以用现在进行时表将来。
I ’ m going to
the park with my parents on vacation.
(3) be about
to +
动词原形
,
表示即将发生的动作。
The concert is about to
begin.
音乐会即将开始。
(4) be +
动词不定式，表示安排或计划好的动作。
There is to be a sports meeting next
week.
语法练习：
I.
用适当形式填空
1. It
______ be Wednesday tomorrow.
2. Betty
_________ write to her grandma next week.
3. ________ you please give him this
letter?
4. I ________ never do that
again.
5. She has bought some cloth;
she _____ make herself a dress.
6.
----
Oh, what a heavy box! I can ’ t
lift it.
----What! I _______
carry it for you.
China, wherever you
_____(go), you_____(see) friendly people.
8. Lao Zhao has saved some money and he
_____ (buy) a TV set.
9. The express
from Beijing to Shanghai ______ at 8:45.
II.
单选
1 We _____go home until we finish the
work.
A don ’ t B won ’ t C
will
2 Tom _____ six years
old next month. A will be B will is C is going to
3 Look at the clouds? It _____ rain. A
is going B will be C is going to
4 We
_____ go home until we finish the work.
A don ’ t B won ’ t C
will
5 We must take the
sick man to hospital. He ______.
A is
dying B is going to die C will die
6
Could you tell me _______ the meeting.
A when shall we have B when we would have C when
to have
7 I ’ ll talk to
him when he______.
A come B will come C comes
D came
8 I don ’ t know if it______
tomorrow.
A rains B will rain C is rain D is
raining
9
There ______ a school three years ago.
A were B use to have C
used to be D will be
英语语法时态的几种转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常
见的转换形式：
一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，
瞬间动词却不能。
但是，可用别的表达方式：
①
瞬间动
词用于
“
一段时间
+ago ”
的一般过去时的句型中；
②
瞬间动
词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；
③
瞬间动词用于
“ It is+
一段时间
+since+
一般过去
时
”
的句型中，表示
“
自
从
……
以来有
……
时间
”
的意思，主句一
般用
it is
来代替
It
has been
；
④
瞬间动词用于
“ Sometime
has passed since+
一般过去时
”
的句型中。
请看：
A
。
He joined the League two
years ago
。
B
。
He has been in the League
for two years
。
C
。
It is two years since he joined the League
。
D
。
Two years
has passed since he joined the League
。
二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中，
at
加上名词表示
“
处于某种状态
< br>”
，如
at work
（在工作），
at school
（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：
Peter is at
work
，
but Mike is at play
。
Peter is working
，
but Mike is playing
。
三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中
go
，
come
，
leave
，
start
，
arrive
等动词常与表示将
来
的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：
I am
coming
，
Mum
！意为<
/p>
“
我就来，
妈妈！
”
请看：
The train is leaving soon
。
The train will leave soon
。
四、
“ be going to+
动词原形
”
与
“ will
（
shall
）
+
动词原形
”
结构的转换
“ be
going to+
动词原形
”
、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时
“ will
（
shall
）
+
动词原
形
”
结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词
shall
。在口语中，所有人
称都可以用
will
。请看：
We are going to visit the
Great Wall next Sunday
。
We shall visit the Great Wall next
Sunday
。
表示将来的五种非时态方式
1
、
“ be+
不定式
”
：表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。
如：
She is to play Juliet
。她扮演朱丽叶。
You are to make the necessary changes
。你要做出必要的改变。
2
、
“ be about to+
不定式
”
：表示即将发生的动作，有<
/p>
“
即将
”
的意思
，但不能和具
体的时间状语连用。如：
The package is about to come unwrapped
。那个包快散开了。
3
、
“ be going+
不定式<
/p>
”
：表示按计划或安排打算去做某事，或表示有迹象表明要
发生某事。如：
We are going
to call her this evening
。
我们打算今晚给她打电话。
My
sister ’ s going to have a baby this summer
。
我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。
4
、用现在进行时表示将来：主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。
如：
The students are leaving
on Sunday
。学生们星期日出发。
We
’ re having a party next week
。
我们下星期将开一个晚会。
5
、用一般现在时表示将来：表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如：
We have a
holiday tomorrow
。我们明天放假。
The train leaves at 10
：
04 this evening
。
火车今晚
10
：
04
分开。
must
表示推测
1) must
用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为
一定
。
2) must
表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，
must
后面通常接系动词
be
的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You
have worked hard all day .You must be tired.
你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。
(
对现在情况的推测判断
)
He
must be working in his office.
他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must be
staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He
must stay there
。他必须呆在那。
3) must
表示对已发生的事情的推测时，
must
要接完成式。
I didn't
hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must
表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，
must
后面要接不定式的完成进行
式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so
I didn't hear it
。
5)
否定推测用
can't
。
If Tom didn't
leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home
yet.
如果汤姆五点才离
开这儿
，他此时一定还未到家。
比较
have to
和
must
1)
两词都是
'
必须
'
的意思，
have to
表示客观的需要，
must
表
示说话人主观上
的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to
call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。
(
客观上需要做这件事
)
He
said that they must work hard.
他说他们必须努力工作。
(
主观上要做这件事
)
2)
have to
有人称、数、时态的变化，而
must
只有一种形式。但
must
可用
于间接
引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look
after his sister yesterday
。
3)
在否定结构中：
don't
have to
表示
不必
表示
禁止
，
You don't have to tell him about it.
你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You
mustn't tell him about it.
你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
比较
may
和
might
1)
表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；
may
放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at
home
。
注意：
might
表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比
may
小。
2)
成语：
may/might as well
，后面接不带
to
的不定式，意为
不妨
。
If that is the
case, we may as well try
。
典型例题
Peter ___come
with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet
。
A. must
B. may
C. can
D. will
答案
B.
表可能性只能用
may.
此句意可从后半句推出。
比较
can
和
be able to
1)can
could
表示能力；可能
(
过去时用
could)
，
只用于现在式和过去式
(could)
。
be able to
可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell
you the news soon.
他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2)
只用
be able to
a.
位于助动词后。
b.
情态动词后。
c.
表示过去某时刻动作时。
d.
用于句首表示条件。
e.
表示成功地做了某事时，只能用
was/were able
to
，
不能用
could
。
He was able to flee Europe before the
war broke out
。
= He managed to flee
Europe before the war broke out
。
注意：
could
不表示时态
1)
提出委婉的请求，
(
注意在回答中不可用
could)
。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you
can. / No, you can't
。
2)
在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。
比较
so
和
such
其规律由
so
与
such
的不同词性决定。
such
是形
容词，修饰名词或名词词组，
是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。
so
还可与表示数量的形容词
many
，
few
，
much
，
little
连用，形成固定搭配。
so + adj.
such + a(n) + n
。
so + adj. + a(n) + n.
such + n. (pl
。
)
so + adj. + n. (pl
。
)
such +n. (pl
。
)
so + adj. +
n. [
不可数
]
such +n. [
不可数
]
so foolish
such a fool
so
so
nice a flower
such a nice
flower
so
many/ few flowers
such nice flowers
so much/little
money.
such rapid progress
so
many people
such a lot of people
so many
已成固定搭配，
a lot of
虽相当于
many
，但
a lot of
为名词性的，
只能用
such
搭配。
so … that
与
such … that
之间的转换既为
so
与
such
之间的转换。
动词不定式
动词不定式是初
中英语的语法重点之一，也是每年中考英语试题的考点之一。它是
动词的一种非谓语形式
，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形
式为
动词原形
，
to
为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两
大
特点：
1.
< br>具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动
词不定式短语。<
/p>
2.
具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补
足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等。下面以近几年全国部分省市的中考英语试题
为例，对不定式的难点以及它在中考英语中的考查点，作一简要的总结和分析，供
同学
们学习时参考。
一、动词不定式作主语
1. It's our duty _________
the room every day.
A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D.
cleans(
甘肃省
)
2. It's hard for us
_________ English well.
A. learn B. learns C. to learn D.
learning(
江西省
)
3.
建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。
It will
_________ the workers over a year _________
_________ the flyover.(
北京市海
淀区
)
4. It's very
nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________
the World Cup.
A. for
，
of B. of
，
for C. to
，
for D. of
，
to(
安徽省
)
Keys
：
1. A 2. C 3. take
，
to
，
build 4. B
[
简析
]
动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可
以用先行词
it
作形式主语，而将真正的主语
(
不定式
)
置于后面。常见的句式有：
(1)It is +
形容词
(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +
名词
(for sb)to do sth.(3)It
takes sb some
time to do sth.(4)It is +
形容词
(for sb)to do sth.
句式
(1)
中常用
nice
，
kind
，
clever
，
good
，
right
，
wrong
，
foolish
，
careless
等形容词，与介词
of
搭配，
这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质
句式
(4)
中常用
hard
，
difficult
，
easy
，
important
等形容词，与介词
for
搭配，表
示不定式表示的动作、行为的性
质。
二、动词不定式作宾语
1. He wants
______ some vegetables.
A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys (
山西省
)
2. Don't forget ______
your homework with you when you come to school.
A. to bring B.
bringing C. to take D. taking (
福建省
)
3. He found it very
difficult ______.
A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to
fall asleep (
湖南省
)
Keys
：
1. C 2. A 3. D
[
简析
]
在
want
，
like
，
agree
，
hope
，
wish
，
learn
，
begin
，
start
，
seem
，
decide
，
hate
，
choose
，
forget
，
remember
等动词后面
，可以接不
定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用
it
作形式宾语，而把作真正
宾语的不定式放到后面。
三、动词不定式作宾语补足语
1. Robert often asks us
______ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better
than
before.
A. help him B. to help him with C. to
help with D. helps him with (
江苏省
)
2. Mr Li often teaches his
Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.
A. cook B. cooks C. to
cook D. cooked (
甘肃省
)
Key
：
1. B 2. C
[
简析
]
不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词
有：
ask
，
teach
，
expect
，
tell
，
allow
等。
四、动词不定式作状语
1. She went ______ her
teacher.
A. to
see B. looks C. saw D. seeing (
江西省
)
2. Meimei likes English
very much. She does her best ______ English well.
A. learn B.
learning C. to learn D. learns (
四川省
)
Key
：
1. A 2. C
[
简析
]go
，
come
，
try
，
do / try one's best
等动词或短语动词作谓语时，
其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。
3. I'm
sorry ______ that.
A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear
(
河北省
)
4. I'm sorry ______ you.
A. trouble B.
to trouble C. troubling D. troubled (
吉林省
)
5. My mother was very glad
______ her old friend.
A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets (
甘肃省
)
Keys
：
3. D 4. B 5. A
[
简析
]
形容词
+ to do
sth
结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。
6. The panda
is so fat that it can't go through the hole.(
改为意思相同的句子
)
The hole ______ ______
______ ______ such a fat panda to go through. (
广东省
)
7. The ice on the lake was
so thin that people couldn't skate on it. (
改为意思相
同的句子
)
The ice on the
lake wasn't ______ enough ______ people ______
______ ______. (
广东
省
)
Keys
：
6. is
，
too
，
small
，
for 7. thick
，
for
，
to
，
skate
，
on
[
简析
]
在上述
形容词
/
副词
(for sb)to do
…
太
……
而不能
…… )
和
< br>足以、足够
……
做
…… )
结构中，不定式作结果状语。
五、动词不定式作定语
1. Would you
like something ______?
A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D.
drinks (
湖北省
)
2. I have a lot of
homework ______.
A. do B. doing C. did D. to do (
河南省
)
3. He is not an easy man
______.
A. get
on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (
山东省
)
Key
：
1. C 2. D 3. D
[
简析
]
不定式作定语时，常放在被
修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑
上的主谓关系或动宾关系
如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介
词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。
六、不带
to
的动词不定式
1. We saw him ______ the
building and go upstairs.
A. to enter B. enter C. entering D.
entered (
河南省
)
2. So much work usually
makes them ______ very tired.
A. to feel B. feels C.
feeling D. feel (
吉林省
)
3. Your father
is sleeping. You'd better ______.
A. not wake up him B. not
to wake up him
C. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (
陕西省
)
4. I was made ______ my
homework in the afternoon.
A. do B. doing C. to do D. did (
贵州省
)
Key
：
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C
[
简析
]1.
在
see
，
watch
，
hear
，
feel
等感官动词和
make
，
have
，
let
等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带
to.
但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语
的不定式要带
to(let
没有被动语态
)
。
2.
在
后面接不带
to
的不定式。
七、动词不定式的否定形式
1. Mr Black
asked the man ________ the queue.
A. not to jump B. to not
jump
C. didn't jump D. not
jump (
广西壮族自治区
)
2. The old man told the
child ______ noisy.
A. not be B. not to be C. to not be D.
be not (
湖北省
)
3. There is going to
______ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try
______ late.
A. have
，
not to be B. have
，
not be
C. be
，
not to be D. be
，
not be (
内蒙古自治区
)
Key
：
1. A 2. B 3. C
[
简析
]
动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号
to
的前面加上
not
，如果
是不带
to
的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上
not.
八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词
-ing
形式的区别
1. Please stop ______ a
rest if you feel tired.
A. to have B. having C. have D. has (
广西壮族自治区
)
2.
——
Why didn't you buy some
bread on your way home?
——
Sorry, I
forgot ______ some money with me.
A. take B. taking C. to
take D. took (
湖北省
)
3.
——
Let's have a rest, shall
we?
——
Not now, I can't stop
______ the letters.
A. write B. to write C. writing D. and
write (
湖北省
)
4. Jim was badly hurt, so
he had to stop ______ (walk). (
用所给单词的正确形式
填空
)(
四川省
)
Key
：
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking
[
简析
]
一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的
-ing
形式的区别如下：
意为
停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事
，
意为
停止正在做的事
：
意为
记住去做某事
事还未做
)
，
意为
记得做过某事
事已做
)
：
意为
接
着做某事
做完一事，接着做另一事
)
，
意为
继续做某事
一
事未做完接着往下做
)
：
意为
忘了做某事
事还未做
)
，
意为
忘了曾做过某事
事已做
)
。
5. When I was walking in the street I
saw a plane ______ over my head.
A. flies B. flying C. flew
D. to fly (
福建省
)
6. A woman saw
it ______ when she was walking past.
A. happen B. happens C.
happening D. to happen (
黑龙江省
)
Key
：
5. B 6. A
[
简析
]
在
see
，
hear
，
watch
，
feel
等感官动词后面可接不带
to
的不定式，
也可接动词的
-ing
形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程
(
动作已结束
)
，
用动词的
-ing
形式表示动作正在进行
(
动作尚未结束
)
。
九、动词不定式的省略及其符号
to
的保留
1. Would you like to go to the cinema
with us?
Yes,
______. What time are we going to meet?
A. I would B.
I would like C. I like to D. I'd like to (
浙江省
)
2. Would you like to go
for a picnic with us?
______. What time are we going to
meet?
A. No, I
can't B. Yes, I'm glad
C.
Yes, I'd love to D. I'd like (
大连市
)
Keys
：
1. D 2. C
[
简析
]
在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，
第二个动词不定式可以省略，但是
to
不可省略。这种用法常见于
，
，
等结构中。
十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式
The new
hospital ______ is near the factory.
A. build B. builds C. to
build D. to be built (
青海省
)
Key
：
D
[
简析
]
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者
(
宾语
)
时，用
动词不定式的被动式，即：
to be +
过去分词
如果
不定式所表示的动作发生在谓
语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即：
to have +
过去分词
如果不定式
表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行
式，即：
to be +
现
在分词
比较
and
和
or
1)
并列结构中，
or
通常用于否定句，
and
用于肯定句。
2)
但有时
and
也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
There is no
air or water in the moon
。
There is no
air and no water on the moon
。
在否定中并列结构用
or
连接，
但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结
构，因此要用
and
。
典型例题
---I don't like chicken
___ fish.
---I don't like chicken,
___ I like fish very much
。
A. and
；
and
B. and
；
but
C. or
；
but
D. or
；
and
答案
C
。否定句中表并列用
or, but
表转折。
判断改错：
(
错
) We will die without air and water
。
(
错
) We can't
live without air or water
。
(
对
) We will die without air
or water
。
(
对
) We can't live without
air and water
。
单词及词组分组辨析
1.
clothes, cloth, clothing
clothes
统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数，
cloth
指布，为不可数名词
clothing
服装的总称
指一件衣服用
a piece
of, an article of
2. incident ,
accident
incident
指小事件
, accident
指不幸的事故
He was killed in the
accident.
3.
amount, number
amount
后接不可数名词，
number
后接可数名词
a number of students
4. family,
house, home
home
家，包括住处和家人，
house
房子，住宅，
family
家庭成员。
My
family
is a happy one.
5. sound, voice, noise
sound
自然界各种各样的声音，
voice
人的嗓音，
noise
噪音
I hate the loud
noise outside.
6. photo, picture, drawing
photo
用照相机拍摄的照片，
picture
可指相片，图片，电影片，
drawing
画的画
Let's go and see a good picture.
7. vocabulary,
word
vocabulary
词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，
word
具体的单词
He has a large
vocabulary.
8. population, people
population
人口，人数，
people
具体的人
China has a large
population.
9.
weather, climate
weather
一天内具体的天气状况，
climate
长期的气候状况
The climate here
is not good for you.
10. road, street, path,
way
road
具体的公路，马路，
street
街道，
path
小路，小径，
way
道路，途径
take this road; in the
street, Show me the way to the museum.
11. course, subject
course
课程
(
可包括多门科目
)
，
subject
科目
(
具体的学科
)a summer
course
12. custom, habit
custom
传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接
to do
，
habit
生活习惯，
习惯成自然，后接
of
doing.
I've
got the habit of drinking a lot.
13. cause, reason
cause
指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接
of
sth./doing sth
，
reason
用来解释某种现象或
结果的理由，后接
for
sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
14. exercise,
exercises, practice
exercise
运动，锻炼
(
不可数
)
，
exercises
练习
(
可数
)
，
practice(
反复做
的
)
练习。
Practice makes perfect.
15. class, lesson
作
“
课
”
解时，两者可以替换。指课文用
lesson.
指班级或全体学生用
class.
Lesson 6; Class 5
16. speech, talk, lecture
speech
指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式
的演说，
talk
日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，
lecture
学术性的演讲，讲课
a
series of lecture on …
17. officer, official
officer
部队的军官，
official
政府官员
an army officer
18. work, job
二者均指工作。
work
不可数，
job
可数
a good job
。
19. couple, pair
couple
主要指人或动物，
pair
多指由两部分组成的东西
a pair of
trousers
20.
country, nation, state, land
country
侧重指版图，疆域，
nation
指人民，国民，民族，
state
侧重指政
府，政体，
land
国土，
国家
The whole nation was sad
at the news.
21. cook, cooker
cook
厨师，
cooker
厨具
He is a good cook.
22. damage,
damages
damage
不可数名词，损害，损失
damages
复数形式，赔偿金
$$900
damages
23. police, policeman
police
警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，
policeman
指某个具体的警察
The
police are questioning
everyone in the house.
24. problem,
question
problem
常和困难连系，前面的动词常为
think about, solve, raise
，
question
常和疑问连系，
多和
ask, answer
连用。
25. man, a man
man
人类，
a man
一个男人
Man will conquer
nature.
26.
chick, chicken
二者均可指小鸡，
chicken
还可以当鸡肉
The chicken is
delicious.
27.
telegram, telegraph
当电报解时，
telegram
指具体的，
telegraph
指抽象的
a telegram, by
telegraph
28.
trip, journey, travel, voyage
travel
是最常用的，
trip
指短期的旅途，
journey
指稍长的旅途，
voyage
指海上航行
a three-day trip
29. sport,
game
sport
多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等
;game
指
决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套
规则
His favorite sport is swimming.
30. price, prize
price
价格，
prize
奖，奖品，奖金
win the first prize
The price is high/low
31. a number of, the number of
a number of
许多，谓语动词用复数。
the
number of …
的数目，谓语动词用单数。
The number of
students is increasing.
32. in front of, in the front of
in front of
范围外的前面，
in the front of
范围内的前面
In the front of the
room sits a boy.
33. of the day, of a day
of the day
每一天的，当时的，当代的，
of a day
暂时的，不长久的
a
famous scientist of the day
34. three of us, the three
of us
three of
us
我们
(
不止三个
)
中的三个，
the three of us
我们三个
(
就三个
人
)The three
of us
--- Tom,
Jack and I went to the cinema.
35. by bus, on the bus
by bus
表手段，方式，不用冠词，
on the bus
表范围
They went there by
bus.
36. for a moment, for the moment
for a moment
片刻，一会儿，
for the moment
暂时，一时
Thinking for a
moment, he agreed.
37. next year, the next
year
next year
明年，将来时间状语，
the next year
第二年，过去将来时间状语
He said he would go abroad
the next year.
38. more than a year, more than one year
more than a
year
一年多，
more than one
year
超过一年
(
两年或三年等
)
39. take advice, take
the(one's) advice
take advice
征求意见，
take the advice
接受忠告
He refused to take the
advice and failed again.
40. take air, take the air
take air
传播，走漏，
take the air
到户外去，散步
We take the air
every day.
41.
in a word, in words
in a word
总之，一句话，
in words
口头上
In a word, you are
right.
42. in
place of, in the place of
in place of
代替，
in the place of
在
…
地方
A new building is built in the place
of
the old one.
43. in secret, in the secret
in secret
秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语
in the
secret
知道内情，
知道秘密，
一般用作表语
My mother was in the
secret from the beginning.
44. a girl, one girl
a girl
可泛指所有女孩
, one girl
一个女孩
Can one girl carry
such a big box?
45. take a chair, take the chair
take a chair
相当于
sit down
坐下，
take the chair
开始开会
50. in charge of, in the charge of
in charge of
管理，负责照料，
in the
charge of
由
……
照料
He is in charge of the matter.
The matter is in the
charge of her.
51. in class, in the class
in class
在课上，
in the class
在班级里
He is
the best student in the class.
52. on fire, on the fire
on fire
着火
, on the fire
在火上
Put the food on the
fire. The house is on fire.
53. out of question, out
of the question
out of
question
毫无疑问的，
out of the
question
不可能的
54. a second, the second
a second
又一，再一，
the second
第
…… He won the second
prize.
55. by day, by the day
by day
白天，
by the day
按天计算
The workers are paid
by the day.
56. the people, a people
the people
指人，
a people
指民族
The Chinese
is a peace-loving people.
57. it, one
it
同一物体，
one
同类不同一
I lost my pen. I have
to buy a new one.
58. that, this
that
指代上文所提到的，
this
导出下文所要说的
I
was ill. That's why … .
59. none, nothing, no one
none
强调有多少，
nothing, no one
强调有没有，
nothing
指物，
no one
指
人
---
How many …
/ How much … ?
--- None.
60. anyone, any one
anyone
指人，不能接
of
，
any one
指人物均可，可接
of any one of you
61. who, what
who
指姓名或关系，
what
指职业或地位
What is your
dad? He is a teacher.
62. what, which
what
的选择基础是无限制的，
which
在一定范围内进行选择
Which do you prefer,
bananas or apples?
63. other, another
other
后接名词复数，
another
后接名词单数
other students,
another student
64. not a little, not a bit
not a little
非常，
not a bit
一点也不
I'm not a
bit tired.
我一点儿也不累。
65. many,
much, a lot of
many
和可数名词连用，
much
和不可数名词连用，
a lot of
可数，不可数均
可，但不用于否定句
I haven't many
books.
66.
much
more … than, many more …
than
much more … than
后接形容词或不可数名词，
many
more … than
后接可
数名词
many more
people, much
more water, much more beautiful
67. no, not
no = not a/any no friend =
not a/any friend no water = not any water
68. no more
than, not more than
no more than
相当于
only
，仅仅，只有，
not more than
至多，不超过
69. majority, most
majority
只能修饰可数名词，
most
可数不可数均可
the majority of
people
70. by
oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself
by oneself
单独的，独自的，
for oneself
为自己，
to oneself
供自己用的，
of oneself
自行的，
自动的
The door opened of
itself.
71. at
all, after all
at all
根本，全然
, after all
到底，毕竟
After all he is a
child.
72.
tall, high
tall
常指人或动物，
high
常指物体
He is tall.
73. fast,
quickly
fast
侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点，
quickly
侧重指某事完成或发
生的快
run fast,
answer the question quickly
74. high, highly
high
具体的高，
highly
抽象的高，高度的
think highly of
75. healthy,
healthful
healthy
健康的，健壮的，
healthful
有益于健康的
healthful exercise
76. sleeping,
asleep, sleepy
sleeping
正在睡觉，
asleep
睡着，熟睡，只
能做表语，
sleepy
困的，有睡意的
a sleeping baby The baby
is asleep. I'm sleepy.
77. gold, golden
gold
指真金制品，
golden
指金色的，但金鱼用
gold fish, a gold
ring
78. most,
mostly
most
用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于
very
，当大部分，大多数解时是形容
词或名词，
mostly
大部分，是副词
most
people, the people are mostly …
79. just, very
just
表强调时是副词，作状语，
very
表强调时是形容词，用作定语
the very
man, just the man
80. wide, broad
wide
侧重于一边到另一边的距离，
broad
侧重于幅面的宽广
broad
shoulders
81. real, true
real
真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的，
true
真的，真正的，
指的是事实和实际情况相符合
< br>
real gold,
a true story
82. respectful, respectable
respectful
尊敬，有礼貌，
respectable
可敬的，值得尊敬的
be respectful to
the aged
83. outwards, outward
二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面，
outward
还可用作形容词
an outward
voyage
84. pleasant, pleased, pleasing
pleasant
常用作定语，
pleased, pleasing
常用作表语，
pleased
主语常为人，
pleasing
主语常为物
a pleasant trip The
trip is pleasing.
85. understanding, understandable
understanding
明白事理的，能体谅的，
understandable
可理解的，能够懂
的
an
understanding girl, an understandable mistake
86. close,
closely
close
接近，靠近，
closely
紧紧地，紧密地
closely connected,
stand close
87. ill, sick
ill
做表语，
sick
定，表均可
a sick boy
88. good, well
good
形容词，
well
副词，但指身体状况是形容词
He is well
again.
89.
quiet, silent, still
quiet
安静的，可以发出小的声音，
silent
不发出声音，但可以动，
still
完全
不动，完全无声响
He stand there
still.
他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。
90. hard,
hardly
hard
努力，
hardly
几乎不
work hard, I can hardly
believe it.
91. able, capable
able
与不定式
to
do
连用，
capable
与
of
连用
He is
capable
of doing …
92. almost, nearly
二者均为
“
几乎
,
差不多
”
< br>和否定词连用用
almost almost nobody
93. late,
lately
late
迟，晚，
lately
最近，近来
I haven't seen him
lately.
94.
living, alive, live, lively
living, alive, live
均为活着的，
living
定表均可，
alive
定表均可，定语后置，
live
只能做
定语，
lively
意为活波的
all the living people
= all the people alive
95. excited, exciting
excited
使人兴奋的，
exciting
令人兴奋的
I'm excited. The news
is exciting.
96. deep, deeply
deep
具体的深，
deeply
抽象的深，深深地
deeply
moved, dig deep
97. aloud, loud
aloud
出声地，
loud
大声地
read aloud (
出声地读
)
98. worth, worthy
二者均为值得，
worth
后接
doing
，
worthy
后接
to be done126. care
about,
care for
care about
关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中
care for
关心，照料，喜
欢，愿意
He doesn't
care about his clothes. I don't care for movies.
99 catch a
cold, have a cold
catch a cold
不能和表示
< br>“
一段时间
”
的状语连用，而<
/p>
have a cold
可以
She has had a
cold for a week.
100. change for, change into
change for
调换成，
change into
变成
Change the shirt for a bigger one.
Water changes into ice.
101. continue, last
二者均为持续，
continue
主动，被动均可，
last
只能用主动
The war continued/lasted
five years. The story is to be continued.
102. feed,
raise
feed
喂养，养活，饲养
(to give food to)
，
raise
饲养，养育
(cause to grow,
bring up children)
raise the family
103. go for a
doctor, go to a doctor
go for a doctor
去请医生，
go to a doctor
去看病
104. notice, observe, catch sight of
notice
注意到，
observe
观察，仔细地看，
catch sight of
突然看到
observe
the
stars
105.
insist on, stick to
insist on
坚持要求，后常接
doing, stick to
坚持
,
后常接
sth., stick to the
plan
106. look, seem, appear
look
指从外表上看，
seem
指内心的判断，
appear
指给人以表面的印象
appear wise,
look like his
father
107.
gather, collect
gather
把分散的东西集中到一起，
collect
指精心地、有选择地进行收集
collect stamps
108. mean to do, mean doing
mean to do
打算，想要做某事，
mean doing
意思是，意味着
By this I mean giving the
students more practice.
109. die from, die of
die from
表示死于
(
枪
)
伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等，
die of
表示死于
疾病，饥饿，
寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素
die of
hunger and cold
110. pay for, pay back, pay off
pay for
为
…
付钱，
pay back
还钱，但不一定还清，
pay off
还清
pay for the
book, pay off the debt
111. divide, separate
divide
把一个整体分成几部分，
separate
把连在一起的个体分开
divide the apple, separate
the houses
112. arrive, get, reach
arrive
不及物动词，后接
in (
大地点
)
，
at(
小地点
)
，
get
不及物动词后接
to
，
reach
及物动词
arrive in Beijing, get to Beijing,
reach Beijing
113. grow, plant
grow
使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去，
plant
移植，移栽已经长成
秧苗的植物
plant the
trees, trees are growing
114. manage, try
manage to do
设法做成了某事，
try to do
尽力去做某事但不一定成功
He tried to pass the exam,
but he failed.
115. choose, select
choose
凭个人的判断力进行选择，
select
有目的地仔细认真地选择
choose
the best answer
116. build, put up, set up, found
build
一般用语，建成，
put up
临时搭建，
set up
建成
(
内部的设施基本齐
全
)
，
found
国家或组织的建成
put up a tent, set up a school
117. be familiar to, be
familiar with
be familiar to
某物对某人来说是熟悉的，
be familiar with
某人熟悉某物
The book is
familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book.
118. agree
with, agree to, agree on
agree with
同意某人，
agree to
同意某事，
agree on
在
……
上达成一致意见，
主语是复数
agree with you, agree to the plan
119. throw to, throw at
throw to
扔到
…… , throw at
朝
……
扔
He throw a stone at me.
120. receive, accept
receive
收到某一东西，但不一定接受，
accept
接受
I received a gift, but I
didn't accept it.
121. wear, put on, dress
wear
和
dress
表状态
, wear
接衣服等，可用进行时，
dress
接人，
be
dressed
in, put on
表动作
It's cold outside. Put on
your warm clothes.
122. listen, hear
listen
强调动作，
hear
强调结果
I listened, but I
heard nothing.
(
一
)
形容词和副词
I.
要点
A.
形容词
1
、
形容词的用法
形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或
宾补，有时还可
作状语。如：
He is honest and
hardworking.
I
found the book interesting.
某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复
数形式。如：
The rich and the poor live in
different parts of the city.
The English like to be
with their families.
多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：
冠词
+
序数词
+
基数词
+
性质状态
(
描述性
)+
形状大小
+
新旧老少
+
颜色
+
国籍
+
材料
+
名词。如：
the second
five interesting big new red Chinese wall
papers.
2
、
形容词比较等级的形式
(1)
规则形式
一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加
-er;
--est
来构成比较级和最高级；
其他双音节词及多音节词在前加
< br> more, most.
如：
great-greater-
greatest
busy-
busier-busiest
important-more important-(the)most important
(2)
不规则形式
good (well)-better-best
bad
(ill)-worse-worst
many (much)-more-most
little-less-least
(3)
形容词比较等级的用法
①
表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级
+than.
如：
He is cleverer than the
other boys.
This one is more beautiful than that one.
②
表示两者以上的比较，用
形容词最高级
(+
名词
)+of(in) …
如：
He is the cleverest boy in his class.
③
表示两者是同等程度，用
形容词原级
+as
如：
He is as tall as I.
I have as many
books as you.
④
越
…
越
…
例如：
The more I learn, the happier I am.
⑤ You can never
be too careful.
越小心越好
又如：
You can never praise the teacher too highly.
你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。
⑥ I have never
spent a more worrying day.
那一天是最令我担心的一天。
I have never
had a better dinner.
这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。
⑦ My English is
no better than yours.
我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。
B.
副词
1
、
副词的种类
(1)
时间副词
如：
ago, before, already,
just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow
等
(2)
地点副词
如：
here, there, near,
around, in, out, up, down, back, away,
outside
等。
(3)
方式副词
如：
carefully, angrily,
badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely,
nervously
等。
(4)
程度副词
如：
almost, nearly, much,
greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very
等。
2
、
副词比较等级的用法
其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：
Of all the
boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
We must work harder.
3
、
某些副词在用法上的区别
(1) already, yet, still
already
表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；
yet
表示期待某事发生，主
要用于否定句和疑问句；
still
表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有
时也可用于否定句。如：
We've already watched that film.
I haven't
finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
(2) too, as
well, also, either
too, as well
和
also
用于肯定句和疑问句，
too
和
as well
多用于口语，一般放
在句末，而
also
多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。
either
用于否定句和
否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如
：
He went there too.
He didn't go there either.
I like you as
well.
I also
went there.
(3) hard, hardly
hardly
意为
几乎
与
hard
在词义上完全不同。如：
I work hard every day.
I can hardly
remember that.
(4) late, lately
lately
意为
最近、近来
，
late
意为
晚、迟
。如：
He never comes late.
Have you been to the
museum lately?
例
1 Tom's father thinks he
is already ____
A high enough
B tall enough
C enough high
C enough
tall
解析：该题正确答案是
B
。修饰人高用
tall,
而建筑物的高用
high,
并且
enough
修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选
B
。
例
2 ____ the worse I seem to
be.
A When I
take more medicine
B The more medicine I take
C Taking more of the
medicine
D
More medicine taken
解析：该题正确答案为
B
。
形容词比较级
+… , the +
形容词比较级
+…
意为越
…
，越
…
。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。
例
3
A too
B also
C
either
D neither
解析：该题正确答案为
C
。
A
和
B
都用于肯定句中。
D-neither
本身意为否定
两者都不
，而
C-either
则用于否定句中，意为
也
。
例
4
Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.
A deep
B deeply
C
very deep
D quite deeply
解析：该题正确答案为
B
。
A. deep
用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如
dig deep,
而
B-deeply
则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为
deeply
moved.
另如
deeply regret
等。而
D-quite
和
deeply
均为副词，不能互相修饰。
(
二
)
介词
I.
要点
1
、介词和种类
(1)
简单介词，常用的有
at, in, on, about,
across, before, beside, for , to,
without
等。
(2)
复合介词，如
by means of, along
with, because of, in front of, instead of
等。
2
、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系
(1)
和动词的搭配，如
agree with, ask
for, belong to, break away from, care
about
等。
(2)
和形容词的搭配，如
afraid of, angry
with, different from, good at
(3)
和名词的搭配，如
answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to
等
.
3
、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有
right, just, badly, all,
well,
directly, completely
等少数几个副词。如：
He came right after
dinner.
He
lives directly opposite the school.
4
、
某些介词的意义与用法举例
(1) at, on, in(
表时间
)
表示时间点用
at,
如
at four o'clock, at
midnight
等；表示不确定的时间或短期
假日也用
at,
如
at that time, at
Christmas
等。
指某天用
on,
如
on Monday, on the end of
November,
指某天的朝夕用
on,
如
on Friday
morning, on the afternoon of September lst
等。
指长于或短于一天的时段用
in,
如
in the afternoon, in
February, in Summer, in
1999
等。
(2) between, among(
表位置
)
between
仅用于二者之间
，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系
时，也用
between,
如
I'm sitting between Tom
and Alice.
The
village lies between three hills.
among
用于三者或三者以上之间。如：
He is the best among the
students.
(3)
beside, besides
beside
意为
在
…
旁边
，而
besides
意为
除
…
之外
。如：
He sat beside
me.
What do
you want besides this?
(4)in the tree, on the tree
in the tree
指动物或人在树上，而
on the tree
指果实、树叶长在树上
(5)on the way, in the way,
by the way, in this way
on the way
指在路上
in the way
指挡道
by the way
指顺便问一句
in this way
用这样的方法
(6)in the corner, at the
corner
in the
corner
指在拐角内
at the corner
指在拐角外
(7)in the morning, on the
morning
in the
morning
是一般说法
on the
morning
特指某一天的早晨
(8)by bus, on
the bus
by bus
是一般说法
on the bus
特指乘某一辆车
II.
例题
例
1 Do you know any other
foreign language____ English?
A except B but C beside D
besides
解析：
A
、
B
两项
except
等于
but
，意为
除了
…
，
C-beside
意为
在
…
旁
边
，不符合题意。而
D-besides,
意为
除了
…
之外，还有
。所以该题正确
答案为
D
。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？
例
2
He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A on B at C in
D during
解析：我们均知道，
at night
这一短语，但如果
night
前有
修饰词，表具体的
夜晚，则要用介词
on
来修饰，故该题正确答案为
A
。
例
3 I'm looking forward
____your letter.
A to B in C at D on
解析：该题正确答案为
A
。
look forward to
为固定搭配，意为
期望、盼望
。
(
三
)
连词
I.
要点
1
、
连词的种类
(1)
并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如
and, for, or, both…and,
either…or, neither…nor
等。
(2)
从属连词用来引导从句，如
that, if,
whether, when, after, as soon as
等。
除了从属连词
(
引导状语从句
)
外，还有其它可以
用来引导从句的词类。它们
是连接代词和连接副词
(
引导名词性从句
)
，关系代词和关系副词
(
引导定语从
句
)
。
2
、
常用连词举例
(1)and
和，并且
They drank and sang all
night.
(2) both…and
和，
既
…
也
…
Both my
parents and I went there.
(3) but
但是，而
I'm sad, but
he is happy.
(4) either…or
或
…
或
…
，
要么
…
要么
…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for
因为
I asked him to stay, for I had
something to tell him.
(6) however
然而，可是
Af first, he didn't want
to go there. Later, however, he decided to go
(7)
neither…nor
既不
…
也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees
with you.
(8) not only…but(also)
不但
…
而且
…
He not only
sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or
或者，否则
Hurry up, or you'll be
late.
Are you
a worker or a doctor?
(10) so
因此，所以
It's getting
late, so I must go.
(11) although
虽然
Although it was late, they went on
working.
(12)
as soon as
一
…
就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because
因为
He didn't go to school, because he was
ill.
(14)unless
除非，如果不
I won't go
unless it is fine tomorrow.
(15)until
直到
…
He didn't
leave until eleven. (
瞬间动词用于
not… until
结构
)
He stayed
there until eleven.
(16)while
当
…
时候，而
(
表示对比
)
While I
stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while
后不可用瞬间动词
)
My pen is red while his is
blue.
(17)for
因为
He was ill, for he didn't come. (
结论是推断出来的
)
(18)since
自从
…
I have lived
here since my uncle left.
(19)hardly… when
一
…
就
I had hardly got to the station when
the train left.
(20)as far as
就
…
来说
As far as I know, that
country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (
一直走到湖那里
)
II.
例题
例
1 John plays football
____, if not better than, David.
A as well B as well as C
so well D so well as
解析：该题意为：
John
踢足球如果不比
David
好的话，那也踢得和
David
一
样好。
和
…
一样好为
as well as.
故该题正确答案为
B
。
例
2 She thought I was
talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was
talking
about my daughter.
A when B where C which D
while
解析：该处意为
然而
，只有
while
有此意思，故选
D
。
例
3 Would you like a cup of
coffee ____ shall we get down to business right
away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
解析：该处意为
或者
，正确答案为
C
。
(
四
)
动词时态、语态
I.
要点
1
、
一般现在时
(1)
表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与
sometimes, always, often,
every day
等时间状语连用。如：
Sometimes, we go
swimming after school.
(2)
表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：
The earth
goes round the sun.
2
、
现在进行时
(1)
表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与
now, at
present
等时间状语
连用。如：
What are you
doing now?
(2)
和
always, continually <
/p>
等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。
如：
He is
always doing good deeds.
3
、
现在完成时
主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续
到现在，或可能
还要继续下去，常与
just,
already, so far, once, never
等词连用。如
:Have you ever
been to Beijing?
4
、一般将来时
表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与
tomorrow, next year
等
连用。如：
I'll meet you
at the school gate tomorrow morning.
We're going to see a film
next Monday.
5
、一般过去时
表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，
常与
yesterday,
last year, in
1998, a moment ago
等词连用。如：
It happened many years ago.
6
、过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：
What were you
doing this time yesterday?
7
、
过去完成时
表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：
The train had
already left before we arrived.
8
、一般过去将来时
表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：
He said he
would come, but he didn't.
9
、被动语态
被动语态的时态，以
give
为例。
时／式
一般
进行
完成
现在
am is
given are am is
being are has
been given have
过去
was
given were was
being given
were had been given
将来
shall
be given will shall
have been
given will
过去将来
should
be
given would should
have been given would
II.
例题
例
1 I learned that her
father ____ in 1950.
A had died B died C dead D is dead
解析：该题正确答案为
B
。从句中
的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词
的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语
in
1950,
所以不用过去完成时态，
而用一般过
去时态。
例
2 The five-year-old girl
____ by her parents.
A is looked B has looked for
C is being
looked for D has been looked
解析：该题正确答案为
C
。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词
不能省，否则就变成
了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。
(
五
)
动词虚拟语气
I.
要点
<
/p>
表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事
实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。
1
、
虚拟语气的构成
注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有
were
或
had, should, could
有时可将
if
省去
,
但要倒装。如：
Had you (If you had)
invited us, we would have come to your party.
2
、
虚拟语气在各种从句的应用
(1)
在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是
可省
)
＋动词原形
，常用于以下三种句型中。
句型一：
It is necessary (important, natural,
strange, etc) that…
句型二：
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc)
that…
句型三：
It is
suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc)
that…
如：
It is strange that he
(should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so
careless.
It
is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)
在宾语从句中用于
suggest, propose,
move, insist, desire, demand, request,
order, command
等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是
动词原形
。如：
I suggest that we (should) go
swimming.
(3)
在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的
主语通常是
suggestion, proposal,
request, orders, idea
等。从句谓语形式是
＋动词原形
。如：
His suggestion is that we (should)
leave at once.
(4)
在同位语从句中，谓语形式是
＋动词原形
。如：
We received order that the work be
done at once.
(5)
在
It is time
that…
句型中，其谓语动词形式是
动词的过去式
或
＋动词原形
不可省。如：
It's time (that) we
went ( should
go) to school.
II.
例题
例
1 We had hoped that he
____ longer.
A
stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay
解析：该题正确答案为
D
。
had hoped
表示
本希望
，同样用法的动词还有
think,
expect
等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气
例
2
A comes B came C should
come D will come
解析：该题正确答案为
B
。
would rather
后面
的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词
过去时表示。
例
3
Had she been older, she ____ it better.
A had done B
might have done C might do D would do
解析：
Had she been
older = If she had been old.
故该题正确答案为
B
核心句型（
50
）
e to sp
欢迎到某地
e to China
。
’s them atter with sb./sth
？
出什么毛病了？
’s them atter with your
watch
？
erent
from
与
---
不同
weather in
Beijingis different from that of Nanjing
。