电子英语论文
口吃治疗-
英文原稿
Multimedia
education application of great significance and
development trend
A,
multimedia education application of great
significance
Since entering
the in the 1990s, the multimedia technology
develops rapidly, vigorous
development,
its application has been spread all over the
national economy and social
life, is to
every corner of the way people produce and working
ways and even the way
of life brings
great change. Especially because of multimedia has
diagram, words,
sound articals are even
activities images this characteristic, so can
provide the most
ideal teaching
environment, it must to education, teaching
process produces profound
effect. The
profound influence can be summed up in one
sentence: multimedia
technology will
change teaching mode, teaching contents, teaching
means, teaching
methods, which
eventually led to the whole education ideology,
teaching theory even
fundamental change
of education system. Multimedia technology is to
have such
education field of great
significance, is because the multimedia technology
itself has
many for education, the
teaching process it is particularly valuable
characteristics and
function, these
characteristics and function in other media, such
as slideshows,
projection, film, sound
recording, video recording, TV, etc.) do not have
or
incomplete have. First should note:
here said the multimedia technology is based on
computers as the center of multimedia
technology. In a few years ago some books
mentioned excessive media mix, that
kind of multimedia teaching concept of different,
it only will be simple combination of
several media (for example the slide show,
projection, sound recording, video to
combine). Today's multimedia technology is
computer as the center, the speech
processing technology, image processing
technology, audio-visual technology are
integrated together, and the speech signal,
image signal first through frequency-
field into unified digital signals, such as later,
the
computer can be easily with their
storage, processing, and control, editing and
transform, also can search and
retrieval. Obviously, this with original put
various
forms media mix together is
completely different, because it is through the
computer
to several handle different
media information technology integrated together.
Integration method is through
frequency-field, whole become number; And to
facilitate the processing, facilitate
transmission, which will be uploaded to designated
location data compression, reduction,
later has a set of complex technology through
computer to realize. So now the
multimedia technology, in fact, based on
multimedia
computer to reflect, below I
from four aspects of the multimedia computer
characteristics and functions of
education to illustrate its application is of
great
significance.
1, multimedia computer interactive
conducive to stimulate students' interest in study
and cognitive main function display
Human-machine interaction,
immediate feedback is the computer's remarkable
characteristic, is any other media do
not have. Multimedia computer further turn the
TV with audio-visual syncretic function
and computer interaction together, create a
new illustrated, colorful man-machine
interactive way, but also can immediate
feedback. Such an interactive way for
teaching process is important, it can effectively
arouse students' learning interest,
causes the student to develop strong learning
desire,
thus forming learning
motivation. Interactive computer and multimedia
computer is
unique, because this
feature enables multimedia computer is not only
the means of
teaching methods, and
become change the traditional teaching mode and
teaching
ideas of an important factor.
As we all know, in
traditional teaching process everything is decided
by the teacher.
From the teaching
content, teaching strategies, teaching methods,
teaching steps even
students do
exercises are all teachers arranged beforehand,
students can passively
involved in this
process, namely in implants state. While in
multimedia computer such
interactive
learning environment middle school students can be
according to your own
study foundation,
study interest to choose oneself must the content
of study, can
choose to suit oneself
level of practice, if teaching software plait
better, even the
teaching mode can also
choose to, for example, can use individualized
teaching
pattern, also can use
negotiations on the model. Make the computer like
learning
partner as and you discuss
exchanges. That is to say, the students in this
interactive
learning environment is the
active participation of the possible, not all
arranged by
teachers, students can only
passive acceptance. According to the cognitive
learning
theory, knowledge of people
not outside stimulation immediately given, but
outside
stimulation and people's
internal psychological processes interact to
produce, must
exert students'
initiative and enthusiasm, can obtain the
effective cognition, this
initiative
for students' initiative and enthusiasm of play
created good conditions,
namely can
truly reflect the students' cognitive function.
2, multimedia computer
provide external stimulation to the diversity of
knowledge
acquisition and maintain
Multimedia computer
provides external stimulation is not a single
variety of sensory
stimulation, but the
comprehensive stimulation. This for knowledge
acquisition and
maintain, is very
important. Experimental psychologists chek rhett
pull (Treicher)
over the two famous
psychological experiments, one is about human to
obtain
information source, is human to
obtain information exactly mainly by what means.
He
through many experiments: human
getting information from the vision, 11% 83%
from hearing, the two add up to 94%.
And 3.5% from smell, touch, and from 1.5%
from 1% of taste. Multimedia technology
can see, and can hear, still can use hand
operation. Such through a variety of
sensory stimulation acquisition of information,
rather than single listening to the
teacher attentively much better, information and
knowledge are closely related, lots of
information available can master much
knowledge. He also made another
experiment, is about knowledge keep namely
memory of durability experiment. The
result is this: people generally can remember
oneself read the contents of 10%, 20%,
to hear himself content see myself content of
30%, oneself see and hear the content
of 50%, in the course of the exchange said
content 70%. This means that if both
can hear and can see, again through discussing,
communicating with their own language
expression, knowledge of keep will greatly
excels the traditional teaching effect.
This shows that the multimedia computer is
applied in the teaching process not
only is very good for knowledge acquisition, and
it
is helpful to keep of knowledge.
3, hypertext function of
teaching information can realize the most
effective
organization and management
Hypertext (Hypertext) is in
accordance with the human brain's lenovo thinking
way to
organize information management
of nonlinear an advanced technology. If that is
not
only the text of management
information, but also include graphics, images,
sounds,
etc, other media information,
it will become a hypermedia system, in other
words,
hypermedia is multimedia add
hypertext. In fact at present the overwhelming
majority
of multimedia systems are
using hypertext way for information organization
and
management. Therefore under normal
circumstances, can also of hypermedia system
and multimedia system no distinction,
namely the hypertext as multimedia system of
a kind of special function.
If press hypertext way to organize one
book and traditional file or printing of books
completely different, then the text
(articles, paragraphs, or a word, a phrase)
according
to mutual contact is
organized into text nets. This book indifferent to
the first page
and on the last page,
from which text start reading, and then read
anything by readers'
willingness to
decide. Choose the next text basis not order, nor
index, but text
semantic relations
between. Cognitive psychology research indicates
that the human
mind is lenovo
characteristics. People in reading or thinking
process often due to
lenovo from a
concept or theme transferred to another related
concepts or theme. So
the nonlinear,
according to hypertext reticular manner management
information and
according to
traditional text linear, order way organization
management information
compared, the
former more accord with human's thinking
characteristics and reading
habits.
Hypertext is having above
superiority by its structure is decided by the
basic structure,
hypertext node (node)
and chain (link) composition. Node used to store
all kinds of
information, node content
may be the text, voice, graphics, image or a
section of
activity images, Node size
can be a window can also is a frame or several
frame
contains data, the chain is used
to represent each node (i.e., all kinds of
information)
relationship. Nodes and
chain all have many different types of forming
different kinds
of multimedia systems.
Use of multimedia of
hypertext function realization of teaching
information
organization and
management, its advantage is:
(1) can be according to the teaching
goal request, the contain different media
information various teaching content
composition an organic whole. In the traditional
printing materials, and relevant images
of speech and activities with text content
cannot composed of integration of
teaching material, only on the textbook, audio,
video three separate form, respectively
published. Obviously, this textbook, its
content is necessarily drab, boring,
and hypertext manner of graph, the article, the
sound, like articals spectators
electronic materials is obvious.
(2) according to the teaching content
of demands that contains a different teaching
requirements of various teaching
material composition an organic whole. The
teaching process of each teaching units
are included text, practice, problem sets, ask
questions, exams, and the solution for
test and the corresponding demo or experiment,
take these teaching content and
teaching requirements related to different
teaching
material organization of
organic together, no doubt of classroom teaching,
extracurricular review or for self-
study is of great advantage to. And according to
the
traditional text linear, order way
to organize and manage teaching content can never
do it.
(3) may
according to the student's knowledge base and the
level of related disciplines
prepare
knowledge and broaden our horizons need to
supplement knowledge
composition an
organic whole. Teaching students according to
their aptitude to
optimize the teaching
process is one of the important targets of, but
because the
student individual differs
greatly, should be in traditional printing
materials at the
same time satisfy the
foundation is bad student, general students and
excellent
students to the teaching
content of different demand is impracticable,
while in
multi-media electronic
textbooks in this is a breeze, want to use
hypertext function
setting and prepare
knowledge about hotkey and supplement knowledge
related
hotkeys can.
4, multimedia computer can be used as
cognitive tool to achieve the ideal learning
environment
From
the 1980s the medium to the early 1990s, computer
as the tool in the education
field were
widely used mainly include two aspects: one is as
data processing tools
(such as various
databases and electronic form processing software
application), 2 it is
to serve as WORD
processing tools (such as WPS and the WORD
software). In recent
years, the
computer as the tool in education field
application development, is one of
the
teaching process as an effective cognitive tool.
As is known to all, in the
past 20 years, emphasize stimulation-reaction and
put
learners as external stimuli make
reactive namely as a knowledge infusion object
behaviorism learning theory, has given
way to emphasize the cognitive subject
internal psychological process and the
learners as information processing subject's
cognitive learning theory. As
psychologists to human learning process cognitive
laws,
and the deepening of the research
of cognitive learning theory is an important
branch
of jujube constructivist
learning theory in the western gradually popular.
Because of
the multimedia computer and
network communication technology has various
characteristics particularly suitable
for realizing constructivist learning
environments,
in other words,
multimedia computer and network communication
technologies can
be used as a
constructivist learning environments ideal
cognitive tools, can effectively
promote the students' cognitive
development, so as the multimedia computer and
Internet network's rapid development,
constructivism learning theory is more and
more shows its strong vitality, and in
the world scope expanding its impact.
Below we learn from
constructivist learning
theory of the basic content.
(1), about learning meaning
Learning is the process of acquiring
knowledge. Constructivism holds that knowledge
is not through teacher teach get, but
learners in certain situations which is social
culture background, with the help of
others (including teachers and co-learner) help,
using necessary study material, through
the significance construction ways and obtain.
help of others help namely
through interpersonal collaboration between
activity and
realize the meaning
construction process, so constructivism learning
theory is that
the scene
environment of the four elements or
four attributes.
content of construction of
sense. This to the teaching design puts forward
new
requirements, that is to say, in
the constructivist learning environments, the
teaching
design should take into
account the teaching goal analysis, the learners'
characteristics
analysis and the media
selection and utilization, consider to help
students to construct
meaning scene
establishment questions and to create problems as
teaching situation of
the most
important contents of the design.
Collaboration to study
material collection and analysis, a umptio
proposing with
validation, learning
achievement evaluation until the ultimate meaning
construction
are important role.
groups through
sessions between members must discuss how to
finish the stipulation
the learning
tasks plan; In addition, collaborative learning
process is session, in this
process,
each student's thinking results (wisdom) for the
entire learning groups
sharing,
therefore dialog is reached significance
construction one of the important
methods.
construct the significance
is to point to: the nature of things, law and the
inner link
between things. In the
learning process to help students construction
significance is to
help students to the
current study content reflects the nature of
things, law and the
thing with other
things the inner relation between reach deeper
understanding. This
kind of
understanding in the brain of long-term storage on
current form is learned
content of
cognitive structure, also called
(2), on the way of learning
Constructivism advocate in teachers
under the guidance of learner-centered learning,
i.e., emphasize learners' cognitive
function, again don't ignore the teacher's leading
role. Teachers are significance
construction helper, promoter, and not knowledge
of
providers and instill person.
Students are information processing of the
subject, the
meaning is actively
constructing person, and not knowledge passive
recipients and
implants objects.
Students will become
meaningful actively constructing, who requires the
students in
the learning process from
the following several aspects plays main role:
(1) to with exploration
method, discovery method to construct knowledge
significance;
(2) in construction significance is
required for the process of students' initiative
to
collect and analyze the related data
and material, to study question should put forward
various hypothetical effort and
verified,
3 the current
study contents required students reflected things
as far as possible and
himself already
know things associated, and for this association
carefully thinking.
with the
process of thought and collaborative study of the
consultation process (i.e.
communication, the process discussed)
together, the students will be higher efficiency
of construction significance, the
quality will be better. Negotiations are
consultation
consultation
de
bate what is right, Communication consultation is
to study group internal mutual
discussion and debate.
Teachers should become the student
construction significance helper, and requires
teachers in the teaching process from
the following several surface to play a leading
role:
(1)
stimulate students' interest in study and help the
students form learning
motivation,
(2) by creating accord with
teaching content requirements scene and prompt
connections between old and new
knowledge of clues that help learners build
current
knowledge learnt significance.
3 in order to make the
meaning construction more effective, teachers
should in
possible conditions, the
organization of cooperative learning (to launch
the discussion
and communication), and
collaborative learning process to guide toward
helps
significance construction
direction. Guiding methods include puts forward
proper
problems to arouse student's
thinking and discussion, In the discussion managed
to
put questions to step by step
further to deepen our understanding of the
students have
content, To inspire
revulsive student to discover the rule, oneself to
correct and
supplement wrong or one-
sided understanding, avoid by all means is
directly to the
students
indoctrination.
Below we
through two examples to illustrate how the actual
class multimedia
computer and network
communication technology as a cognitive tool to
achieve such
a learning environment.
Lesson ex.1: Australia
peng this center elementary
school
ShiYanBan for sixth
grade, there are thirty students, teachers' name
Andrea, currently
should be the
teaching content is about the Olympic Games. As
usual, Andrea
encouraged her students
around teaching contents several topics (such as
the Olympic
Games worked in Australia
in many times in the history and achievements of
Olympic Games problem), and determine
the media in the process of solving these
problems, the role of, students are
required to use multimedia forms intuitive, image
herself selected problems appear. After
a period of time in the library and Internet
access to information, including meters
after Chester's and salad two kids cooperation
manufacture a about the Olympic Games
history multimedia demo software. In this
software to the class, the teacher
broadcast before calling attention to observation
and
analysis software performance
contents and characteristics. Play immediately
after the
discussion. One student said,
from Olympic time axis, he noticed the Olympic
Games
is held once every four years.
Another student is put forward different views, he
thinks that is not always the case, for
example in 1904, 1906 and 1908 this several
times is held once every two years. Yet
some students have noticed the in time of the
1916, 1940 and 1944 axis of this a few
years, when there were no Olympic Games
teacher questions:
what
could be the year some important things happened,
some students said the war
happened,
some more correctly pointed 1916 suspension is due
to the first world war,
1940 and 1944
suspension is due to the second world war. Through
our discussions
and negotiations,
deciding to Chester's and salad development rice
of multimedia
software for two
complement that: (1) the first and second world
wars of the influence
of hosting the
Olympics, 2 for the Olympic history of early a few
times transitional
(two years once)
Olympic Games make special explanation. This time
a kid cut
proposal Hitler's photo by
scanning in time axis in 1940 to illustrate this
point, is he
launched the second world
war. Teacher asked the class other classmate:
different opinion?
Hitler
photos, we should use a can truly reflect the
second world war to people's
disastrous
(e.g. bombing or genocide jewish) the photos to
stoke for Hitler's hate
Teachers of
salad, a spokesman said approval.
In class, the teacher can see example
for this teaching unit design teaching mainly is
to let a student with multimedia
computer to establish a about Olympic Games a
certain feature (such as Olympic
history or Australia in the Olympic celebrations
scores) scene, in order to stimulate
students' interest in study and explore
voluntarily
spirit, again through
discussions about the teaching content, the
thorough
understanding of gradually
leads. In this class, students always in cases of
initiatively
explore, active thinking,
actively constructing meaningful cognitive main
position, but
also cannot leave teacher
beforehand, elaborate design teaching and the
collaborative
learning process that
make the finishing point guiding, Teachers in the
whole teaching
process said little, but
on students' construction significance help is
large, fully
embodies the teachers'
leading role and students' subject function
combination. The
whole teaching process
around constructivism scene, cooperation,
conversation and
significance
construction these cognitive link, and from
beginning to end and natural
unfolding
in multimedia computer environment (simultaneously
with the realization
of Internet
information), so the above example based on
multimedia computer and
Internet
network as cognitive tool to achieve
constructivist learning environments of
very good example.
Lesson ex.2: Australia
burke elementary school
ShiYanBan by grade three and grade four
students mixes composition, presided over
the teacher called Mary test, want to
undertake teaching contents in animal science
project is. Mary for this teaching
units of the teaching design is mainly, lets
student
with multimedia computer design
a about a local zoo electronic guide, so as to
establish a conducive to construct
for students are very attractive, thus
effectively arouse their interest in learning. She
put her ShiYanBan are divided into
groups, each team is responsible for the
development of the zoo in a hall of
multimedia presentations. Mary let children
oneself choice: which one would develop
center, willing to choose which kind of
animal, Is willing to collect the
relevant pictures of animals material, or are
willing to
write for image information
in the text of the corresponding, Or directly with
multimedia tools to make software, by
the children choose yourself. Then based on
this form various study groups.
In this way, each
exhibition will become students study object, the
children all around
his task trying to
collect information. For example, they go to the
zoo the
corresponding field observation
of animals exhibition habits, ecological,
libraries and
Internet to inquire about
material, in order to get pictures of animals and
writing
instructions. In each group to
finish assigned tasks, Mary organize all ShiYanBan
communicate and discuss. This around
certain situation of self to explore ways of
learning, it not only greatly promoted
the students' learning self-consciousness, fully
embodies the students' cognitive
function, and on this basis for collaborative
learning,
as long as teachers lead
students to wisely will be deepened concepts, help
students to
construct knowledge
significance in an effective way. For example, in
the class
exchange process
demonstration to
question:
marsupials?
and let students
around these three marsupials discuss the
differences and similarities
between,
thus in the related background, exercise and
development the children of
things to
distinguish, contrast ability. This is by using
multimedia computer and
Internet
network as a cognitive tools, realize
constructivist learning environments,
thus effectively help students to
finish on current learned information and promote
the
construction of sense of the
development of students' cognition capability
another
example.
Second, multimedia education
application development trend
Comprehensive education in recent years
abroad many technical magazine (such as
ET, ETS, EMI, JRCE, AJDE...). On the
advertisement major papers, and successive
(Multimediaand Hypermedia,
namely
congress, the abbreviation
ED_MEDIA World congress, which is held once every
year the World largest relevant
multimedia education application of international
Conference on) the publication of the
basic point, we can see that the present
multimedia education application have
the following a few notable trends:
1. The multimedia technology and
network communication technology union
At the end of 1995, in international
information world one thing most striking events,
is America from in the Internet browser
introduced a
Java language development
with a kind of brand-new can dynamic execution
browser.
Its outstanding characteristic
is to have animation function, can provide
hypertext
format graphics, image,
sound, animation and cartoon and so on many kinds
of media
information, The static and
dynamic execution document into can code, which
thoroughly change the Internet browser
can only be used to query Internet information
situation, the education application
for Internet has opened up a new prospect, this is
because HotJava dynamic executable
characteristics is assigned to a user a remote
sensing function. For example, a user
can use HotJava writing a Java applications to
realize simulation chemical reactions
of pages, and of other 3W user just use HotJava
browser can not only see the simulation
page, still can interact with (for example can
change the chemical reaction in the
process of some parameters to observe different
reaction process and result). By using
the dynamic HotJava executable features user
in some important documents to retrieve
or teaching material, not only can see static
page by clicking on a icon can also see
or hot as true of experimental or
algorithm performs process visual
presentation. Clearly, such a interactive function
and use the first generation of
Internet browser (such as Mosaic and Netscape) can
only watch the effect of static page
compared is essentially different, it education
application (especially for long-
distance education application) has vital
significance.
Can say, the emergence of
HotJava Internet browser is not only the important
renovation, also for multimedia
technology and network communication technology
union found the ideal isopleth: from
the education based on Internet network
multimedia applications is growing up
(June in Boston during the ED_MEDIA world
congress in 121 article assembly
education application of multimedia communication
papers based on 3W server and HotJava
in order to realize the multimedia technology
and network communication technology
combining education application paper
consists of seven papers). At present
not only developed western countries based on
the Internet in vigorously developing
education, multimedia applications is Taiwan,
Hong Kong and other areas in this
respect into quite a number of manpower and