历年6级阅读真题及翻译
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历年英语六级阅读真题及翻译（
2009.06-1999.01
）
2009
年
6
月英语六级阅读真题
Passage One
：
For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (
海龟
) have struggled out of the sea to lay their
eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or
GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings
(
幼龟
)
down
to
the
water
’
s edge
lest
they
become
disoriented
towards a motel parking lot instead. A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to
protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. With all that attention paid to them,
you
’
d think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct. But Nature
is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service
showed
a worrisome
drop
in the populations
of
several
by
headlights
and
crawl
species
of
North
Atlantic
turtles,
notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting
population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin,
a marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to
petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads
from
“
threatened
additional help. Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us,
anyway? It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting
the
turtles
for
the
weeks
they
spend
on
land
”
to
“
endangered
”—
meaning they are in danger of disappearing without
(as
egg- laying
females,
as
eggs and as
hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean.
“
The threat is from commercial
fishing,
”
says Griffin. Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean
floor) and longline fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for
miles) take a heavy toll on turtles. Of course, like every other environmental issue today, this
is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural
ecosystems.
The narrow
strips
of
beach
on
which
the
turtles
lay
their
squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as
the oceans warm. Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that
eggs
are
being
outlived
the
dinosaurs
(
恐龙
)
will
meet
its
end at
the
hands
of
humans,
leaving
our
descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.
在数亿年前的时间里，海龟一直在挣扎着离开大海道海滩上产卵，时间远远遭遇自然纪录片的赞扬，
< br>或全球定位通讯卫星和海洋生物学家的追踪，又或者志愿者们用手把幼龟放在海边以避免它们受到光线的< br>
影响迷失方向，
爬向汽车旅馆的停车场。
由官方建造的 大型围墙用于保护海龟在大西洋沿岸的主要筑巢地。
收到了各种各样的关注后，你可能会认为这些生物至 少会心怀感激，不至于走向灭亡。但是自然却无视人
类的公平观念，由渔业和野生动物服务组 织提供的用一份报告显示，北大西洋的数种海龟的种群数量出现
了令人担忧的下降，特别是体重可达
400
磅的红海龟。来自环保组织的
Ocean
的海洋生物学家伊丽莎白
50%
。该数据促使
Oceana
组织向
-----
这意味着如果没有外界的
格里芬称，数量最多的佛罗里达州南部穴居种群在过去十年里减少了
政府情愿，要求将北大西洋红海龟的保护级别从“受威胁”提升至“濒危”
帮助，它们将会面临灭绝的危险。
这就提出了一个明显的问题：这些海龟究竟还要我们做什么？
根据格里芬的说法，虽 然海龟在陆上的数周时间内，我们可以很好地保护它们（包括产卵的母龟，卵
1
和幼龟），但是我们忽略了它们在海里的漫长时光。“主要是来自商业捕捞的威胁”格里芬说。
拖网渔船（在水中和海床拖行大型的渔网）和延绳钓鱼船（在钓线上装备数以千记的鱼钩，可以延伸至数英里）给海龟造成了惨重的伤亡。当然，就像所有当下的环保问题一样，这也是在全球变暖和人类干预自然生态系统的背景下发生的。海龟产卵的狭窄沙滩一方面收到开发的压榨，另一方面收到海洋变暖导致的海平面上升的威胁。最终我们还要解决这些问题，否则一种比恐龙活得更久的生物将会在人类手中灭绝，让我们的后代困惑于怎么这种丑陋的生物会赢得如此多的关爱。
Passage Two
：
There are few more sobering
about
should
to go into
debt to
online
activities
than
entering
data
into
college- tuition
calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families
fund
four
A
years of partying,
as
well
as studying,
can
console
themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks,
yield huge dividends.
2008 study by
two Harvard
economists
notes
that
the
“
labor-market premium to skill
come
back with
”—
or the amount college graduates earned that
(
报复性地
) since the 1980s.
’
s greater
than what high-school graduate earned
a vengeance
—
decreased for much of the 20th century, but has
In
2005, The typical
full-time
year-round U.S. worker with a four-year college degree earned $$50,900, 62% more than the
$$31,500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma. There
that the choice about which college to attend doesn
to college is a smart economic choice. But a look at the strange variations in tuition reveals
Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $$49,260 in 2007-08) yield a
40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of- state
student ($$35,542)? Probably not. Does being an out-of-state student at the University of
there? Not likely. No, in this consumerist age, most buyers aren
investment, but rather as a consumer product
’
s no question that going
’
t come down merely to dollars and cents.
Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($$17,380)
’
t evaluating college as an
—
like a car or clothes or a house. And with
such purchases, price is only one of many crucial factors to consider. As with automobiles,
consumers in today
’
s college marketplace have vast choices, and people search for the one
that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets. This accounts for
the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences (such as attending a
private
liberal-arts
college
or
going
to
an out-of-state
public
school
that has
a
great
marine- biology program). And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of
money on very different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their parents) often
show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products. So which is
it? Is college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car? In keeping
with the automotive world
a hybrid (
混合动力汽车
);
dividends.
’
s hottest consumer trend, maybe it
an expensive
’
s best to characterize it as
that,
consumer
product
over
time,
will
pay
rich
在大学学费计算器里输入数据，然后对着网络吐出来的六位数倒抽一口气， 很少有其他在线活动比这
种活动更让人清醒了。但是经济学家们认为，打算举债资助四年聚会 和学习的家庭可以这样安慰自己：大
学是不同于很多银行股票的投资，它应该产生巨额的红利。两位哈佛经济学家在
发现
“劳动力市场对及恩那个的溢价现象”
世纪大部分的时间都有所下降，但是自从
有四年大学学位的全职美国工人平均收入为
2008
年进行的一项研究
----
在
20
2005
年，典型的拥
31500
美元多了
----
换种说法就是大学毕业生的收入高于高中毕业生
20
世纪
80
年代出现了报复性的增长。在
50900
美元，比高中文凭的工人的平均收入
2
62%
。毫无疑问，
上大学从经济上来说是明智的选择。但是学费奇怪的变化说明，
是金钱的问题。上哥伦比亚大学（学费，食宿费在
学生报读科罗拉多大学博德尔分销
选择上哪种大学并不只
美元）比起非当地
2007
年
--2008
年达到了
49260
（费用为
35542
美元）的回报率高
40%
吗？不太可能。
一名报读科罗
17380
美元的两倍吗？不太可能。不，
----
就像汽车、衣服或住房
拉多大学博德尔分校的非当地学生的收入会是当地学生（费用为
在消费主义的时代，大部分的买家不会把大学看做一种投资，而是一种消费品
一样。 购买这些商品，价格仅是需要考虑的很多关键因素中的一个。正如汽车一样，在今天的大学市场，
消费者有很多选择，人们在寻找复合预算条件的最舒适和满意的学校。这解释了为什么人们愿意为不同的体验付出更高的费用（例如报读私立学校的文学院或者报读一家有很好的海洋生物学课程的外州公立大
学）。正如两名购车人会为完全不同的汽车付同样的价钱一样，大学生（或者更准确地说，他们的父母）
经常愿意为完全不同的产品支付差不多的价钱。那这是哪一种？究竟大学是像股票一样的投资产品还是像
汽车一样的消费品？为了追上汽车最炙手可热的消费者趋势，或许最好是把大学看做混合动力汽车；一种
消费品，但随着时间的流逝，会带来丰厚的回报。
2008
年
12
月英语六级阅读真题
Passage One
economic
assumptions
without
：
growth,
Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and
and
as
a
result
it
or
the
way
it has
become
difficult
to
question
behind
the
concept
is
put
to
use.
either
the
basic
in
it is
This
is
especially
true
agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress
a
proper
appreciation
of
historical
the nature
and
cultural
perspectives.
To
start
with,
important to remember that
of
agriculture has changed markedly throughout
history, and will continue to do so .medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and
It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In
terms of energy use and the nutrients
sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today.
（营养成分）
captured in the product it was relatively
inefficient. Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition
from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food
（栖息地）
loss and to diminishing biodiversity. What
became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat
developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons
available for agriculture in many regions. All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury
will have to be very different from how it was in the ll require radical thinking. For
example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more
sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be
which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage. Instead we
need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons
the various
performance
way
land
is
used.
There
are
many
use,
different
besides
food
yield:
energy
’
s more, demand for animal products in
of grain a year by the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water
“
zero
impact
”
. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability,
（正反两方面）
of all
purity,
ways
to
measure agricultural
carbon
environmental
costs,
water
footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes
lighting.
from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and
But we
do not
know
whether
lower
carbon
footprints
will
always
is
be
better
not
just
for
about
biodiversity.
What
is
crucial
is
recognizing
that
3
sustainable
agriculture
sustainable food production.
可持续发展适用于诸如能源，净水，经济增长等几乎所有的方面，因 此，要对可持续发展的基本假设
或其概念的实施方法提出质疑也变得日益困难。这在农业方面 尤其显著，可持续发展经常被认为是农业进步
的唯一标准，而这并没有从历史和文化的角度进行适当的评 估。首先，重要的是认识到农业的本质随着历史
的发展已经发生了显著的变化，并且这种变化仍将持续。 中世纪北欧的农业为以农业为主导的社会提供了衣
食和住所，而当时的人口密度远低于现在。那是的农业 对生物多样性的影响有限，产生的任何污染通常都是
地方性的。当时的农业在能源利用以及农产品的营养 成分方面是相对低效的。对比一下工业革命开始以后出
现的农场化。来自国外的竞争促使农民专业化并且 提高产量。在这个时期，食品价格下降，安全性和可靠性
都有所提高。但是，这些变化也是导致了栖息地 的流失和生物多样性的减少。此外，发展中
国家队畜产品的需求增长如此迅速，
以至于在
2050
年之前每年需要额外收货
3
亿吨谷物才能满足该需求。
21
世纪的农业
但是城市和工业的发展导致在很多地区农业可利用的水资源越来越少。所有这些都意味着
将非常不同于
20
世纪的农业。这需要激进的思考方式。例如，我们需要摒弃传统生产比新型生产注定更
有利于可持续发展的方法，而这些方法的核心在于需要在保持生产的同时避免产生更多的破坏。我们同样
需要抛弃农业可以“零污染”的观念。关键在于放弃相对简单和静态的衡量可持续发展性的方法，而 这些
方法的核心在于需要在保持生产的同时避免产生更多的破坏。取而代之的是更加动态的解 释，可以兼顾到
种种土地使用方式的正反两面。
除了粮食产量以外，
还有很多不同的方式可以衡量农业的效益；
能源利用，
环境成本 ，水源纯净程度，碳排放和生物多样性。例如，显然把番茄从西班牙运到英国的碳排放量要少于
在英国用 额外的供暖和照明设备种植番茄。但是我们不知道降低碳排放量是否总是对生物多样性是有益的。
关键是 要意识到农业可持续的发展并不仅仅是关于可持续的食物生产。
Passage Two
：
The percentage of immigrants (including those unlawfully present) in the United states
has been creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since
the mid1920s. We are not about to go back to the days when Congress openly worried about
inferior races polluting America
have too many of the wrong sort newcomers. Their loudest critics argue that the new wave
’
s bloodstream. But once again we are wondering whether we
of immigrants cannot, and indeed do not want to, fit in as previous generations did. We now
know that these racist views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians and members of other
so-called inferior races became exemplary Americans and contributed greatly, in ways too
numerous to detail, to the building of this magnificent nation. There is no reason why these
do
better,
sociologist
has
found
in terms
Edward
of
educational
Telles has
trend
and professional
that the
black
gains
attainment,
new immigrants should not have the same success. Although children of Mexican immigrants
found
among
than
their parents
Indeed,
UCLA
don
’
t continue.
immigrants,
the
fouth
fears
generation is marginally worse off than the third James Jackson, of the University of Michigan,
a similar
Caribbean
Tells
Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps of American blacks-that large
parts of the community may become mired
and
Underachievement.
Like
relegated to (
African-Americans,
Mexican-Americans
that
（陷入）
in a seemingly permanent state of poverty
are
increasingly
降入
)segregated, substandard schools, and their dropout rate is the highest for
any ethnic group in the country. We have learned much about the foolish idea of excluding
people on the presumption of the ethnic/racial inferiority. But what we have not yet learned
is how to make the process of Americanization work for all. I am not talking about requiring
people to learn English or to adopt American ways; those things happen pretty much on their
own, but as arguments about immigration hear up the campaign trail, we also ought to ask
4
some broader question about assimilation, about how to ensure that people , once outsiders ,
don
’
t forever remain marginalized within these shores. That is a much larger question than
what should happen with undocumented workers, or how best to secure the border, and it is
one that affects not only newcomers but groups that have been here for generations. It will
have more impact on our future than where we decide to set the admissions bar for the latest
ware of would-be Americans. And it would be nice if we finally got the answer right.
美国移民的比例（包括非法移民）连续数年呈增长趋势
.
现已达到
12.6%
，比
20
世纪
20
年代中期
< br>以来的任何时候都要高。我们不是要回到国会公开表示担忧等民族污染美国血统的时代。但是我们再一次想
知道美国是否有太多不适合的新移民。其中声势最大的批评认为新的移民浪潮并不能像前面数代人一样真 正
融入，实际上他们也并不想这么做。现在我们知道这些种族主义的观点都是错的。曾经，意大利人、罗 马尼
亚人以及其他所谓的“低等民族”成为美国人的楷模，并且通过不胜枚举的方式为这个美妙国度的建 设做出
了伟大的贡献。说这些新移民不能取得同样的成功毫无根据。尽管墨西哥移民的孩子在教育和职
业成就领域比起他们的父母表现更佳，加州大学洛杉矶分校的社会学家爱德华
没有持续性。
事实上，第四代要比第三代稍差一点。密歇根大学的詹姆斯
发现了相似的趋势。
特列斯担心墨西哥裔美国人可能注定会步美国黑人的后尘
-
特列斯发现这种成就感并
-
杰克逊在加勒比黑人移民中也
---
社区中的大部分人将陷入
低标准的学校，
贫穷和毫无建树的状态。
像非裔美国人一样，
墨西哥裔美国人日益降入实行种族隔离政策、
他们的退学率在整个国家的所有民族中 是最高的。我们已经认识到在民族、种族低劣的前提下去排斥他们是
多么愚蠢。但是我们仍然不知道如何 使美国化的过程适合所有的人。我并不是说要求所有的人都学习英语或
者采取美国的方式；这些事情自然 而然就会发生。但是随着关于移民的争论使总统大选白热化，我们
也应该提出关于 融合，关于如何确保曾经的外来人口无需永远在国内边缘化等更广泛的问题。这是比无证
工人的遭遇或者 如何包围边境安全更重要的问题。这个问题不仅影响了新移民，而且也影响到了已经在这
里时代生活的群 体。与现在我们队即将涌入的准美国人设定“准入点”相比，它将对我们的未来产生更大
的影响。当然如 果最终可以找到正确答案就太好了。
2008
年
6
月英语六级阅读真题
Passage One
：
Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved. No, you
’
re not
an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely. With the dollar slumping to a
26-year low against the pound, already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable. A
coffee at Starbucks, just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States, runs about
$$8. The once all-powerful dollar isn
’
t doing a Titanic against just the pound. It is sitting at
a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar. Even the
Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar. The weak dollar is a source
of humiliation, for a nation
also a
sectors
potential
of the
expensive
restaurant
Europeans
’
s self- esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency. It
problem,
economy- from
which
since
a
declining
dollar
rates.
dollar
makes
imported
there
excellent
’
s
food
more
economic
vast U.S.
view
and
exerts
operators
may
upward
pressure
on
interest
the
weak
And yet
is
most
are
substantial
to mom-and-pop
news.
giant
companies
like
Coca-Cola
in
Miami-for
the U.S.
Many
as
an
arrogant
superpower
that has become
hostile to
foreigners. But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S. than a weak dollar.
Through April, the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year.
Should the trend continue, the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak?
Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S. the way many Americans view Mexico-as a
5
cheap place to vacation, shop and party, all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can
t afford to join the merrymaking. The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade
deficit. So do exports, which thanks in part to the weak dollar, soared 11 percent between
May 2006 and May 2007. For first five months of 2007, the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent
from 2006. If you own
shares in large
American
corporations,
weak-dollar gamble. Last week Coca-Cola
’
s stick bubbled to a five-year high after it reported
’
you
’
re a winner in
the
a fantastic quarter. Foreign sales accounted for 65 percent of Coke
Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonald
tourists, however, shouldn
marriages break up- slowly, and then all at once. And currencies don
’
s beverage business.
’
s and IBM. American
’
t expect any relief soon. The dollar lost strength the way many
’
t turn on a dime. So
if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar, cancel that summer
vacation to England and look to New England. There, the dollar is still treated with a little
respect.
想象你一觉醒来，发 现自己的资产减半。不，你并不是其中一支彻底失败的基金的投资者。随着美元
兑英镑跌至
26
年来的最低值，物价本就偏高的伦敦变得更让人难以承受。一杯星巴克的咖啡在英国不得
不买到
8
美元，同在美国如出一辙。无所不能的美元在兑换英镑时，不再是庞然大物。美元兑欧元的汇率
创下新低，并在与加元的汇兑中处于
疲软的美元带来了屈辱，因为一个国家的尊严部 分来源于本国货币的强度。这也是一个潜在的经济问题，
因为编制的美元使得进口食品价格上扬，并施加加息的压力。
-----
从可口可乐这样的大公司到迈阿密的夫妻餐厅经营者
没有什么比疲软的美元更带劲的了。整个
去，今天游客的人数将最终比
2000
30
年来的最低值。就连阿根廷闭锁和巴西雷亚尔都比美元有活力。
A
但对于庞大美国经济体中大量的产业部门
----
美元疲软的消息对他们来说可是再好不过
了。一些欧洲人视美国为一个傲 慢的超级大国，并且认为美国对外国人怀有敌意。但当人们想起美国时，
4
月的游客总数比去年同期增加了
6.8%
，如果这种趋势延续下
年的峰值还多。一些欧洲人现在看待美国的方式恰似美国人看待墨西
他们都忽略了那些更贫穷的本土居民不能承担这种
出口也是如此，
部分由于疲软的美国，
年相比，
2007
年前
5
个月的贸易赤字居
哥一样
-----
一个廉价的度假、
购物和举行派对的场所，
寻欢作乐的费用。
游客的消费帮助减缓了我们长期以来的贸易赤字。
2006
年
5
月
----2007
年
5
月的出口额飙升了
11%
。与
2006
然下降了
7%
。如果你持有美国大公司的股票，那么你会是疲软美元投机中的赢家。上周可口可乐发布了
令人振奋的一季数据后，其股价攀升至五年来的新高。海外销售占据可口可乐
国企业，包括麦当劳和
IBM
美元疲软的过程就如同婚姻破裂的过程
65%
的饮料业务。其他美
因此如果
在这种趋势下也赢得了利润。然而，美国游客不应该期望任何迅速的改善。
----
都是缓慢的，然后才是快速的。货币不会立即升值。
你想避免不断惨淡的美元带来的痛苦，那就取消去英格兰的暑期度假计划，该去新英格兰州吧。
Passage Two
：
In the college- admissions wars, we parents are the true fights. We are pushing our kids to
get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the
college of our first choice. I
something
different
demonstrating how well we
’
ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield,
is
happening.
We
see
our
kids
’
college
background
as
e
prize
痴
’
raised them. But we can
’
acknowledge that our obsession(
’
t matter much whether Aaron and
迷
) is more about ve t us than them. So we
’
contrived various justifications that turn out to
be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually ve doesn
Nicole go to Stanford. We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won
enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than
ever. Underlying the hysteria(
歇斯底里
) is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly
6
’
t be
valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and
develop better contacts. All that is plausible
convincingevidence
that
selectivity
——
and mostly wrong. We haven
or
prestige
ive
’
t found any
schools
don
’
t
systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools. On two
measures
——
professors
’
feedback and the number of essay exams
slightly
worse.
By
some
studies,
selective
schools
do enhance
——
selective schools do
their
graduates
’
lifetime
’
s average
偶然
). A well-known study
and
then went elsewhere
earnings. The gain is reckoned at 2-4% for every 100-poinnt increase in a school
SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke(
examined
students
who got into
highly
selective schools
They
earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools. Kids count more than their
colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and Ambition. But it
’
s not the only
indicator and, paradoxically, its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people
go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life only competition. Old-boy networks are breaking
down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D. program. High
scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn
our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. but too
much pushiness can be destructive. the very ambition we impose on our children may get
things
being
’
t. So,
parents, lighten up. the stakes have been vastly exaggerated. p to a point, we can rationalize
some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. one study found that, other
equal,
graduates
of
highly
selective
schools
to
being
experienced
on top
more
job
less
dissatisfaction.
disappoints.
They
may
have been
so conditioned
that anything
在大学入学的战役中，我们这些家长都是真正的战 士。我们督促自己的孩子取得更好的成绩，参加权
门学科评鉴考试（
SAT
）预备课程和填写简历，以便他们能进入第一志愿的大学。我已参加过两次这场战
役 ，我在这战场上存活了下来，不同的情况总是在发生。我们把自己孩子的大学牌子是视为我们培养他们
好坏程度的奖赏。但我们不能理解的是我们的痴迷是为了自己还是孩子。所以我们发明了很多自认为有理
的辩护，这些辩护成了半真半假的陈词、偏见和荒诞的说法。事实上，阿伦和尼克尔是否进入 斯坦福大学
并不是真的那么重要。我们有着充足的威望恐慌症；我们担心未来没有足够的荣誉 去炫耀。满怀担忧的父
母督促他们的孩子申请比以往多得多的学校。这歇斯底里的关键是他们 相信少数精英学位肯定有着更高的
价值。
他们毕业后肯定能获得更多的成功，因为他们受到更优质的教育，发展了更优良的交际圈。
法都似是而非
-----
而大多数是错误的。
我们还没有找到任何可信证据表明选择或威望的重要性。
不会比非重点学校系统地使用更好地教育方法。在以下两方面
加
100
分，这一财产就会增加
----
教授的反馈和写作考试的数量
学校做得稍差。一些研究表明，重点学校的确增加了其毕业生的终生收入。一所学校的平均
2%--4%.
但这种优势也可能只是统计学上的偶然。
进入重点学校的学生和他们毕业后的去向。孩子自身的作用远远高于学校的作用。
因是大量有同样才气的人到别的地方去了。进入大学并非人生唯一的竞赛。在另一项竞赛中
取工作。
美国研究生入学考试
（
GRE
）的高分有助于解释谁能入选；
这些说
重点学校
----
重点
SAT
分数增
一项著名的研究考察了
G
进入耶鲁大学标志着
聪明过人、才华横溢和雄心勃勃。但这并非是唯一的标志，而且讽刺的是，这种标志性正在逐渐淡化。原
究所
----
结果可能会改变。校友关系开始瓦解。普林斯顿经济学家艾伦昆格研究了一项顶尖博士项目的录
清醒一下。事实已被嫉妒夸大。在某一方面，我们可以解释这种狂热。美国是个竞争性的社会；我们的孩
子需要为其而调整。但太多的一意孤行是毁灭性的。我们在孩子身上寄托的野心可能引领着部 分孩子进入
哈佛大学，但也可能使他们失望。一项研究发现，从重点学校毕业不易获得工作上的满足感。 他们对自己
的要求过高。一旦达不到这种高要求，就会感到失望。
----
职场和研
而学校的名气则不能。因此，家长们，
7
2007
年
12
月英语六级阅读真题
Passage One
：
Like most people, I
’
ve long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my
profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was
disappointed to see that it also decides how I
professional position as a small- town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone
paid to serve food to people. I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they
say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone
waved me away, then beckoned (
was ready to order and asking where I
and was treated like a peon(
deserved inferior
treatment
from
’
m treated as a person. Last year I left a
’
d never
示意
) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he
’
d been. I had waited tables during summers in college
professional
adults.
Besides,
people
勤杂工
) by plenty of people. But at 19 years old. I believed I
responded
to
me
differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I
at their table, waiting to be served. Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper.
From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this
was the way the professional
world worked-cordially.
I soon
found out
’
d be sitting
differently,
I
sat
several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls
would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie.
The mistake was
immediately
evident. Perhaps
it was
because money was
people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me. My job title made people treat
me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry. It
involved, but
’
s no secret that
there
’
s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily
forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to
others
’
needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn
server and servant. I
’
t get the difference between
’
m now applying to graduate school, which means someday I
’
ll return
’
to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I
ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them.
像大部分人一样，我早就明白人们会通过我从事的工作来判断我，人 们通过我从事的工作来判断我有
多么聪明，多么有智慧。
.
但是，最近我很失望，因为我看到工作也能决定我作为一个人是如何被对待的。
去年 ，我辞职不再作小镇的记者，转而找了一份招待员的工作。就因为有人付钱请人吃饭，那些人做
了一些我觉得他们从来没有对一般的熟人说过或做过的事情。有天晚上一个拿着手机打电话的男子挥手示
意我离开，然后不到一分钟又用手指示意我回来，埋怨说他已经准备好点菜，问我去哪了。
暑假里我在大学里作招待员，被很多人当作勤杂工一样对待。但是
来自有职业的成人的很差的对待。而且，在我告诉人们我在上大学时，人们
19
岁的我相信，我应该接受一些
]
对我反应不同。客人们笑话
我 说，有朝一日我也可以坐在桌子边上，等待别人提供服务。毕业之后，我在社区报纸那里找到了一份工
作。从第一天起，我从任何一位叫我的人口中听到的都是尊敬的口吻。我想这就是职业起作用的方式一诚
恳地。
很快我有了不同的发现。我坐的位置距离一位和我的名字非常相似 的广告销售代表仅有几英尺远。我
们的电话经常混淆，
对
Kristen
Kristen
的电话会被转接给
Christie.
“错误很快就清楚了。也许是因为钱的缘故，
讲话时，人们总是使用一种从来没有对我使用过的口吻。
我的 工作头衔让人们非常谦恭地对待我。所以，重新回到饭店行业让人感到震惊。站在桌边等顾客点菜
时有很 多需要容忍的事情，这已经不是什么秘密了。但是，幸运的是，当拿到小费时，就会忘记很多的
不满。服务业，顾名思义，它之所以存在就是要满足别人的需要
8
.
而且，看起来我的很多顾客没有弄清楚
server (
侍者
)
和
servant (
仆人
)
的区别。
现在我正在申请读研究生，这就意味着将来有一天我会重新找到一份工作， 一份人们为了得到他们想
得到的东西而对我非常友好的工作
作就是为他们提供服务的人。
.
我想我会先带他们去吃饭，借机看一下他们是怎么对待那些唯一的工
Passage Two
：
What
’
s hot for 2007 among the very rich? A S7.3 million diamond ring. A trip to Tanzania
to hunt wild animals. Oh. and income inequality. Sure, some leftish billionaires like George
Soros have been railing against income inequality for years. But increasingly, centrist and
right-wing
which
billionaires
are
starting
to
worry
about income
with
the
inequality
middle
and
middle class. In December. Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U.S News & World Report,
he
owns.
“
Our nation
’
s core bargain
the fate
of
the
class is disintegrating,
”
lamented (
哀叹
) the 117th-richest man in America.
“
Most of our economic gains have gone
to people at the very top of the income ladder. Average income for a household of people of
working age, by contrast, has fallen five years in a row.
Ross Jr. has echoed Zuckerman
Americans.
”
He noted that
“
Tens of millions of
”
Wilbur
Americans live in fear that a major health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy.
“
It
’
s an outrage that any American
’
s anger over the bitter struggles faced by middle-class
’
s life expectancy should be shortened simply
because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health-care coverage,
the former chairman of the International Steel Group. What
”
said
’
s happening? The very rich are
just as trendy as you and I, and can be so when it comes to politics and policy. Given the
recent change of control in Congress, popularity of measures like increasing the minimum
wage, and efforts by California
plutocrats(
’
governor to offer universal health care, these guys don
’
t
need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows. It
an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory (
night.
They can
live
with
that.
No,
what
’
s possible that
有钱有势的人
) are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle class as part of
没收性的
) tax policies. But the prospect
that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn
they
fear
was
’
t keep plutocrats up at
that
the
political
challenges
of
sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States
because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity. In
other words, if middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy
grow ever wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free
flow of
goods,
services,
and
capital
across
borders.
And
when
the
United
States
places
obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods, it
around the world, that
’
s the real nightmare.
’
s likely to encourage reciprocal
action abroad. For people who buy and sell companies, or who allocate capital to markets all
07
年巨富们对什么事情最关心
平等。
?
价值
7300
万美元的钻戒，去坦桑尼亚旅行、打猎。哦，还有收入不
的确，一些像
George Soros
12
月份，
Mortimer Ztrke
一样的左派富翁多年来一直抨击收入不公平问题。但是，中间派议员们
和右派富翁也越来越担心收入不公平问题和中产阶级的命运。
产阶级的核心价值观正在走向破裂，”这位美国排名第
117
在自已拥有的《美国新闻世界报道》上发表专栏文章。“我们国家的中
位的富翁哀叹道。“我们的大部分经济收人
都进入了位于收人台阶最顶层的富翁的腰 包中。形成鲜明对比的是，对于一家人都是工薪阶层的人来说，五
年来收入呈连续趋势。”他说“成百上 千万美国人生活在恐惧中，他们害怕严重的健康问题会让他们破
9
产。”
Zuckemum
对于中产阶级所面临的苦苦挣扎表示极大愤慨，
Wlbur Rass Jr.
随即作出响应。“如果
任何美国人的寿命期望值缩短仅 仅是因为他所工作的公司破严而没法享受健康救助，这简宜就是暴行，”
国际钢铁组织前任主席说。
到底发生了什么
?
巨富者和你我一样领导潮流，对于政治和政策来说，也是 如此。知道最近国会控制
权发生的变化、增加最低工资等举措的受欢迎度和加利福尼亚州州长为普及医疗 保障体系所作的努力，这
些人就不需要他们白己的天气预报员来了解风往哪个方向吹。
有钱有势的人与苦苦挣扎的中产阶级表示团结以使他们远离没收性的税收政策。这一点是有可 能的。
但是收入不公平会导致对富者更多的税率的可能性并没有让有钱有势的人半夜里睡不着觉。他们能 够承受
得了。
不，他们担心的是，因为收入发配和经济安全的现状，使全 球经济融合继续得到支持的政治挑战在美
国会变得更困难。
换句话说，如果美国的中 产阶级继续在财政问题上挣扎，而巨富者越来越富有的话，物品、服务和资
本约跨越国境自由流通将越来 越难获得政洽上的支持。当美国对外国投资者和外国商品设置障碍时，有可
能国外也会采取相对应的措施 。这样，对于些买卖公司或者向全球市场分配资本的入来说，这无疑是一个
真正的梦魔。
2007
年
6
月英语六级阅读真题
：
Passage One
t feel good.
You hear the refrain all the time: the U.S. economy looks good statistically, but it doesn
Why
doesn
’
t
ever- greater
wealth promote
’
It is a
ever-greater
happiness?
question that dates at least to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent (
富裕的
) Society by
John Kenneth Galbraith, who died recently at 97. The Affluent Society is a modern classic
because it helped define a new moment in the human condition. For most of history,
sickness,
and cold
”
threatened
nearly
everyone,
“
hunger,
was
found
Galbraith
wrote.
“
Poverty
everywhere in that world. Obviously it is not of ours.
”
After World War II, the dread of
another Great Depression gave way to an economic boom. In the 1930s unemployment had
averaged 18.2 percent; in the 1950s it was 4.5 percent. To Galbraith, materialism had gone
buy things they didn
mad and would breed discontent. Through advertising, companies conditioned consumers to
be unfulfilling. Meanwhile, government spending that would make everyone better off was
being cut down because people instinctively
necessary evil.
’
t really want or need. Because so much spending was artificial, it would
—
and wrongly
—
labeled government only as
“
a
”
It
’
s often said that only the rich are getting ahead; everyone else is standing
still or falling behind. Well, there are many undeserving rich
instance. But over any meaningful period, most people
“
squeezed
”
because their rising incomes often don
homes,
more
health care,
more
education,
faster
—
overpaid chief executives, for
’
s incomes are increasing. From 1995
to 2004, inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14.3 percent, to $$43,200. people feel
Internet
connections.
’
t satisfy their rising wants
—
for bigger
The
other
great
frustration is that it has not eliminated insecurity. People regard job stability as part of their
standard of living. As corporate layoffs increased, that part has eroded. More workers fear
they
’
ve become
“
the disposable American,
same name. Because so much previous suffering and social conflict stemmed from poverty,
the arrival of widespread affluence suggested utopian (
affluence succeeds. There is much les physical misery than before. People are better off.
”
as Louis Uchitelle puts it in his book by the
乌托邦式的
) possibilities. Up to a point,
Unfortunately, affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions. Advanced societies
10
need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their citizens. But the quest for
growth lets loose
Affluence
liberates
new
the
inspires
anxieties
individual,
and
economic
that
conflicts
everyone
that
can
promising
have
indicators
disturb
the
social
order.
unique
way to
choose a
self-fulfillment. But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments
and sometimes
breakdown
choices
that
and obesity
(
肥胖症
).
Statistical
of
happiness
anti- socialconsequences,including
have
not
family
risen with
incomes. Should we be surprised? Not really. We
pursuit of affluence does not always end with happiness.
’
ve simply reaffirmed an old truth: the
你一直重复听到：美国的经济从数据上看很不错， 但实际上并不觉得很好为什么不断增加的财富却没
有促进不断提高的幸福程度呢？这个问题最早要追溯到
Kenneth Galbraith
1958
年《富足社会》一书的出现，其作者
Galbraith
John
最近去世了，享年
97
岁《富足社会》是一本现代名著，因为书中定义了人类境况的
一个新时期。在历史上的大多数时期，“饥寒交迫和疾病”几乎威胁了每一个人。
写道：“贫
穷出现在那个世界的任何角落。但这显然与我们无关”“二战 ”后，对于新的一次大衰退的恐惧让位于一
4.5%
。对
次经济繁荣。在二十世纪三十年代，失业率高达
18.2%
，而在二十世纪五十年代，失业率为
于
Galbraith
而言，物质主义已经疯狂，并且会滋生不满。公司通过广告让消费者购买他们不需要或者不
想要的东西。
如此多的花费是虚假的，
所以肯定会有不满同时，
能让每个人生活得更好的政府开销却减少了，
因为 人们本能地、错误地为政府贴上了“必要的恶魔”的标签。人们常说只有富人在前行，其他人都
停留在原地或者落在后面。例如，是有很多人不应富有的人。工资过高的首席执行官。但是在经历了很多
重要时期之后，大多数人的收入在上升。从
1995
年到
2004
年，针对通货膨胀进行调整的普通家庭收入上升了
14.3%
，达到了
43
，
200
美元。人们觉得“被压榨”，是因为他们增加的收入不能满足他们上升
的欲望
----
更大的房子，更多医疗保健，更多教育，更快的网络连接。另外一大沮丧是不安全感并没有被
消除。人们把工作的稳定性看成生活标准的一部分。随着公司裁员的增加了，这部分被腐蚀了。更过的员
工害怕自己会成为“被处理的美国人”，这一说法来自于
LouisUchtelle
的同名著作。因为前面提到的痛
苦和社会冲突都来源于贫穷，大范围富裕的来临暗示了乌托邦式的可能 。从某种意义来说，富裕成功了。
比起以前，身体上的痛苦大大减少。人们比以前更富于了。不幸的是， 富足同样创造了新的抱怨和矛盾。
现金的社会需要经济增长，以满足市民日益多样化的需要。但是对增长 的追求却产生了新的焦虑和经济冲
突，扰乱了社会秩序。富裕解放了个人，承诺每个人可以选择独特方式 来达成自己的愿望。但是承诺是如
此的奢侈，以至于注定会有失望，有时还会引起带来反社会的选择，包 括家庭破裂和肥胖症。数据表明，
幸福并没有随着收入的增长而增长。我们是不是应该感到惊讶？不必。 我们仅是重新印证了一句老话：对
富裕的追求并不会总是以幸福为结局。
Passage Two
：
敬重的
) language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman,
The use of deferential (
which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan. This ideal presents a woman who
withdraws quietly to the background, subordinating her life and needs to those of her family
and its male head. She is a dutiful daughter, wife, and mother, master of the domestic arts.
The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she
言慎行
)in the world,
commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic (
的
) ideal. They are using fewer of the very deferential
few strong forms that are s
attention
”
know as
and
has
led
to
an
outcry
in
the
Japanese
’
t hear about
“
women
’
forms, and even using the
media
against
the
defeminization
of
“
men
’
s.
”
This, of course, attracts considerable
“
treads softly (
谨
语言
”
elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form. Nowadays, it is
women
’
s language. Indeed, we didn
to respond to girls
considerable sentiment about the
“
men
’
s language
”
until people began
’
appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is
“
corruption
”
of women
’
s language
—
which of course is
11
viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality
—
and this sentiment is crystallized
by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly carried out by the media. Yoshiko Matsumoto
has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms
as older women. This highly polite style is no doubt something that young women have been
expected to
refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one
playing house
Japanese
or
imitating
“
grow into
”—
after all, it is assign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and
’
s social
relations as well. One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when
older
women
—
in
a
fashion
”
or
“
mother talk
language
analogous
is a
to
little
girls
’
use
of a
high-pitched voice to do
women
“
teacher talk
”
in role play. The fact that young
“
masculization
are
using
less
deferential
sure sign
of
change
—
of
social
change and of linguistic change. But it is most certainlynot a sign of the
”
of
girls. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority
as boys
and
men,
but
that is
very
different
from saying
that
they
are trying
“
masculine.
”
Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive
language
strategies
in order
to
be
able
to
compete
change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls, but different relations
to life stages, and adolescent girls are participating in new subcultural forms. Thus what may,
to
an
older
speaker,
seem
like
“
masculine
”
speech
may
seem
to
an
adolescent
to
be
with
boys
in
schools
and
out.
Social
like
“
liberated
”
or
“
hip
”
speech.
使用敬语是儒家女性完美标准的象征，在日本保守的性别规范中占有重要地位。这个完美标准展示了这样一位女性
:
她会悄无声息地退到幕后，把她的生活和需要放在次要位置， 而把她的家人白手入的生活
和需要放在首位。她是一个恭敬顺从的女儿、妻子、母亲，还是主持家务事的 大师。典型的有教养的日本
女性以谦虚谨慎见长
她“在世界上谨言慎行”，把女性的美丽和优雅上升成为一种艺术形式。
如今，人们 经常会看到年轻的女性不再遵守女性语言规范。她们越来越少地使用极满敬意的“女性”
语言，甚至在使 用少有的带有强烈“男子气”的语言。当然，这引起了人们很大的关注，导致日本媒体强
烈反对女性语言 的非女性化现象。事实上，直到人们开始对女孩子使用通常被男孩子和男人使用的语言这
个现象作出反应 ，我们才听说有关“男性语言”的说法。人们对于女性语言的”腐化”有很大的意见一当
然这被视为丢失 女性规范和道德观念的部分表现一这种意见通过媒体定期进行的全国民意调查被表现得一
清二楚。
Yoshiko Matsumoto
说年轻的女性也许从未像年长的女性那样使用很多极为充满敬意的语问，人们
期待年轻女性学会使用这种格外礼貌的语体一毕竟，
它不仅仅是女性气质的体现，
还是成熟和优雅的表现
.
使用这种语体表明一个人社会关系本质上的变化。你也许想象得到小女孩们在玩过家家或模仿年长女性时
丶使用过分礼貌语言的情景一她们的样子类似于小女孩在扮演角色时提高声调模仿坊”老师” 或”妈妈”
讲话时的样子。
年轻的日本女性越来越少地使用敬语这一现象确确实实表明一种变化
求获得权力，但这与说她们试图要“男性化”非常不同。
Katsue Re olds
:
社会变化和语言变化。但是在
说现在的女孩为了能在校内外
很大程度上这的确不能表明女孩“男性化”。的现象。 在一些情况下，这可能表明女孩同男孩男人一样要
一男孩竞正在使用更为坚定自信的语言策略 。社会变化同样不仅仅为女孩和妇女带来不同的地位，也为生
活的不同阶段带来不同的关系，而且处于青 春期的女孩们正在参与到新的亚文化形式中来。这样，一篇演
讲对于一个年长的演讲者而言似乎显得有些 ”男性化”，而对于一个青少年而言，则似乎显得“不受传统
思想束缚”或“很时髦”。
12
2006
年
：
12
月英语六级阅读真题英语六级阅读真题
Passage One
can harm us
mechanism
In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body
—
the so-called fight-or-flight response.
for
processing
information
can
’
t stay alive,
’
s system for reacting to things that
“
An animal that can
threats.
’
t detect danger
”
says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate
about potential
At its
core is
a cluster of
neurons (
神经元
) deep in the brain known as the amygdale (
扁桃核
). LeDoux studies the way
animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant
events in our lives. The amygdale receives input from many parts of the brain, including
a situation
—
I think this charging dog wants to bite me
nerve signals
throughout
the
body.
These signals
regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdale appraises
produce the
familiar
—
and triggers a response by radiating
signs
of distress:
trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three. This fear mechanism is
critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than
humans know they
’
re afraid. That is, as LeDoux says,
“
if you put that system into a brain
”
Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell,
that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear.
have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate
systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry. That
a bad thing, says Hallowell.
After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action
doctor look at that weird spot on your ell insists, though, that there
to worry.
“
Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan.
survived a recession, so we
future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection
“
When used properly, worry is an incredible device,
’
s not necessarily
”
he says.
—
like having a
’
s a right way
”
He says. Most of us have
’
re familiar with the belt- tightening strategies needed to survive
a slump. Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism,
so it
’
s been difficult to get fact about how we should respond. That
(
抗炭疽菌的药物
) and buying gas masks.
’
s why Hallowell believes
it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro
从纯粹的生物学意义上讲，恐惧始自身体系统对于可能伤害 到我们的事物作出的反应，即所谓的斗争
或逃跑”反应。“
不能探查危险的动物不可能存活，”
Joseph LeEbux
说。同动物一样 ，人类进化出一套复杂
精细的结构用以处理有关潜在威胁的信息。该结构的核心是位于大脑深处的被称为 “扁桃核”的一
簇神经元。
LeDoux
研究动物和人类对威胁作出反应的方式以便了解我们在生活中对于有重要意义的事件是如何
形成记忆的。
扁桃核接收来自大脑许多部位的信息，
号会产生我们熟悉的表示困境迹象
其中包括负责回忆的区域。
在使用这条信息的过程中，
扁桃核对形势作出评估一我想这只正冲过来的狗要咬我一 并通过向全身发出神经信号来激发反应。这些信
:
颤抖、出汗、步伐加快，这里只列举三种。
Le
所说的，”如果你把那套系统放进有意识的大脑里，那么你
说，人类具备能够回忆过去的不幸并预测未来的能力。把这些
这套能作出恐惧反应的 结构对于所有动物的生存都是至关重要的，但是没有人能够肯定地说除了人类
之外动物是否知道它们感到害怕。也正如
就会感到害怕了。”
Edward M. Hallowell
这未必就是件坏事，
健康的。
然而，
Hallowell
Hallowell
更高级的思维过程与我们基本的探查危险系统结合起来，你会产生几乎全人类共有的现象
:
担忧。
说，”若使用得当，担忧会是个不可思议的工具。”毕竟，如果些许
的担忧能够使你 采取建设性行动一例如让医生检查一下你背部的那个奇怪的斑点一那么这种担忧是有益
坚持说，有一种担忧的正确方法。”永远不要只是担忧，收集事实然后制订计划。
13
他说。我们大多数人经历过经济萧条时期并幸 存下来，所以我们很熟悉为了渡过难关所需要的紧缩策略。
遗憾的是，我们几乎没有人具有经验来处理来 自恐怖主义的威胁，所以要获得相关事实来说明我们应
该如何作出反应是很困难的
.
这就解释了为什么
Hallowell
认为以下现象是正常的
:
去年秋天人们处在极度的担忧之
中，从医生那里急求抗炭疽菌的药物且购买防毒面具。
passage two
：
As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there
disgusted with his students
that matters,
”
he says.
’
overwhelming lost for money.
“
Many schools don
’
even re t offer ethics (
“
They
’
taught that profit is all
伦理学
) courses at all.
”
Etzioni expressed his frustration about the interests of his graduate students.
money, power, fame and self-interest.
for not educating these
“
By and large,
I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than
“
business- leaders-to-be.
” “
I really like I failed them,
”
He wrote at the time. Today he still takes the blame
”
Etzioni was a respected ethics
”
he says.
“
If I was a better teacher maybe I could have reached them.
expert when he arrived at Harvard. He hoped his work at the university would give him
insight
into
how questionsof morality
could
be applied
to places where self- interest
flourished. What he found wasn
’
t encouraging. Those would be executives had, says Etzioni,
—
and their professor was
little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroom
met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways.
Etzioni sees the experience at Harvard as an eye-opening one and says there
business schools that he
’
d like to change.
’
s much about
“
A lot of the faculty teaching business are bad
news themselves,
”
Etzioni says. From offering classes that teach students how to legally
manipulate contracts, to reinforcing the notion of profit over community interests, Etzioni
has seen a lot that
’
s left him shaking his head. And because of what he
business schools, he
’
s not surprised by the latest rash of corporate scandals.
things have
got a lot worse
at business schools,
I suspect,
’
s seen taught in
“
In many ways
Etzioni is
still
”
says
Etzioni.
teaching the sociology of right and wrong and still calling for ethical business leadership.
“
People with poor motives will always exist.
those people and sometimes environments give those people opportunity.
”
He says.
“
Sometimes environments constrain
”
Etzioni says the
booming economy of the last decade enabled those individuals with poor motives to get rich
before getting in trouble. His hope now: that the cries for reform will provide more fertile soil
for his long-standing messages about business ethics.
对于最近有关诡计多端的企业骗子的报道
院的客座教授，
Amitai Etzioni
Etzioni
Amitai
Etzioni
一点不感到惊奇。作为
1989
年哈佛商学
在那里结束了他的工作，对于在学生中普遍存在的对金钱的奢欲他感到
刹很反感。他们接受这样的教育，认为利润至高无上，”他说，
“许多学校甚至根本不开设伦理学课程。”
在谈到他的研究生们的兴趣时表现得很失望。“总的来说，我分明没有找到方法来帮助全班
MBA
认识到生命中有些东西比金钱、权力、名誉和个人利益更重要，”当时他写道 。如今，他仍然为没
有教育好这些”未来的企业领袖们”而自责。“我确实感到是我耽误了他 们，”他说，“如果我是个更好
的老师，也许我就能打动他们了。”
Etzioni
来到哈佛商学院时是位受人尊敬的伦理学专家。他希望在这所大学的工作可以使他深刻地了
解到道德上的问题是如何被应用到这个私利盛行的地方的。他的发现并不令人鼓舞。
时教授看到的却是空洞的眼神。
Etzioni
说，那些未
来的的领导们对董会中的伦 理和道德概念几乎不感兴趣一当他催促学生以新的不同的方式看待商业行为
14
Etaoni
认为在哈佛商学院的经历令他开了眼界，
并说商学院里有很多他想改变的地方。
“有很多教商
务课程的教 职员本身就存在问题，”他说。从开设课程教学生如何合法地操纵合同，到强化“利润高于公
众利益”的概念，
Etziom
已见到很使他摇头兴叹的例子。由于他看到了在商 业学校里所教授的一切，所以他
并不亠最近出现的一连串公司丑闻而感到惊讶。“我怀疑，商学院里的情 况在很多方面会糟得多，”
Etzioni
说。
Etzioni
仍在教授关于是与非的社会学，
仍在呼吁合乎道德的商业领导。
“动机不良的人总是说，
“有
时环境会约束这些人，有时会给他们提供机会。”
Etzioni
说过去十年迅速发展的经济使这人在遇到麻烦之前就富
起来。他现在的希望是
:
改革的呼声将会为他长期坚持的商业道德的思想提供更加肥沃的土壤。
2003
年
6
月英语六级阅读真题
Passage One
：
In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old
days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn
about.
Amazingly,
A
new
these happy
times
study
by
appear
community.
Dan
Farmer, a
gifted
’
t any crime to worry
in
the
world
using
still
to
be
with us
programmer,
’
s
biggest
an
automated
investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all
World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors. SATAN can try
out
a
variety
of
well-known
hacking
(
黑客的
)
tricks
on
an
Internet
site
without
actually
breaking in. Farmer has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism. A person
with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle (
Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far,
闯入⋯⋯行窃
). But
events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause
new disorder. So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you
visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny
programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own
machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your
computer. At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents
and
other
types
of
automated
beasts
designed
to
penetrate
the
sites and
seek
out and
classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade
weak sites and cause damage. But let
Internet is surely the world
vandalism
’
s look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the
’
s biggest (almost) crime-free society. Maybe that is because
hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn
(
恶意破坏
) isn
’
t much
fun
unless
Whatever the reason, let
’
t much to steal. Or because
a
peculiar
dislike
for
someone.
you
have
’
s enjoy it while we can. But expect it all to change, and security to
become the number one issue, when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling
services they want to be paid for.
在英国乡间的小村子里还有人记得那些不用想着锁门的美好的老日子。那时根本不用担心犯罪。
令人惊奇的是，
这些幸福的时光似乎还在世界最大的社团里与我们同在。
穆用他自称为
“撒旦” 的自动调查程序所做的一项最新研究表明，
一个天才的程序员，
丹·法
万维网一半多的主人建立了不上锁的家。
“撒旦”不用真正闯入就可以试验因特网上 黑客的许多臭名昭著的伎俩。法穆把他的程序公开化，使
每个人都能得到，这种做法招致了许多批评。居 心不良的人可以用它猎取容易闯入行窃的网站。
15
但是，法穆关心的是，有必要提醒公众注意网络并非安全，到目前为止，事实证明 他是对的。与
其说“撒旦”制造了新的混乱，倒不如说它警告人们要注意安全。
所以，
网络是否越来越安全？远非如此。
在早期，
当你浏览网站的时候，
你的浏览器只注意内容。现在，
网络充斥着一些小的 程序，当你浏览网页的时候，这些程序会自动下载，然后在你个人的电脑上运
行。如果编程者有意，这些程序就会对你的电脑进行各种各样的破坏。
同时，网络中 出现了越来越多的蜘蛛、虫子、间谍和其他的一些自动化的动物，它们被预先指定
闯入网站，对信息进行 查找和分类。所有这些都为那些想进攻弱小的网站并对其造成伤害的反社会的人提
供了绝妙的工具。
但是，让我们来看一看光明的一面。如果没有锁，因特网当然是世界上最大的（极端的）没有犯< br>罪的社会。也许，那是因为黑客们从根本上是诚实的。或者，当今没有什么东西好偷。或者，除非你对某< br>一个人有特殊的仇恨，恶意破坏并不是什么好玩的事。
不管是什么原因，让我们在还能 享受的时候尽情享受吧。然而，当网络上最有影响力的居民们想
出售他们的服务并想要收费时，希望一切 会有所改变，那时安全将变成头等重要的事情。
passage Two
：
I
came
away
from
my
years
of
teaching
on
the
college
and
university
level
with
a
conviction that enactment (
扮
演角色
), performance, dramatization are the most successful
forms of teaching. Students must be incorporated, made, so far as possible, an integral part
of the learning process. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play
would
seem
to the
the
greater
case.
part
of
the
academic
Ezekiel
Cheever,
the
establishment
most
merely
silly,
but
that
of
is
the
nonetheless
Of
famous
schoolmaster
Massachusetts Bay Colony, his onetime student Cotton Mather wrote that he so planned his
lessons that his pupils
Whitehead,
students
almost
“
came to work as though they came to play,
three hundred
years
later,
noted
that
a
teacher
”
and Alfred North
should make
his/her
“
glad they were there.
”
Since, we are told, 80 to 90 percent of all instruction in
the typical university is by the lecture method, we should give close attention to this form of
education.
There
is,
I
think,
much
truth
in Patricia
Nelson
Limerick
’
s
“
lecturing is an unnatural act, an act for which God did not design humans. It is perfectly all
right, now and then, for a human to be possessed by the urge to speak, and to speak while
others remain silent. But to do this regularly, one hour and 15 minutes at a time
person
to drag on while
others
sit in silence?
⋯⋯
I
do
Creator
⋯⋯
designed humans to do.
observation
that
⋯⋯
for one
this is
what
not
believe
that
the
”
The strange, almost incomprehensible fact is that
many professors, just as they feel obliged to write dully, believe that they should lecture
dully. To show enthusiasm is to risk appearing unscientific, unobjective; it is to appeal to the
students
’
emotions rather than their intellect. Thus the ideal lecture is one filled with facts
and read in an unchanged monotone. The cult (
推崇
) of lecturing dully, like the cult of writing
dully, goes back, of course, some years. Edward Shils, professor of sociology, recalls the
professors he encountered at the University of Pennsylvania in his youth. They seemed
priesthood, rather uneven in their merits but uniform in their bearing; they never referred to
anything
personal.
Some
read
from
began
old
lecture notes
on
time,
ended
and
then
on
time, and
“
a
haltingly
explained
the
thumb- worn last lines. Others lectured from cards that had served for years, to judge by the
worn edges
⋯⋯
The
teachers
saying a word more to their students, very seldom being detained by questioners
there were no office hours.
”
left
the
room
without
⋯⋯
The
classes were not large, yet there was no discussion. No questions were raised in class, and
16
当我离开多年教学的学院和大学时，我坚信扮演角色、表演 、改编剧本等都是最成功的教学方式。学
生们必须尽可能地被编入或组织到整个教学过程中，成为其中有 机的一部分。在大多数的学者看来，认
为学习必须包括玩耍并对其进行鼓励的理念近乎愚蠢，但这是事实。曾经是
诸州海湾殖民地最著名的校长的学生，
一样
”
，过了大约三百年，
Cotton
Mather
Alfred North Whitehead
Ezekiel Cheever,
这个马塞
写到，他备的课程能让学生们感觉“上学就像玩
注意到一个教师必须使他
/
她的学生“高兴上学”。
由于我们知道在典型的大学里有百分之八十至九十的教学是通过讲座的方式进行的，因此，我们
必须给予这样的教育形式以足够的重视。
我认为
Patricia Nelson Limerick
的观察是很有道理的，
即“讲
75
分钟⋯⋯一个人讲，而别的
演是一种不合情理的行为，上帝并没有 要人去做这一种活动。一个人时不时地有一种想说话的冲动，并且
在他说的时候，别的人保持沉默，这是很正常的。但是，经常这样，每次
人都沉默地坐在那里？⋯⋯我不相信这就是造物主⋯⋯要我们人类所做的。”
一个很奇怪、几乎让人不能理解的事实是：大多数教授，正如他们认为必须枯燥地写作一样，他
们认为必须枯燥地讲课。如果表现过于热情，将会有不科学、欠客观之嫌；热情只是吸引学生的情感，而
不是他们智力。所以，理想的讲课应充满事实，并且用不变的语调念出来。
当然
，对枯燥讲课的崇拜，像崇拜枯燥写作一样，可以追溯到社会教授
在宾西法尼亚大学读书的时候，
当时的教授就是这样上课的。
Edward
Shils
年轻时
他看起来像
“一个牧师，
尽管才能各有千秋，
但穿着非常统一；他从来不谈私事。有些教授照本宣科，然后结结巴巴地讲解被翻烂了的最后的几行。另一些则用卡片上课，从磨损的边角就可以判断这些卡片已经用了多年⋯⋯老师们按时上课，准时下课，离开教室时不会对学生多说一个字，也很少被学生的问题留住。班级通常不大，然而，没有课堂讨论。上课时从来不提问，课后也没有答疑的时间。”
passage three:
The principal
number
of pupils.
difficulty
faced by the
schools
caused by the
has
been the
advance of
tremendous
increase
in the
into
This
has been
the
legal
age
for going
industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. In
view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the
future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising
of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment
when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in
school. We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a
class.
Already the public
agencies
for
adult education
are swamped
shorter week will be maintained. We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure
swept over them since depression began. They will be little better off when it is over. Their
support must come from the taxpayer. It is surely too much to hope that these increases in
present restricted and inadequate system. The local communities have failed in their efforts
to cope with unemployment. They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale
relief. The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same, and
properly so. If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an
now goes in part to keep our neighbors alive. It may have to go in part as well to make our
neighbors intelligent. We are now attempting to preserve the present generation through
by
the
tide that has
the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities. They cannot care for the
on which we must attempt it. The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal
interest, it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country. Our income tax
Federal relief of the destitute (
贫民
). Only a people determined to ruin the next generation
17