选修6英语课本原文文档
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高中英语选修
6
Unit 1
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
Art is influenced by the customs and
faith
of a people. Styles
in
Western
art
have
changed
many
times.
As
there
are
so
many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to
describe
all
of
them
in
such
a
short
text.
Consequently,
this
text will describe only the most important ones. Starting from
the sixth century AD.
The Middle Ages(5
th
to the 15
th
century AD)
During
the
Middle
Ages,
the
main
aim
of
painters
was
to
represent religious themes. A
conventional
artistof this period
was not interested in showing nature and people as they really
were.
A
typical
picture
at
this
time
was
full
of
religious
symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God.
But it was
evident
that ideas were changing in the 13
th
century
when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious
scenes in a more realistic way.
The Renaissance(15
th
to 16
th
century)
During
the
Renaissance,
new
ideas
and
values
gradually
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replaced
those
held
in
the
Middle
Ages.
People
began
to
concentrate
less
on
religious
themes
and
adopt
a
more
humanistic attitude to the same time painters returned
to
classical
Roman
and
Greek
ideas
about
art.
They
tried
to
paint
people
and
nature
as
they
really
were.
Rich
people
wanted to
possess
their own paintings, so they coule decorate
their
superb
palaces
and
great
houses.
They
paid
famous
artists
to
paint
pictures
of
themselves,
their
houses
and
possessions
as well as their activities and achievements.
One of the most important discoveries during this period
was
how
to
draw
things
in
perspective.
This
technique
was
first
used
by
Masaccio
in
1428.
When
people
first
saw
his
paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through
a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had
not been discovered,
no
one would
have been able
to
paint
such
realistic
pictures.
By
coincidence,
oil
paints
were
also
developed
at
this
time,
which
made
the
colours
used
in
paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and
the
new
technique,
we
would
not
be
able
to
see
the
many
great masterpieces for which this period is famous.
Impressionism(late 19h to early 20
th
century)
In the late 19
th
century, Europe changed
a great deal,
from a
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mostly
agricultural
society
to
a
mostly
industrial
one.
Many
people moved from the
countryside to the new cities. There
were many new inventions and social changes also led to new
painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the
traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived
and worke in Paris.
The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors.
They were eager to show how light and
shadow
fell on objects
at
different
times
of
day.
However,
because
natural
light
changes
so
quickly,
the
Impressionists
had
to
paint
quickly.
Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters.
At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became
very angry about it. They said that the painters were careless
and their paintings were
ridiculous.
Modern Art(29
th
century to today)
At
the
time
they
were
created,
the
Impressionist
paintings
were
controversial,
but
today
they
are
accepeted
as
the
beginning
of
what
we
call
“
modern
art
”
.
This
is
because
the
Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment
in new ways. There are scores of modern art styles,but without
the
Impressionists,
many
of
these
painting
styles
might
not
exsist. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is,
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the painter does not
attempt
to paint objects as we see them
with our eyes, but instead concentrates n certain qualities of
the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them.
On
the other hand
, some paintings of modern art are so realistic
that they look like photographs. These styles are so different.
Who
can
predict
what
painting
styles
there
will
be
in
the
future?
Unit 3
It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree
at the end of the garden. I have just returned from a long bike
ride to an old castle. It seems amazing that at my age I am still
fit
enough
to
cycle
20
kilometres
in
an
’
s
my
birthday in two weeks
’
time and I
‘
ll be82years old! I think my
long and active life must be
due to
the healthy life I live.
This
brings
me
to
the
real
reason
for
my
letter,
my
dear
grandson.
Your
mother
tells
me
that
you
started
smoking
some time ago and how you are finding it difficult to give it up.
Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how
tough
it is to stop. You see, during
adolescence
I also smoked
and became
addicted to
cigarettes.
By
the
way,
did you
know
that this is because you
become
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addicated
in
three
different
ways.
First,
you
can
become
physically addicated to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds
of chemicals in cigarettes. This means that after a while your
body becomes
accustomed to
having nicotine in it. So when
the
drug
leaves
our
body,
you
get
withdrawal
symptoms.
I
remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even in pain.
Secondly, you become addicted through habit. As you know, if
you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it
automatically.
Lastly,
you
can
become
mentally
addicted.
I
believed
I
was
happier
and
more
relaxed
after
having
a
cigarette,
so
I
began
to
that
I
could
only
feel
good
when
I
smoked. I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult
to
quit.
But I did finally manage.
When I was young, I didn
’
t know much about the harmful
effects
of smoking. I didn
’
t know, for example, that it could do
terrible damage to your heart and
lungs
or that it was more
difficult for smoking couples to become
pregnant.
I certainly
didn
’
t
know their
babies may
have a
smaller
birth
weight
or
even be
abnormal
in some way. Neither did I know that my
cigarette
smoke
could
affect
the
health
of
non-smokers.
However,
what
I
did
know
was
that
my
girlfriend
thought
I
smelt terrible. She said my breath and clothes smelt, and that
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the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. She told me that
she
wouldn
’
t
go
out
with
me
again
unless
I
stopped!
I
also
noticed
that
I
became
breathless
quickly,
and
that
I
wasn
’
t
enjoying
sport
as
much.
When
I
was
taken
off
the
school
football
team
because
I
was
unfit,
I
knew
it
was
time
t
quit
smoking.
I
am
sending
you
some
advice
I
found
on
the
Internet
It
might help you to stop and
strengthen
your resolve. I do hope so because I want you to live as long
and healthy a life as I have.
Love from
Grandad
Unit 4
THE
EARTH
IS
BECOMIG
WARMER-BUT
DOES
IT
MATTER?
During the 20
th
century the temperature of the earth ros
e about one degree Fahrenheit. That probably does not seem
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