助动词 (2)

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2021年01月30日 13:26
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2021年1月30日发(作者:小周天功法)


17
讲助动词

(一)

概述

英语动词,按其在构成动词词组所起的作用,分为主动词和助动词两大
类。助动词又分为基本助动词、情态助动词和半助动词。

英语情态助动词共有
14
个:

现在时形式过去时形式

can could

may might

will would

shall should

must ---
need ---
dare Dared

---ought to

---used to

17.1
情态意义表示法
< br>1
、表

能力



可能


A.
表示

能力


ability

,
可用
can, could, be able
既能表示现在的能
力,也能表示将来的能力。

Look

I can do it!
I can’t do it now, but I can do it later.


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Can
既可指具体做某件事的能力,也可泛指一般的能力。

I can climb this cliff.
He can drive a car.


能力


can

be able to
很多情况下可以交替使用。

As I have got enough money, I can/ am able to help her.
指将来的能力,更常用
will/shall be able to

I’ll be able to speak German in another two months.

表示过去的能力,可用
could

was/were able to

在肯定句中,表示泛指能力用
could
,表示具体能力用
was/were able to

She could play the piano when she was only six.
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.
但在否定句中,两者无此限制。

I couldn’t/ wasn’t able to play the piano when I was at school.

B.
表示

可能


possibility

,
可用
may, might, can, / might
表示



,往往可以交替使用,无时间上的差异,
might
比较 婉转。
may / might
既可
以表示现在的可能,

也可表将来的可能。

It may/ might be true.
He may/ might be still waiting at the door. 在疑问句中表

可能
’,
须用
can
而不用
m ay.
Where can he be?
表示

不可能

,通常用
can’t.


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She can’t love him.


can
表示可能,较多的用于否定句和疑问句,而< br>could
不受此限制。

It can’t/ couldn’t be
true.
If you don’t have a guide, you could lose your way.

表示过去的可能,可用
may/might +
不定式完成体或不定式完成进行体。

He may/ might have been hurt.
You might have killed yourself.
也可以用
can/could+
不定式完成体表示可能。

He can’t/could have been hurt.


might/could +
不定式完成体有时可以表示本来可以做却没有做。

You might have finished the work last week.
I could have passed the examination, but I failed.
2
、表示
“xx”


不许



A.
请求对方许可(
permission
)可用
can, could, may, /can

might
/ could
相比,后者较为婉转,更有礼貌。

在口语中常用
can

xx


Can/could/may/might I smoke here?
表示
“< br>给予许可

,常用
May/can
,不用
might / could


Could I use your phone? Yes, of course you can.
B.
表示不许可用
may not
或者
cannot

Can I go out for a moment?

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No, you can’t.

May I use your car for a few days?
No, you may not.
注意
may not
表示

不许可

的过去形式并不是
might may not go. (I
don’t permit him
to go)
He might not go.(possibly he will not go.)
若要表示过去不
“xx”
,通常可以说:

He was not allowed to go.
I didn’t permit him to go.

3
、表示

义务



必然
”< br>。

A.
所谓表示义务(
obligation
),即表示必 须、应该做某事。表示这些意
义,可用
should, ought to, must.
用这三个情态助动词表示义务,其口气强弱略有
差别。


should/ought to
表示应该,带有劝说之意,两者可以交替使用。

We should learn from the model workers

You should/ought to drink less.
Should / ought to +
不定式完成体,表示本应该做却没做,或本不应该做却
做了。

You should /ought to have asked my permission first.
You shouldn’t/ oughtn’t to have been resting at that time of
(必须)
表示敦促或者命令,表示将来或者过去的必须,使用
have to
的相关形式。

You must be back by ten o’clock.

We’ll have to do it again.


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I had to leave at six yesterday.
Must
的否定形式有两种。一种是
must not,mustn’t
,表示禁止;第二种是
need not, needn’t
,表示不必。

You mustn’t talk like that.

You needn’t do it once.

Needn’t
相当的形式有:

don’t need to/ don’t have to/ haven’t got

to.
You don’t need to do it once.

You don’t have to do it once.

You haven’t got to do it once.

过去形式通常用
didn’t need to, didn’t have to

You didn’t have to do it once.

表示必须,
must

have to
的意义接近,但
must
更侧重表主观,
have to
表客观。

He must move the furniture himself.
B.
所谓表示必然(
necessity
)就是根据说话 人的判断和推测认为必然会有某
种情况。表示这种意义,可用
should, ought to

must,
其中以用
must
口气最为
肯定。

She should be here in a minute.
These young trees ought to provide shade in ten years.
Careless reading must give poor results.
表示否定的推测,则需要使用
can’t


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You can’t have any difficulty getting the tickets.

如果表示过去的推测,用
must/ can’t +
不定式完成体

Her eyes are red. She must have been crying.
He can’t have been to your doesn’t know your

address.
4
、表

预见



推测


A.
表示预见(
prediction

,
即表示单纯将来,可用
will/ shall+
不定式。除英
格兰以外的说英语国家如美国、新西兰、南非的标准英语中,
shall
已完全为
will
所取代,这就是说,
will
可用于一切人称表示将来。

B.表示推测(
predictability

,
除用
shoul d,ought to

must
外,还可用
will/
would.
Will
表示推测,口气低于
must, would
次之

They should/ ought to be home by now.
They would be home by now.
They will be home by now.
They must be home by now.
5
、表示

意图



意愿
”< br>和

决心



A.
表示意愿(
w illingness

,
即愿意做某事,可用
will, would,shall.

will
表示
意愿,可用于一切人称的主语
.
I will lend you the money if you need it.
Will you sing at the party tomorrow evening?
Will you please open the door for me?
Would you lend me your pen a minute?

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Certainly, I will.
【表示接受请求时,用
will


表示不愿意,可以用
will not/ won’t

I will not do anything for you.

shall
表意图,一般适用于第二、第三人称。

You shall stay with us as long as you like.(
说话人意愿
)
Shall you take a holiday this summer?
(听话人意愿)

B.
表示意图(
int ention

,
即打算做某事,也可用
will, would,shall. Will
可用
于所有人称,表示过去的意图可用
would.I will write to her tomorrow.
Why will you go there?
He would see her the next day, so he didn’t write to her.


shall


意图
,常用语第二、三人称,表示说话人意图。

在疑问句中,表示征询听话人得意图。

You shall get a p
romotion. (I’ll give you a promotion.)

Shall I carry the suitcase for you?
C.
表示决心(
determination

,
既坚持要做某事,也可用
will,would, shall
,均
需重读,且不能缩写。
Will
表示

决心



坚持

,表过去的决心 ,可用
would.
I will take the job and no one is going to stop me.
If you will go, you may go at once.
She would marry him in spite of my warning that is was unwise.
Shall
表决心,主要用语第二、三人称

You shall obey my orders.
He shall leave the country at once.

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Shall
这种用法的否定形式,表示说话人禁止,威胁。

Foreign countries shall not interfere in our internal affairs.
6
、其他情态意义。

A. should
可在某些语境中表示惋惜、忧虑、欢欣、惊讶等感情色彩。

They were amazed that she should have done so much in so short a time.
在某些惯用的疑问句中

How should I know?
在某些虚拟句式中使用,并不表示情态意义。

I insisted that he go/ should go with me.
B. would
可用于委婉的陈述
,
请求等

I don’t think he would be so careless.

Would you like to stay here tonight?
C.
作为情态助动词表示胆敢,< br>dare
通常只用于否定陈述句和疑问句。
I dare
not go there.
How dare he say such rude things about me?
Dare
还可用作主动词,也通常用于否定和疑问句,带或不带
to
均可。

She didn’t dare (to) say anything about it.

D. need
即可作情态动词,也可做主动词,表示

必 须



需要

。作为情态
动词,
nee d
只用语否定句和疑问句。

He needn’t worry about it.

Need I collect the parcel myself?

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作情态助动词提问, 其答语如果思肯定的,须用
must;
如果答语是否定的,
则用
needn’ t .

“needn’t+
不定式完成体

表示本不必做却做了, 和
didn’t need to
是有区别
的。

You needn’t have bought that house.

I didn’t need to go to the station.

I needn’t ha
ve gone to the station.
to (
只有过去时形式 ,没有现在时形式
)
表示过去习惯动作或状态,这
种情况现已不复存在。

There used to be an old temple at the corner of the street, but it was destroyed
in the war and has never been rebuilt.
He used to live in Shanghai, but he has long given up to
的否定形
式,可以用
usedn’t, didn’t use to.

He didn’t use to smoke cigarettes.

He usedn’t to smoke cigarettes.

17.2
情态动词的推测性和非推测性(略)

Lecture 18
助动词

(二)

本讲将介绍的是半助动词
(Semi-auxiliary)
以及助动词
(A uxiliary
)的缩略形式
(Contracted Form)


18.1
半助动词

半助动词指在功能上介乎主动词和助动词之间、本身带有 词义的一类结
构。下面就半助动词的类型以及半助动词与
it...that
结构的转 换关系作一些介
绍。


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1
)半助动词的类型

(1)
从形态上看,可以分成三类:


be
为其中心成分;


have
为中心成分;


seem
等为其中心成分。

从能否与
it...tha t
结构进行转换上看又可以分为能与不能两类
(p210-211

格)
具体举例(
P211


由上述诸例可知,半助动词后的主动 词无一例外地用不带
to
不定式,这种
不定式可以是一般式,也可以是进行体或完成体 形式。现就以
be supposed to
(作

应该

解)为例来说明。

Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed
limit .
Mother is still not quite is not supposed to be working so hard.
Why haven't you finished your paper yet? You are supposed to have finished
it by tomorrow.
2)
半助动词与
“it...that”
结构

(1)
前述带有第一类半助动词作为限定动词词组一部分的句子不能与
it...that

构相互转换。

例如可以说
The boy tended to be late.
但不能说
It tended that the boy was
late.

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而带有第二类半助动词作为限定动词词组一部分的句子则能与
it...that
结构
相互转换
.
例如可以说
The boy seemed to be late.
也可以说
It seemed that the boy was
late

为了便于说明,不妨把
it...that
结构称为句 型
I,
而把

半助动词
+
不定式

结构< br>称为句型
II.
例如:

It appears that he has many friends. [I]
He appears to have many friends.[II]
句型
II
中的不定式是采取一般形式、进行体形式还是完 成体形式,是采取
主动态还是被动态,取决于句型
I

that-
分 句的限定动词词组形式。

具体例子:

(P212)
18.2
助动词的缩略形式
(

)
第十七讲情态动词【传统分类】

一、情态动词的基本用法

1. can (could)
1
)表示能力,
could
主要指过去时间。

Two eyes can see more than one.
两只眼比一只眼看得清。

Could the girl read before she went to school?
这女孩上学前能识字吗?

2
)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。

He can’t (couldn’t) have enough money for a new car.

他不可能有足够的钱买新车。


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