机构中应有一席之地，还提议一个常务委员负责吉普塞事务。还有行动筹建

建立一所吉普 塞大学。后面两段讲的是困难，第九段点出。最后一段指出，

现在说他们有人有钱可以组 成（国家）为时还早，可是吉普塞是欧盟中日程

表上的一个问题，他们日益接近解决。从 内部，外部情况分析都说明吉普塞

是一个组成国家的民族。

全文 都是环绕它是不是，

该不该承认为民族

/

国家而

写，所以

B

项他们是不是民族 是最佳标题。

A.

吉普塞要想组成 一个国家（民族）。这只是文章涉及到的部分内容，中欧

国

家< /p>

想

加

入

欧

盟

一

事

可

产

生

的

结

果

。

C. < /p>

欧

盟

害

怕

它

们

成

长。

D.

他们是一个部落。

2.

A.

最可能是在

7

世纪从印度流浪到西方。见第

1

题第二注释。

B.

他们分散在世界各地。

C.

可能他们源于中欧。

D.

他们可能来

自国际吉普塞人联盟。

3.

D.

它们在这些国际组织，如欧盟，联合国中进行活动游说要取得一席之

地。 见第

1

题第一段，三段注释。

A.

它们游说活动欧盟和联合国接受他们的要求。

B.

它们活动

游说在国际机构取得职位。

C.

他们游说作为民族的权利。

4.

C.

它害怕巴斯克人，

科西嘉人和其它要求分裂的民族会提出同样的要求。< /p>

见难句译注

11

。

A.

它可能会打开潘多拉盒子。此盒子在文章中只是比喻。

B.

鼓励可能

会导致某些意想不到的结果。

D.

吉普塞的要求会加深欧盟分

歧。

B,D

两项不够明确。

5.

A.

吉普塞人属于不同的，而且常常是对抗的民族的部落，还没有共同的

语言 和宗教信仰。

B.

他们领袖很腐败。

C.

他们潜在的团结来自被人看作是低于人类（次

等人）。

D.

他们有点太讲究实效，

B,C,

D

三项不是主要问题。主要问

题是

A.

项。

Passage Three (Method of Scientific

Inquiry

1

)

Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first

rapid development at the

culmination

2

of Greek civilization, advanced

so slowly for two thousand years

—

and why in the following two

hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has

accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was

previously

3

known

that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own

times

—

are questions which have interested the modern philosopher

not less than the objects with which these sciences are more

immediately

conversant

4

. Was it the employment of a new method of

research, or in the exercise of greater

virtue

5

in the use of the old

methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was

the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era

one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of

both periods to so- called historical accidents

—

to the influence of

conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible,

save in the

omnipotence

6

and wisdom of a guiding

Providence

7

?

The explanation which has become commonplace, that the

ancients employed

deduction

8

chiefly in their scientific

inquiries

9

, while

the moderns employ

induction

10

, proves to be too narrow, and fails

upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the

contrast that is evident between ancient and modern

scientific

doctrines

11

and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on

observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and

analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or

by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction

—

by

steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the

ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or

parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples

of science.

A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these

partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of

observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of

relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation

—

these are

the faults which cause all failures to

ascertain

12

truth, whether among

the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why

the modern is

possessed

13

of a greater virtue, and by what means

he

attained

14

his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden

growth of science in recent times.

The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in

the

antithesis

15

of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—

in the

neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive

attention to the latter

—

proves also to be too narrow, as well as open

to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not

complete. Facts and theories are not

coordinate

16

species. Theories, if

true, are facts

—

a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex,

and if a logical connection

subsists

17

between their

constituents

18

,

have all the positive attributes of theories.

Nevertheless, this distinction, however

inadequate

19

it may be to

explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and

connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a

proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the

characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by

indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is

to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full

characteristics of a fact.

1.

The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is

[A]. Philosophy of mathematics. [B]. The Recent Growth

in Science.

[C]. The Verification of Facts. [C]. Methods of Scientific

Inquiry.

2.

According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of

science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times

is

[A]. the similarity between the two periods.

[B]. that it was an act of God.

[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.

[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.

3.

The difference between “fact” and “theory”

[A]. is that the latter needs

confirmation

20

.

[B]. rests on the

simplicity

21

of the former.

[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the

ancient Greeks.

[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.

4.

According to the author, mathematics is

[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.

[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory.

5.

The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.

[A]. a

metaphor

22

. [B]. a

paradox

23

.

[C]. an

appraisal

24

of the inductive and deductive methods.

[D]. a pun.

Vocabulary

1.

inductive

归纳法

induction n.

归纳法

2.

deductive

演绎法

deduction n

。演绎法

3.

culmination

到达顶

/

极点

4.

conversant (with)

熟悉的，精通的

5.

exercise

运用，实行，执行仪式

singular

卓越的，非凡的，独一无二的

6.

conjunction

结合，同时发生

7.

omnipotence

全 能，无限权

/

威力

8.

Providence

（大写）指上帝，天道，天令

9.

commonplace

平凡的，陈腐的

10.

inquiry

调查，探究（真理，知识等）

11.

doctrine

教义，学说，讲义

12.

correlative

相互关联的

13.

antithesis

对立面，对偶（修辞学中），对句

14.

coordinate

同等的，并列的

15.

subsist

生存，维持生活

16.

attribute

特征，属性

17.

connote

意味着，含蓄（指词内涵）

难句译注

1.

Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first

rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization,

advanced so slowly for two thousand years are questions which

have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects

with which these sciences are more immediately conversant.

[

结构简析

]

破折号后面的内容（见难句译注

2

）先撇开。这样便于理解， 整

个句子是主谓表结构，

前面一个问题句作主语，

question

后跟一个定语从句，

和

连接的表语。

[

参考译文

]

为什么归纳发和数学科学，

在希腊文明达到顶点时首先快速发展

后，两千年内进展缓慢，现在哲学家对这个问题的兴趣不亚于对这些科学很

熟悉研究的 对象。

2.

…—

and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of

natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so

vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences

may be justly regarded as the products of our own times

—…

[

参考译文

]

问什么在后来的二百年中自然科学数理科学积累起来，

它们广泛

的超越了过去已知的一切，所以就把这些科学视为我们时代的产品。

3.

arrested development

停滞发展（被制止了的发展）。

4.

Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to

so-called historical accidents

—

to the influence of conjunctions in

circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the

omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?

[

参考译文

]

或者我们是否应当把两个阶段的特点归因于所谓的历史的偶然

性（意外事件）

——

归因于客观环境中相似（结合）的影响。这一点除非以

指导一切的上帝的智慧和无限权利来解释，否则难以解说清楚。

写作方法与文章大意

写法。作者采用问答方式探究为什么希腊文明顶峰之后两千年，科技发展缓慢，

而最近两 百年又迅速发展超越前人，

其原因在哪里？是采用新，

旧方法所 致，

历

史之偶然性，还是上天安排。

然后以现代用归纳法，古代用演绎法太狭隘说明科学总是在观察，实验，检

验，证实中前进。但事实难以解释慢和快的现象。最后以

“

< br>对立

”——

事实和理论

对立古代 重视事实来解释。

然这两者是对立的统一。

真正的理论就是事实 。

事实，

构成之间具逻辑联系，

就具有 理论的一切正面特性。

这种区分虽不足以解释科学

研究中真正方 法，但奠定了良好的基础，含有真正方法中的重要特性。

答案祥解

1.

D.

科学研究

/

探索的方法。

文章一开始就提出问题，

为什么从希腊文化顶

峰时期后两千年 来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢，而后的两百年又超越了

前人，是应用新，旧方法关系 还是其它（见难句译注

1

，

2

）。第二段讲埃

及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法，而现在应用了归 纳法。这种解释太

狭隘，经仔细审核，难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明 显的

差别。因为一切知识都基于观察，通过分析，综合，或综合分析，归纳演绎

推理，有可能的话，经过校正或经由演绎指导下再观察而向前推进。第三段

进一步阐明不用这些方法观察，实验；忽略相关事实，推理不慎；不能答出

理论的结论 ，再用实验或观察来检验等或用得不全，不论在古代还是现代都

会失败。

但这不能说明为什么现代科学具有较高的功效，

通过什么方式方法，

和理论的关系。

A.

数学的哲学，文内没有提。

B.

近来科学的发展。

C.

事实的

验证，只是最后两段提及验证方法之作用。

2.

B.

是上天的安排，这是作家在用方法论等失败后得出的结论。见难句译

注< /p>

4

，第一段最后一句话。

A.

两个阶段的相似性。

.

两者都试图应用归纳法。

D.

由于演绎法

的衰落。

3.

A.

后者需要证实。答案在第四，五段，死段试图在事实的对立面和理论，

或 事实和思想中发现上述现象的解释看起来有饿太狭隘，也会因模糊不清遭

批评。因为，对 立面不全面，事实和理论不是同类的事物。理论，如果是真

正的理论，就是事实

——

一种特殊类别的事实，一般复杂，但仍是事实。而

< br>事实，从词的狭义来说，如果很复杂，如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系，就

具有理 论的一切主要特征。第五段第二句，事实是一个提议，通过运用知识

的源泉和经验而证实 的提议直接而又简单。而理论，若是真理论，就有事实

的一切特性（除非其证实只能通过 非直接的，遥远的和困难的方式方法），

把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实，理论因此具 有事实的一切特性。

B.

前者简单。

C.

是现代科学家和古希腊的差异。

D.

帮助我

们了解演绎法，三项都不对。

4.

C.

是推理演绎科学，这个问题常识就能回答。

A.

归纳法科学。

B.

需要简单证实。

D.

基于事实和理论。

5.

B.

是一个悖论，见第四，五段注释。

A.

比喻。

C.

对归纳法和演绎法的赞扬。

D.

双关语。

Passage Four (It Is Bush)

On the 36th day after they had voted, Americans finally learned

Wednesday who would be their next president: Governor George W.

Bush of Texas.

Vice

1

President Al

Gore

2

, his last realistic avenue for legal

challenge closed by a U. S.

Supreme

3

Court decision late Tuesday,

planned to end the contest formally in a televised evening speech of

perhaps 10 minutes,

advisers

4

said.

They said that Senator Joseph Lieberman, his vice presidential

running mate, would first make brief comments. The men would

speak from a ceremonial

chamber

5

of the Old Executive office Building,

to the west of the White House.

The dozens of political workers and lawyers who had helped lead

Mr. Gore’s

unprecedented

6

fight to claw a come-from-behind electoral

victory in the pivotal state of Florida were thanked Wednesday and

asked to stand down.

“The vice president has directed the recount committee to

suspend activities,” William Daley, the Gore campaign

chairman, said

in a written statement.

Mr. Gore

authorized

7

that statement after meeting with his wife,

Tipper, and with top advisers including Mr. Daley.

He was expected to telephone Mr. Bush during the day. The Bush

campaign kept a low profile and moved gingerly, as if to leave space

for Mr. Gore to

contemplate

8

his next steps.

Yet, at the end of a trying and tumultuous process that had

focused world attention on

sleepless

9

vote counters across Florida,

and on courtrooms form Miami to Tallahassee to Atlanta to

Washington the Texas governor was set to become the 43d U. S.

president.

The news of Mr. Gore’s plans followed the longest and most

rancorous dispute over a U. S. presidential election in more than a

century, one certain to leave scars in a badly divided country.

It was a bitter ending for Mr. Gore, who had outpolled Mr. Bush

nationwide by some 300000 votes, but, without Florida, fell short in

the Electoral College by 271votes to 267

—

the narrowest Electoral

College victory since the turbulent election of 1876.

Mr. Gore was said to be

distressed

10

by what he and many

Democratic

activists

11

felt was a

partisan

12

decision from the nation’s

highest court.

The 5-to

–

4 decision of the Supreme Court held, in essence, that

while a vote recount in Florida could be conducted in legal and

constitutional fashion, as Mr. Gore had sought, this could not be done

by the Dec. 12 deadline for states to select their presidential electors.

James

Baker

13

3rd, the former secretary of state who represented

Mr. Bush in the Florida dispute, issued a short statement after the U.

S. high court ruling, saying that the

governor was “very pleased and

gratified.”

Mr. Bush was planning a nationwide speech aimed at trying to

begin to heal the country’s deep, aching and

varied

14

divisions. He

then was expected to meet with congressional leaders,

including

Democrats

15

. Dick Cheney, Mr. Bush’s

ruing

16

mate, was

meeting with congressmen Wednesday in Washington.

When Mr. Bush, who is 54, is sworn into office on Jan.20, he will be

only the second son of a president to follow his father to the White

House, after John Adams and John Quincy Adams in the early 19th

century.

Mr. Gore, in his speech, was expected to thank his supporters,

defend his hive-week battle as an effort to ensure, as a matter of

principle, that every vote be counted, and call for the nation to join

behind the new president. He was described by an aide as “resolved

and resigned.”

While some constitutional experts had said they believed states

could present electors as late as Dec. 18, the U. S. high court made

clear that it saw no such leeway.

The U.S. high court sent back “for revision” to the Florida court its

order allowing recounts but made clear that for all practical purposes

the election was over.

In its unsigned main opinion, the court declared, “The recount

process, in its features here described, is inconsistent with the

minimum procedures necessary to protect the fundamental right of

each voter.”

That decision, by a court fractured along

philosophical

17

lines, left

one liberal justice charging

that the high court’s

proceedings

18

bore a

political

taint

19

.

Justice John Paul Stevens wrote in an angry dissent:” Although we

may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of

this year’s presidential election, the identity of the loser

is

perfectly

20

clear. It is the nation’s confidence in the judge as

an

impartial

21

guardian

22

< br>

of the law.”

But at the end of five seemingly endless weeks, during which the

physical, legal and constitutional machines of the U. S. election were

pressed and sorely tested in ways unseen in more than a century, the

system finally produced a result, and one most Americans appeared

to be willing at lease provisionally to support.

The Bush team welcomed the news with an outward show of

restraint and

aplomb

23

. The governor’s hopes had risen and fallen so

many times since Election night, and the legal

warriors

24

of each side

suffered through so many dramatic reversals, that there was little

energy left for celebration.

1.

The main idea of this passage is

[A]. Bush’s victory in presidential election bore a political taint.

[B]. The process of the American presidential election.

[C]. The Supreme Court plays a very important part in the

presidential election.

[D]. Gore is distressed.

2.

What does the sentence “as if to leave space for Mr. Gore to

contemplate his next step” mean

[A]. Bush hopes Gore to join his administration.

[B]. Bush hopes Gore to concede defeat and to support him.

[C]. Bush hopes Gore to congraduate him.

[D]. Bush hopes Gore go on fighting with him.

3.

Why couldn’t Mr. Gore win the presidential election after he

outpolled Mr. Bush in the popular vote? Because

[A]. the American president is

decided

25

by the supreme court’s

decision.

[B].

people can’t directly elect their president.

[C]. the American president is elected by a

slate

26

of presidential

electors.

[D]. the people of each state support Mr. Bush.

4.

What was the result of the 5

—

4 decision of the supreme court?

[A]. It was in fact for the vote recount.

[B]. It had nothing to do with the presidential election.

[C]. It decided the fate of the winner.

[D]. It was in essence against the vote recount.

5.

What did the “turbulent election of 1876” imply?

[A]. The process of presidential election of 2000 was the same as

that.

[B]. There were great similarities between the two presidential

elections (2000 and 1876).

[C]. It was compared to presidential election of 2000.

[D]. It was given an example.

Vocabulary

1.

avenue

通向成功

/

获取成功的途径

手段

2.

running mate

竞选伙伴，如作为总统的竞选伙伴， 获胜

后为副总统

3.

pivotal

重要的，枢纽的

4.

gingerly=carefully

小心翼翼地

5.

tumultuous

吵闹的，骚动的，激动的

6.

rancorous

充满仇恨的

7.

elector

总统选举团成员

8.

elector college

美国选举总统的选举团

9.

leeway

风压差，余地

10.

for all practical purpose

事实上，实际

11.

fracture

断裂，折断

12.

taint

污点，败坏，感染

13.

dissent

不同意，异议

14.

provisionally

暂时的，临时的

15.

aplomb

镇静，沉着

16.

restraint

抑制，克制，谨慎

难句译注

1. stand down

退出竞争

/

竞选，辞职 ，推出法庭。这里指戈尔感谢这些竞争

支持者后，

就退出竞选。

此短语的对立面是

stand for

竞选。

Ex: to stand

for parliament

竞选国会议员。

2.

The Bush campaign kept a low profile and moved gingerly, as if

to leave space for Mr. Gore to contemplate his next steps.

[

结构简析

] profile

外形，轮廓，外观。

Low profile

低姿态，不出头露面，

不惹人注意。

High profile

鲜明的姿态。

3.

recount committee

重新计算选票委员会。

4.

…one certain to leave scars is a badly divided country.

[

结构简析

] election

的同位语

one (election) which was

certain

。

Leave scar

留下伤疤。

[

参考译文

]

人们可以肯定计算问题在这两派分裂的国家上留下伤疤。

5.

It was a bitter ending for Mr. Gore, who had outpolled Mr. Bush

nationwide by some 300000 votes, but, without Florida, fell short

in the Electoral College by 271votes to 267

—

the narrowest

Electoral College victory since the turbulent election of 1876.

[

结构简析

] outpoll

得到的选票超过某人。

Fall short (of)

缺少，不足，达

不到。

Electoral college

选举团票，

指每一个州人民选出一群人组成选 举团，

由它们直接选举总统。

6.

The election of 1876

这是指

1876

年

11

月

7

福

·

海因斯，

在总统选举结束后，

认为 自己输给民主党人，

纽约州长萨缪尔

·

莱

尔登而安息。可在第二天，因为涉嫌欺骗行为，有争议之州，如佛罗里达，

月的时间。国会因争议，不得不推迟总统就职时间。到第二年，

1877

年

3

月

4

日，

总统就职最后期限的前两天，

国会建立了一个两党联合 选举委员会：

包括八名共和党人和七名民主党人。最后该会把所有争议的选举人票都给了

海因斯。结果以

185

票对莱尔登

184

张选举团票。海因斯多一票当选为美

国第

19

任总统。

2000