介词for和to用法完全归纳
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2021年01月28日 20:00
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介词
for
用法完全归纳
?
本站特约作者
陈根花
?
用法
1
:
(
表目的
)
为了。如:
They went out for a walk.
他们出去散步了。
What did you do that for
你干吗这样做?
That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。
What’s she gone for this time 她这次去干什么去了?
He was waiting for the bus.
他在等公共汽车。
【用法说明】在通常情况下,英语不用
for doing sth
来表示目的。如:
他去那儿看他叔叔。
误:
He went there for seeing his uncle.
正:
He went there to see his uncle.
但是,若一个动名词已名词化,则可与
for
连用表目的。如:
He went there for swimming.
他去那儿游泳。
(swimming
已名词化
) < br>注意:若不是表目的,而是表原因、用途等,则其后可接动名词。
(
见下面的有
关用法
)
用法
2
:
(
表利益
)
为,为了。如:
What can I do for you
你想要我什么?
We study hard for our motherland.
我们为祖国努力学习。
Would you please carry this for me
请你替我提这个东西好吗?
Do more exercise for the good of your health.
为了健康你要多运动。
【用法说明】
(1)
有些后接双宾语的动词
(
如
buy,
choose,
cook,
fetch,
find,
get, order, prepare, sing, spare
等
)
,当双宾语易位时,通常用
for
来引
出间接宾语,表示间接宾语为受益者。如:
She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter.
她
为她女儿做了件连衣裙。
He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us.
他为我们
煮了些土豆。
注意,类似下面这样的句子必须用
for
:
He bought a new chair for the office.
他为办公室买了张新办公椅。
(2)
注意不要按汉语字面意思,在一些及物动词后误加介词
for
:
他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。
误:
They decided toadvertise for their new product on TV.
正:
They decided to advertise their new product on TV.
注:
advertise
可用作及物或不及物动词,但含义不同:
advertise sth
=为卖
出某物而打广告;
advertise
for
sth
=为寻找某物而打广告。
如:
advertise
for
a
job=
登广告求职。
由于受汉语“为”的影响,
而此处误加了介词
for
。
类似地,
汉语中的“为人民服务”,
说成英语是
serve
the
people
,
而不是
serve
for
the
people
,
“为某人的死报仇”,
说成英语是
avenge
sb’s
death,
而不是
avenge
for sb’s death,等等。
用法
3
:
(
表用途
)
用于,用来。如:
Knives are used for cutting things.
小刀是用来切东西的。
This knife is for cutting bread.
这把小刀是用于切面包的。
It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。
The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold.
医生给了她一些感冒药。
用法
4
:为得到,为拿到,为取得。如:
He went home for his book.
他回家拿书。
He went to his friend for advice.
他去向朋友请教。
She often asked her parents for money.
她经常向父母要钱。
We all hope for success.
我们都盼望成功。
Are you coming in for some tea
你要不要进来喝点茶?
?
?
用法
5
:给
(某人
)
,供
(
某人
)
用。如。如:
That’s for you. 这是给你的。
Here is a letter for you.
这是你的信。
Have you room for me there
你那边能给我腾出点地方吗?
用法
6
:
(
表原因、理由
)
因为,由于。如:
I am sorry for it.
对不起。
Thank you for coming to see me.
谢谢你来看我。
You can’t see the wood for the trees. 你只见树木,不见森林。
He is famous for his poems.
他因为他的诗出名。
He was sent to prison for robbery.
他因为抢劫而坐牢。
I couldn’t speak f
or laughing.
我笑得说不出话来。
He couldn’t sleep for joy. 他高兴得不能入睡。
For several reasons, I’d rather not meet her. 由于种种原因,我宁愿不
见她。
【用法说明】有些表原因的特殊结构不宜用介词
for
来引出,而用其他介词。
如:
他由于努力工作而加了工资。
误:
For the result of his hard work, he got a pay rise.
正:
As a [the] result of his hard work, he got a pay rise.
注:
as a [the] result of
是习语,意为“由于……的结果”。
因为母亲不在家,她只好自己做饭。
误:
For Mother (being) away, she had to cook the meal herself.
正:
With Mother (being) away, she had to cook the meal herself.
注:“with+宾语
+
宾语补足语”可用来表示原因,此时的
with
不能换成
for
。
类似地,下例中的
with
也不能换成
for
:
With all this work to do, I don’t know if I’ll have time to go out. 有
这么多工作要做,我不知是否有时间出去。
我们祝贺你的成功。
误:
We congratulate you for your success.
正:
We congratulate you on your success.
注:
congratulate
后习惯上接介词
on
表示原因。
用法
7
:
(
表目标、去向
)
去。如:
Is this bus for Chicago
这辆公共汽车开往芝加哥吗?
They’ll leave for Beijing tomorrow. 明天他们动身去北京。
They set off for the shops.
他们买东西去了。
Is this the train for Shanghai
这是开往上海的火车吗?
Passengers for Tianjing must change at Beijing.
去天津的旅客必须在北京
换车。
【用法说明】比较
for
与
to
,两者均可表示目的地,注意以下区别:
for
通常与
leave,
start,
set
out,
set
off,
head,
steer,
depart,
be
bound,
be
destined
等动词连用,而
to
则通常与
come,
drive,
fly,
get,
go,
lead,
march, move, return, ride, run, travel, walk
等动词连用。如:
We departed for London at 10 am.
我们上午
10
点动身去伦敦。
Then we drove to the station.
然后我们就开车去了车站。
有时,
同一个动词
(
如
sail)
两者均可连用,
但含义稍有差别:
用
for
通常只表
示向着某目的地那个方向,
并不强调到达的意思;
而
to
含有到达某目的地的意
思。如:
They sailed for Shanghai.
他们开船驶往广州。
They sailed to Shanghai.
他们开船驶至广州。
若与名词连用,也有类似区别。如:
There will be a train for Wuhan.
有开往武汉的火车。
(
仅表示向武汉方向,
但在武汉未必是停靠站
)
There will be a train to Wuhan.
有开往武汉的火车。
(
开往武汉方向,且在
武汉停靠
)(R56)
顺便说一句,也有的辞书持几乎相反的观点,认为
for
与
to
表示目的地时,
for
表示的是预定目的地,而
to
表示的是假设将会到达的目的地。
?
?
用法
8
:
(
表时间、距离、数量等
)
达,计。如:
I’m going away for a few days. 我要走开几天。
I’v
e been here for ten years.
我来这儿有
10
年了。
He walked for ten miles.
他走了
10
英里路。
The shop sent me a bill for $$50.
商店给我送来了一张
50
美元的账单。
【用法说明】
for
用于表示时间或距离的长度
(
尤其是紧跟在动 词之后
)
时,
有时
可省略。如:
The meeting lasted (for) three days.
会议持续了
3
天。
They walked (for) fifty miles.
他们走了
50
英里。
但是当
for
短语位于句首或在否定句中时
, for
通常不宜省去。如:
For ten years he lived here.
他在这里住过
10
年。
We have not heard from him for a long time.
我们很久没收到他的来信了。
用法
9
:对,对于。如:
Eggs are good for you.
鸡蛋对你有好处。
Reading in bed is bad for your eyes.
躺在床上看书对你的眼睛不好。
Fortunately for me, the train was also late.
我很走运,火车也晚点了。
【用法说明】关于
for
与
to
表示“对……来说”时的区别,参见
to
。
用法
10
:
(
表适合
)
适于,适合。如:
Do you have any books for children
你有适合小孩子看的书吗?
He is the very person for the work.
他是最适合做这工作的人。
It’s a good place for a camp. 那是个露营的好地方。
She bought some clothes for winter.
她买了些冬天穿的衣服。
用 法
11
:
(
表交换
)
换,以……作交换。如:
He gave her some magazines for her dictionary.
他用几本杂志换她的字典。
She bought the skirt for $$50.
她花了
50
美元买这条裙子。
I bought a pound of apples for 70 cents.
我花了七角钱买了一磅苹果。
Don’t translate word for word. 不要逐字硬译。
用法
12
:作为,当作。如:
Don’t take him for a fool. 别把他当傻瓜。
He mistook a rope for a snake.
他把一条绳子误认为是蛇。
He knew that for a fact.
他知道那是事实。
The missing persons were given up for dead.
大家都认为那些失踪的人已死
了。
【用法说明】用于此义时,有时相当于
as, to be, as being
,但要注意不同句
型的搭配习惯。如:
I took him for an honest man. / I took him to be honest.
我看他为人老
实。
It was built for [as] a pleasure boat.
这船建作游艇之用。
比较:
He took her smile for agreement.
他把她的微笑视为同意。
Will you take me as your partner
你把我看作你的合伙人好吗?
按传统语法,take…for… 通常指误认为是……,而
take…as
[to
be] 则主要
指正确地认为是……。但在现代英语中,有时并未完全遵守此规则。
但是与
mistake
连用的则通常是
for
而不是
as
。如:
We mistook the house for a hotel.
我们把那房子误以为旅馆。
?
?
用法
13
:
(
表支持、赞成
)
支持,赞成。如:
Are you for or against the plan
你是支持还是反对这个计划?
I’m all for the young enjoying themselves. 我完全赞成年轻人多玩玩。
用法
14
:
(
表基准
)
就……来说,以……而言,作为。如:< br>
He’s done well for a beginner. 作为新手,他干得很好。
He is heavy for a small boy.
作为一个小男孩而言,他的身体算重的了。
She was short for her age.
就她的年龄来说,个子是矮了点。
The day is cool for July.
在
7
月里这样的日子算是凉快的了。
用法
15
:
(
表比例
)
每……就……。如:
Plant three trees for every one that is cut down.
每砍一棵树要种三棵树。
He has one enemy for a hundred friends.
他的敌人与朋友之比为一比一百。
For every five who passed, there were two who failed.
每
5
个人及格,就
有
2
个不及格。
For every mistake you make, you’ll lose half a mark. 你每犯一个错误,
就要扣去半分。
【用法说明】用于此义时,通常与
each, every
或数词连用。
用法
16
:代表,代替,代理。如:
What’s the English for “中国” 英语里“中国”怎么说?
What’s the “C” for in “BBC” BBC
中的
C
代表什么?
Red is for danger.
红色代表危险。
Let me do it for you.
让我替你做吧。
The lawyer acted for him during the trial.
在审案期间由律师代表他行事。
用法
17
:
(
表 安排的时间
)
在,于。如:
The appointment is for 10:30.
约会定在十点半。
We’ve
invited
our
guests
for
7
o’clock. 我们已邀请我们的客人
7
点钟来。
We’ve booked our holiday for the second week in July. 我们的假期安排
在七月份的第二个星期。
The next meeting was arranged for the tenth of May.
下次会议已定于
5
月
10
日举行。
【用法说明】
用于此义时,
for
主要指安排或约定的时间,
所以像下面两例中的
介词
at
,
in
就不能换成
for
。如:
He gets up at six every day.
他每天
6
点钟起床。
He was born in September, 1988.
他出生于
1988
年
9
月。
用法
18
:
(
表让步
)
尽管,虽然。如:
For all his money, he’s a very lonely man. 他虽然富有,可是非常寂寞。
For all his efforts, he didn’t succeed. 尽管他做了很多努力,却仍然没
有成功。
I love you, for all your shortcomings.
尽管你有很多缺点,但我仍然爱你。
【用法说明】用于此义时,通常与
all
连用。
(
见上例
)
用法
19
:
(
与不定式连用引出逻辑上的主语
)
。如:
It is for you to decide.
该由你来决定。
All I want is for us to be together.
我希望的只是我们能在一起。
Is there any need for me to go
我有没有必要去?
He spoke too fast for her to follow.
他说得太快,她跟不上。
It is a great pity for him to leave here so soon.
他这么快就离开这里真
是遗憾。
It is dangerous for a small child to cross the road alone.
小孩子自己
过马路很危险。
For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable.
一座桥像那样倒塌是
不可想像的。
【用法说明】
(1)
下面两句同义,但以第一句为普通。如:
老人快跑是危险的。
正:
It is dangerous for an old man to run fast.
正:
For an old man to run fast is dangerous.
(2)
有时可表目的。如:
I’ve sent my coat away for it to be cleaned. 我把外衣送去洗了。
For sales to increase, we must lower our prices.
为了增加销量,我们必
须降低价格。
(3)
有时用于
than
后引出不定式的逻辑主语。如:
There’s nothing worse than for a person to ill
-treat a child.
没有什
么比虐待小孩更恶劣的了。
一:表示相对,针对
be
strange
(common,
new,
familiar,
peculiar,
distinct,
sensitive,immune,
vulnerable, indispensable) to
Air is indispensable to life.
Aircrafts are vulnerable to interference caused by radiation.
This injection will make you immune to infection.
二:表示对比,比较
1
:
以
-io r
结
尾
的
形
容
词
,
后
接
介
词
to
表
示
比
较
,
如
:
superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior
The quarrel happened prior to my arrival.
2:
一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词,
如
equal
,< br>similar
,
equivalent
,
analogous
A is similar to B in many ways.
3
:
表
示
一
些
先
后
顺
序
的
形
容
词
,
如
:
second,subsequent,n ext,preliminary,preparatory
Subsequent to the war,they returned to their hometown.
4: to
也偶尔出现在个别动词之后
,
与动词形成固定词组
,表示比较
,
如
:prefer
to,compare to,incontrast to
compare to sth.
表示比喻或比拟
,
而
compare with sth.
表示比较
,
如
:
World is usually compared to a stage
Compared with his past,he has changed a lot.
Prefer
的正确句型是
:prefer
A
to
B
或
prefer
doing
A
to
doing
B,
但当
prefer
后接动词不定式时
,< br>表示比较的介
词
to
就要改成
rather than ,
如
:
The undaunted soldier preferred death to surrender.
Many people prefer spending money to earning money.
They prefer to pursue careers rather than remain home as house wives.
5: to
与及个别的名词构成比较之意
,
如
:alternative
Going
to
an
under
water
concert
is
a
great
alternative
to
going
to
dinner.
三
:
表示修饰关系
1:
表示回复
,
反应意思的词
,
如
:answer to question,
solution to problem,response to inquiry,reaction to proposal,reply to
letter
2:
表
示
建
筑
构
件
的
词
汇
,
如
:
entry,entranc e,approach,access,passage,exit,vent,path
the approach to a bridge
引桥
the approach to science
Half of the population was estimated to have no access to the health
service.
The access to education
接受教育的机会
The access to medical care
享受公费医疗的权利
3:
表示人物职位和官衔的词
,
如
:assistant
to
manager,
ambassador
to
Spain,
successor to tradition,heir to
throne,deputy to the National People’s Congress
advisor to the Prime Minister
4:
表示权利和许可的词汇
,
如
:right,admission
The employee finally got the admission to the boardroom.
Everyone has an equal right to ……..
5:
表示栅栏或障碍的词汇
,
如
:bars to development,the barrier to progress
6:
表示与书籍
,
文本相关的词
,
如
:introductio n to passage.
7:
表示恭喜或是祝贺
,
如
:
The director proposed a toast to the health of the guests.