阅读理解之猜测词义之定义解释法
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2021年01月29日 22:47
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怎样猜测词义
词义猜测题的命题分析
1.
词义猜测题的命题依据
高考英语主要考 查的是考生对于高中英语基础知识和基本技能的掌握情况，
侧重考查考
生的综合语言运用能力，
特别是运用英语获取信息、
处理信息、
分析问题和解决问题的能力。
词义猜测 题正是对于这种能力的具体考查，
它是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解能力和处
理生词的能力 ，对此英语课程标准和高考英语考试大纲都有具体的要求。
英语课程标准的要求是：能够根据情景及上下文猜测不熟悉的语言现象。
高考英语考试大纲要求考生能读懂书、
报、
杂志中关于一般性话 题的简短文段以及公告、
说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：
1
．
理解主旨和要义；
2
．
理解文中具体信息；
3
．
根据上下文推断生词的词义；
4
．
作出判断和推理；
5
．
理解文章的基本结构；
6
．
理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
2.
词义猜测题的设问特点
词义猜测题的提问关键词为
mean, refer to, be replaced
等。
常见的设问方式有：
(1) The underlined word ―___‖ in the second passage probably means ―___‖.
(2)
Which
of
the
following
words
can
best
take
the
place
of
the
word
―___‖
in
the
first
paragraph?
(3) What does the underlined word ―___‖ in Paragraph 3 refer to?
(4) The underlined word ―___‖ in Paragraph 1 is nearest /closest in meaning to ―___‖.
（
5
）
The word ―……‖ refers to/ probably
means/ could best be replaced by _______
(6)The word ―……‖ is most likely to mean____
(7)What do you think the expression ―……‖ stands for? _____
(8)By saying ―……‖ we mean_______
(9)―……‖ as used in the passage, can be be
st defined
as _______.
(10)The underlined word /phrase/ sentence ―……‖ means_______.
3.
词义猜测题的选项特点
（
1
）
正确选项的特点
●
忠实于原文的语言，即在文字表述上基本和原文相关语句一致。
●
类似于 原文的同义词语或同义结构，即和原文相关句子结构一致，语法表现形式不
同，但语义一样。
（
2
）
干扰项的特点
●
给出所熟悉词的字面意思或常规含义。
1
●
与上下文意思貌似吻合
4.
词义猜测题的考查类型
(1)
考查熟词新义
所谓熟词 新义是讲考生已经熟悉这个词的基本意思，但在考查语境中其又有新的含义，
要求考生能推测出这些词在 句中的含义。此类题目的最大特点就是熟词有新义。例如：
42. The underlined word ―voice‖ in the second paragraph most probably means ―___‖.
（
2010
年四
川卷
A
篇）
A. an idea
B. a sound quality
C. a way of writing
D. a world to write about
【分析】voice
是考生非常熟悉的单词，但是这个词在文中却有了新的含义，表示一种写作
的方 法，正确答案为选项
C
。
(2)
考查生词词义的猜测
所谓生词，是指在考纲或教材中没有出现过的词汇，考生完全不了解其 含义，主要考查
考生通过上下文猜测词义的能力。该类题目的最大特点就是新语境中的新词义。例如：< br>
67. The underlined word
―assertiveness‖ in the last paragraph probably means ―___‖.
（
2010
年
北京卷
C
篇）
A. being willing to speak one's mind
B. being able to increase one's power
C. being ready to make one's own judgment
D. being quick to express one's ideas confidently
【分析】
assertiveness
一词对 考生来讲，应该算是一个生词，想要明白其意，必须结合语境
来推测。这一类型的题目对于考生来讲，< br>是一种较为公平、客观的能力考查。正确答案为选
项
D
。
(3)
考查代词词义的猜测
代词的主要作用就是用来指代上下文所出现的名 词以及名词词组。由于代词的这种指代性，
使得文章的行文更加流畅、
逻辑更加严密。
该类题目的最大特点是内在的逻辑和指代。
例如：
68. The underlined word ―them‖ in Paragraph 2 refers to ___.
（
2010
年北京卷
D
篇）
A. taxpayers
B. pressing calls
C. college graduates
D. governments resources
【分析】综合第
2
自 然段的段落大意，可判断此处的
them
指代的是
pressing calls
。
58. What does ―to do that‖ refer to in the second paragraph?
（
2010
年四川卷
E
篇）
A. To live with John
B. To hire a house for John
C. To allow John to see the children
D. To ask John to set up a regular life
【分析】此题属于对文段语境指代能力的考查。需要根据
―to do that‖
所 在的前后段落大意及
文章的中心进行分析，才能作出合理的判断。正确答案为选项
C.
To
allow
John
to
see
the
children
。
(4)
考查对短语含义的猜测
短语是由两个或两个以上的词组合起来构成的，
考生必须注意词与词之间的关系以及上下文
的语境，进而对短语的含义做出猜测。该类题的最大特点是词语之间的关系。例如：
72. The phrase ―communications blackout‖ in Paragraph 1 most probably refers to ___ during the
2012 Olympics.
（
2010
年上海卷
C
篇）
A. the extinguishing of the Olympic torch
B. the collapse of broadcasting systems
C. the transportation breakdown in London
D. the destruction of weather satellites
2
【分析】
blackout
有
―
停电
‖
、
―
舞台熄灯
‖
之意，
com munication
有
―
传播
‖
、
―
交流
‖
之意。因此
在推测
―communications
blackout ‖
这一短语的含义时应注意两者之间的语义关系，答案应为
选项
collapse of broadcasting systems
。
(5)
考查对句子含义的猜测
该类题目的最大特点是要对句子前后的语境进行分析以及对句中重点词语的把握。例如：
42. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 most probably means that games can ___.(2010
年天津卷
B
篇
)
A. describe life in an exciting way
B. turn real- life experiences into a play
C. make learning life skills more interesting
D. change people's views of sporting events
【分析】通过分析划线句子的前后语境，可以得出答案为选项
C
。
方法与技巧一
:
定义
/
解释法
即根据给出的定义或解释
/
举例猜测词义
为了解释或说明某个词语 的意义，
有时作者会用直接定义法或用其它方式对该词进行解释或
说明。
如：
Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由此 可知
anthropology
意为
―
研究人类的
科学，人类学‖
。
关键信息词
有：
is
，
means
，
refers to
，
is considered to be
，
is known as
，
is called
，
can be defined
as, that is
（
to say
）
,or, be considered to be
，
in
other words , namely
（即，就是）
,
破折号，同
位语
,
定语从句等 等。
1.
根据定义（
definition
）猜测词义
定义常用的谓语动词多为：
be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, be called, define, represent,
refer to, signify(
意味，表明
)
等。
【实例验证】
1.A calendar is a list of the days, weeks, months of a particular year.
2.A biography is the story of a person's life written by someone else.
3.A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.
uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals.
herdsman, who looks after sheep , earns about 650 yuan a year.
are on the night shift --- from midnight to 8 a.m. --- this week.
7.
The word ―
adolescence
‖ means the period between children and adulthood.
A
少儿期
B
幼儿期
C
青春期
D
成人期
8.
（
2005
年湖北卷）
Do
you
know
what
a
―territory‖
is
?
A
territory
is
an
area
that
an
animal ,usually the male, claims
（声称）
as its own.
Youth
Summit
was
aimed
at
increasing
understanding
and
friendship
between
young
students of the two countries through visits and y-
five American students were
selected to visit also visited the Nixon Library on July 21 before leaving for Beijing
the next head of the library said he was pleased to see the American and Chinese students
talking and laughing together.
◆
The words ―Youth Summit‖ refer to ________.
3
A
．
visit to the Nixon Library
B
．
the Chinese students‘ visit to the U
．
S.
C
．
a meeting discussing relations between China and the U
．
S.
D
．
activities to strengthen the ties between the Chinese and American students
2.
根据复述推测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、
详细，
但是它提供的信息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供依据，
至
少读者可以根据复述猜测生词的大致< br>―
义域
‖(
意义范围
)
。
复述部分可以是词、
短语、
或从句。
（
1
）
同位语复 述：
在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，
有时也使用破折号，
冒号，分 号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有
信号词
or, similarly, that is to say, in other words,
namely, or other, say, i.e.
等。
（
2
）定语从句复述：例如
1.(05
浙江卷
B
段
)In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.
writers
are
no
longer
writing
about
the
modern
values
of
the
USA-- money,
Success
or
expensive things to buy.
slang, the term
―jam‖
constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in
a difficult situation.
medicine
began
with
the
stethoscope,
a
medical
tool
used
for
listening
to
the
movements of a person‘s lungs and his heartbeats.
harbor is protected by a jetty
—
a wall built out into the water.
is indecisive, that is,
she can‘t make up her mind easily.
8. Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of
electronic circuits(
电器装置
).
9. For the purpose of electrostatic theory all matters can be divided into two fairly different classes:
conductors
，
in which electrical charge can flow easily from one place to another
；
and insulators
，
in which it cannot.
will be very hard but also very brittle
－
that is, it will break easily.
A
easily broken
B
soft inside
C
very hard
D
expensive
3.
根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。关键词有：
such
as,
e.g
,
such,like,
for
example/
instance, especially, include, consist of
等
young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on
appliances ,for example
，
washing--machines
，
fridges and color TVs
．
includes
poultry
for
main
course
（
e.g.
chicken,
turkey,
duck,
goose
）
salad,
bread
and
vegetables, and features of variety of desserts, for example, pie, puddings and ice cream.
must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes
（刹车）
.
4. (04
辽宁卷
C
段
)The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation
states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in
the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such
international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
【真题验证】
4