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2021年1月30日发(作者：考研时间2020具体时间)

情态动词

定义
:



情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义
,
但要与动词原形一起使用， 给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示
说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。< br>


情态动词后面加动词原形。


分类：



情态动词有四类：



①只做情态动词：
must,can(could),may(might),ought to



②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：
need,dare



③可做情态动词又可做助动词：
shall(should),will(would)



④具有情态动词特征：
have(had) to,used to

位置
:



情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前
,
谓语动词前若有助动词
,
则在助动词之前
,
疑问句中
,
情态
动词则在主语之前。




I can see you. Come here.



我能看见你，过来吧。




He must have been away.



他一定走了。




What can I do for you



我能帮你吗



How dare you treat us like that
！




你怎能那样对待我们！


特点
:



情态动词无人称和数的变化
,
情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形
,
否定式构成是在情态动词后面加


。

个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式
,
过去式用来表达更加客气
,
委婉的语气
,
时态性
不强
,
可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被 动语态。情态动词没有非谓语形
式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。





He could be here soon.



他很快就来。




We can't carry the heavy box.



我们搬不动那箱子。




I'm sorry I can't help you.



对不起，我帮不上你。




基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词 义，而情态助动词则有自
己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：




What have you been doing since
（构成完成进行体，本身无词义）




I am afraid I must be going.
（一定要）




You may have read some account of the matter.
（或许已经）




除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：




1
）

除
ought
和
used
以外，其 他情态动词后面只能接不带
to
的不定式。如果我们把
ought to
和
used to
看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不 带
to
的不定式：




We used to grow beautiful roses.



I asked if he would come and repair my television set.



2
）

情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一：




They need not have been punished so severely.



3
）

情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时 的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无
-s
形式：




She dare not say what she thinks.



4
）

情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式和分词形式，也没有相应的动名词：




Still, she needn't have run away.



5
）

情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时 间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时
和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：




Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something



She told him he ought not to have done it.



6
）

情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在 一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时
却可以与
have
和
b e
基本助动词连用：




You should have washed the wound.



Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.

用法



首先它是动词，
而且不同于行为动词，
行为动词表示的是可以通 过行为来表达的动作
（如写，
读，
跑），而情态动词只是表达的一种想法（如能，也许 ，敢）。



用法是：情态动词
+
行为动词原形




例句：
I can read this sentence in English.



我能用英语读这句话。




情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义
,
表示说话人的情绪
,
态度或语气的动词
,
但不能单独作谓语
,
只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。




We can be there on time tomorrow.
我们明天能按时去那儿。




May I have your name
我能知道你的名字吗




Shall we begin now
我们现在就开始吗




You must obey the school rules.
你必须遵守校规。



情态动词数量不多
,
但用途广泛
,
主要有下列
:



can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will
(would),have (to) ,had better.

功能



助动词
(auxiliary)
主要有两类：基本助动词
(primary auxiliary)
和情态助动词
(modal auxili
ary)
。基本助动词有三个：
do, have
和
be
；情态助动词有十三个：
may, might; can, could; will,
would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.
上述两类助动词的共同特征
是，在协助 主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：




1
）

构成否定式：




He didn't go and neither did she.



The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.



2
）

构成疑问式或附加疑问式：




Must you leave right now



You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you



3
）

构成修辞倒装：




Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.



Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.



4
）

代替限定动词词组：




A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle



B: Tom can.



A: Shall I write to him

B: Yes, do.



情态动词的用法要点


一．

can
和
could

情态动词

用法

例句










can/could


表示能力（体力、知识、技
能）

1
．“
I don
’
t think Mike can type.
”

2
．
I can speak fluent English now , but I couldn
’
t last year.

3
．
Can you lift this heavy box
（体力）


(
表示过去有能力用
could)

4
．
Mary can speak three languages.
（知识）



5
．
Can you skate
（技能）

eyes can see more than one.
两只眼比一只眼看得清。


the girl read before she went to school
这女孩上学前能识字吗

在肯定句中，表示客观可能
1
．

As a human being, anyone can make a mistake.

性，
（客观原因形成的能力）
。
2
．

I
’
m confident that a solution can be found.

并不涉及具体某事会发生，
常用来说明人或事物的特
征。要表 达具体某事实际发
生的可能性时，不用
can
，
需用
could，
may
，
might
。

3
．

He can be very forgetful sometimes.

4
．

I may stay at home this weekend.
（实际可能性）

5
．

Peter might come to join us.(
实际可能性
)

6
．

It
will
be
sunny
in
the
daytime
,but
it
could
rain
tonight.(
实
际可能性
)

7
．

’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.

8
．

hall can hold 500 people at least.

9
．

The temperature
can
fall
to
–
60
℃
,
that
is
60
℃

below
freezing.

气温可降至—
60
℃，也就是零下
60
℃。


10
．

11..He can
´
t (couldn
´
t) have enough money for a new
car.
他不可能有足够的钱买新车。


11
．

12 You mustn
´
t smoke while you
´
re walking around in
the wood. You could start a fire.
（实际可能性）

12
．



表示请求和允许。
表示请求，
口语中常用
could
代替
can
，
使语气更委婉。

we turn the air conditioner on

police officer can insist on seeing a driver
’
s license.

soccer, you can
’
t touch the ball with your hands.

you have her call me back when she gets home, please

在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。


用
can
和
may
来回答，不能
用
could
或
might
。

wonder if I could just ask you to sign this.

6. Could I borrow your dictionary

---Yes, of course, you can.

No, I'm afraid not/No,you cann
’
t/No,you may not.


表示对现在的动作或状态进
行主观的猜测，主要用在否
定句和疑问句中。

1
．

It can
’
t be easy caring for a man and a child who are not
your own.

2
．

Can the man over there be our head master

Tom
didn't
leave
here
until
five
o'clock,
he
can't
be
home
yet.
如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。


表示惊异、
怀疑、
不相信
1
．
Can this be an excuse for not giving them help

等态度，主要用在否定
2
．
This can
’
t be true.

句、疑问句和感叹句中。

3
．
How can you be so crazy.

4
．
this be true

5
．
can you be so careless!

6
．
cannot be done by him.

7
．
Where can (could) they have gone to
他们会去哪儿了
呢


8
．
He can
´
t (couldn
´
t) be over sixty.
他不可能超过六
十岁。


9
．
How can you be so careless
你怎么这么粗心


10
．

特别说明：

（
1
）

could
用来表示请求时，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不能用于肯定句，答语应用
can
（即：
could
不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）
。如：

——
Could I use your dictionary

——
Yes, you can.(
否定回答可用：
No, I
’
m afraid not.)

此时可与
may
互换。在疑问句中还可用
could,

might
代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。


---- Could I come to see you tomorrow

----
Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )


(2)

can
和
be able to
辨析

can(could)
和
be
able
to
都可以表示能力，
意思上没有区别。
但
ca n
只有现在式和过去式，
而
be
able
to
则有更多的形式。如：

I
’
ve always wanted to able to speak fluent English.

Those bags look really heavy, are you sure you
’
ll be able to carry them on your own

但是，表示在过去某时的某一场合经过一番努力，终于做成了某事，通常不用
could
，而用
was/were
able to
来表示。
could
：有潜能，但并未做到

这时，
was/were able to
相当于
managed to do
或
succeed in doing
。如：

After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.

The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the building.

I can sing many English songs.
我会唱许多英文歌曲。


We were able to return to our campsite before the heavy rain.
我们在下大雨前设法会到了
野营地。


He was able to swim across the river and escaped being caught.
他游到了河对岸，没有被抓
住。

在否定句中，
can/could
与
be able to
几乎没有什么差别，两者可以互换。例如：


She wa
sn’t able to/couldn’t cook French dishes.她不会做法国菜。


(3)
惯用形式“
cannot
…
too
…”表示“无论怎么……也不（过分）
”
。如：

You cannot be too careful.
你越小心越好。


惯用形式“
cannot but+
不定式（不带
to
）
”表示“不得不，只好”
。如：

I cannot but admire her determination.
我不得不钦佩你的决心。


二．
may
和
might

情态动词

用法










may/might

例句

表示允许、请求
。否定回答一般用
must
1
．

May I come in and wait

not/mustn
’< br>t,
表示“禁止、阻止”之意，但
也可以用
had better not (
最好别
)
或
may
not
（不可以）
，语气较为委婉。


——
No,
you
mustn
’
t(
或
No,
you
’
d
better
not.)

在表示请求、允许时，
might比
may
语气更
委婉些。而不是过去式，用
May I
征询对方
I borrow your pen

wonder if I might speak to your son.

2
．

——
May I smoke here

许可在文体上比较正式，
在口气上比较客气，
3
．

Might/ May I smoke in this room

在日常用语中，用
Can I
征询对方意见更为
常见。

否定回答时可用
can’t

或
mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。

或者

肯定回答可以用
yes,please.
/
Certainly.

表示可能性的推测，通常用在肯定句和否定
句中，含 有“或许”
“大概”
“可能”之意；
用
might
代替
ma y
时，则语气显得更加不肯
定。


may
用于祈使句表示祝愿

1
．

It may rain this afternoon.

2
．

She
might
come
to
join
us
this
afternoon.

3
．

I
suppose
he
might
have
missed
the
train.

may /might be very busy now.

5
．
Your
mother
may
/might
not
know
the
truth.

1
．

May you succeed.
。

2
．

May you have many more days as happy as
this one.

3
．

May she rest in peace.
愿她安息。

惯用句式：

“
may
well+
动词原形”
，意为“完全能，很
可能”
，相当于
to be very likely to

1
．

It may well change forever the way you
look at Greek art.

2
．

There may well be a real problem here.

4
．

----
No, you mustn’t.

5
．

4. May/Might I take this book out of the
room

----
Yes,
you
can.
(No,
you
can’t
/
mustn’t. )


You may drive the car.


—

Might
I
use
your
pen
—

No,
you
mustn't.


“
may as well
或
might(just)as well+动词
原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如
,
不妨
3
．

There is nothing to do, so I may as well
go to bed.

4
．

You may as well tell us now, we
’
ll find
out sooner or later.

5
．

I suppose we might as well go home.

6
．

And
if
you
have
to
plough
the
field
anyway,
you
might
as
well
plant
it
at
the
same time.

that is the case, we may as well try.


,
”
，相当于“
had better
或
there is no
reason to do anything else.

might

间接引语中指过去。表可以。

1.
He told me that I might smoke in the
room.
他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。








二．
must
和
have to

情
态
动
用法

词






must

表示
“必须，
应该，
一定 ”
之意，
语气比
should
，
1
．

You must come to school on time.

ought
to
强烈。
其否定形式
mustn
’
t
表示
“不
准，不应该，禁止”等意
.

2
．

Everybody must obey the law.

3
．

You
mustn
’
t
drive
so
fast
in
the
street.

4
．

We mustn
’
t waste any more time.

5
．

I must finish my work today.

6
．

Must I return the book tomorrow

7
．

play is not interesting. I really must
go now.


例句

在回答带有
must
的问句时，否定回答常用
nee dn
’
t
或
don
’
t have to
，表示“不必”
，
而不用
mustn
’
t.

1
．—
Must I come back before ten


—
Yes
，
you must.(No, you needn
’
t)

we hand in our exercise books today



—

Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have
to.)

表示有把握的推 测，
意为
“一定、
准是、
想必”
，
1
．

This must be your pen.

只用于肯定句中。

它的否定或疑问式用
can
代替
must

2
．

You must be hungry after a walk.

3
．

There must be a hole in the wall.

4
．

You’re
Tom’s
good friend,
so
you must
know what he likes best.

5
．

mother must be waiting for you now.

6
．

He must be staying there.

7
．

他现在肯定呆在那里。


试比较和第一种用法的区别

He must stay there.

他必须呆在那。


have to

也可拼做
have got
to
。


8
．

“必须，不得不”
，意义与
must
相近。 但
must
表示的是说话人的主观看法，而
have
to
则往往强 调客观需要
,
有被动接受的意
思。无疑问句形式，疑问句用
must
代替。

9
．


10
．

The
film
is
not
interesting.
I
really must go now.

11
．

I
have
to
go
now,
because
my
mother


is in hospital.

12
．

My
brother
was
very
ill,
so
I
had
to
call the doctor in the middle of the
night.
我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里
把医生请来。
(
客 观上需要做这件事
)

13
．

14
．

4. Must I clean all the room

5. I must go over the test paper
again to see if there are any mistakes.
我必须再检查一遍试卷看看是否有错误。

15
．

6.
The
teacher
said
that
there
were
many
mistakes
in
my
test
paper,
so
I
had
to go over it again.
老师说我试卷中有很
多错误，所以我只好再检查一遍。

16
．

must
只有一种形式，
即现在式与过去
18
．

7.
．
I
had
to
work
hard
when
I
was
your
式都是一种形式，在间接引语中
must
可用
于表示过去时间
.
而
have to
则涉及各种人
称、时态等方面的变化形式。


17
．


age.

19
．

8.
．
I
will
have
to
learn
how
to
use
a computer.

20
．

9
．
In
order
to
take
the
exam,
we
’
ll
have
to
finish
the
whole
book
by
the
end
of this month .

21
．

10. told her that she must give up
smoking.
我叫她必须戒烟。


22
．


两者的 否定意义不同，
mustn
’
t
表示“禁止，
1
．

You mustn
’
t go there.

不许”
，
don
’
t have to
表示不必。

2
．

You don
’
t have to go there.


四．
shall
和
should

情态动词

用法

shall

用于第一，三人称构成的疑问句，表示征求
对方意见或请求指示

例句

1
．

Shall I open the window

2
．

Shall we say 6 o
’
clock, then

3
．

What shall I get for dinner

we begin our lesson

4
．

shall he be able to leave the hospital

5
．

Shall the boy wait outside
让那男孩在
外面等吗


用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给
1
．

Don
’
t worry, you shall get the answer
对方的命令、警告、决心、允诺或威胁。

this afternoon.(
允诺
)

2
．

He
shall
be
sorry
for
it
one
day,
I
tell
you.
（警告）

3
．

You shall do as I say. (
命令
)

4
．

If
you
children
don
’
t
do
as
I
tell
you,
you shall not go to the party. (
威胁
)

5
.
You
shall
fail
if
you
don’t
work
hard.(警
告
)

6.
He
shall
have
the
book
when
I
finish
it.(
允诺
)

7. He shall be punished.(
威胁
)

shall do as I say.
按我说的做。
（命令）


shall have my answer tomorrow.
你明天可以
得到我的答复。
（允诺）


shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.
有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。
（警告）


shall stop us from carrying out the plan.
什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。
（决心）


should

表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”其同义词是
ought to
；在疑问句中，通常用
should
代替
ought to

should I do

I trust him

should read his new book.

4. You should go to class right away.

I open the window

You
should
be
polite
to
your
teachers.
你对老师应该有礼貌。


You
shouldn
´
t waste any time.
你不应
该浪费时间。



表示推测，用在肯定句中，对现 在的情况或
可能发生的事的主观推测或期待。意为“想
必，大概，或许”

1
．

It should be a nice day tomorrow.

2
．

Try phoning Robert, he should be home
now.

3
．

He should be around sixty years old.

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