动词不定式
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2021年01月31日 23:12
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动词不定式用法解析
撰稿:赵兴明
责编:牛新阁
语法点拨
动词不定式概述
动词不定式是一 种非谓语动词,
有两种形式:
带
to
的不定式和不带
to
的 不定式。
不定
式具有动词性质,有时态和语态的变化,
可有自己的宾语和状语,
构成不定式短语,同时也
具有名词、形容词和副词性质可以作句中各种成分,如:主语、表语、定语、 宾语、状语和
补足语等。
不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式必须在小品词
to
前加
not
。
My father decided not to take up that job
.
我父亲决定不干那工作。
The waitress at KFC cautioned us not to drink the hot tea with milk until it
had cooled down
.
肯德基的女服务员提醒我们等奶茶凉了再喝。
The most important thing is not to waste your youth and power
。
最重要的事情是不要浪费你的青春和元气。
不定式的基本用法
不定式作主语
不定式结构可直接置于句首担任主语。
To host the Olympic Games is a rich prize for a country
.
一个国家主办奥运会等于获得一个特大奖。
To climb the mountain was hard work but to go down the hills was great fun
.
上山很艰难,而下山却很好玩。
上述这种形式一般用得不多。 现代英语常采用
it
作形式主语.把真实主语即不定式结
构后置的形式。上述例句可分 别改成:
It is a rich prize for a country to host the Olympic Games
.
It
was
hard
work
to
climb
the
mountain,
but
it
was
great
fun
to
go
down
the
hills
.
注意:
如果是疑问句或感叹句,只能采用
it
作形式主语的结构。
What a joy it was to read Shakespeare
’
s tales!
阅读莎士比亚的故事是多么有趣啊
!
Is it a good idea to take a holiday there?
去那里休假是个好主意吗
?
What is it like to be here?
不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种情况:直接跟带
to
不定式作宾语;跟“疑 问词
+
带
to
不定式”结
构。
动词
+
带
to
不定式。
He pretended not to see me when he passed.
他经过时假装没看到我。
I hope to be back next Monday
我希望下星期一能回来。
What did she say she wanted to do?
她说她想干什么
?
常见的这类动词有:
afford
,
agree
,
aim
,
arrange
,
ask
,
choo se
,
demand
.
desire
,
determine
,
expect
,
hope
,
learn
,
long
.
manage
,
offer
,
pretend
,
promise
,
refuse
,
seek
,< br>want
,
wish
等。
动词十疑问词
+
带
to
不定式。
what to do next.
when to start.
I don
’
t know
where to go.
who(m) to ask.
how to do it.
I haven
’
t decided which one to buy
.
我还没决定买哪一个。
常见的这类动词有:
cons ider
,
decide
,
find
out
,
f orget
,
know
,
learn
,
remember< br>,
see
,
settle
,
think(=consider )
,
understand
,
wonder
等。
疑问词用:
what
,
where
,
who(m )
,
when
,
how
,
whether
,
which
等
(why
除外
)
。
注意:
上述少数动词后面的带
to
不定式是 否跟有疑问词,有时并不造成意义上的差别,但有
时候含义就不同。
He taught me (how) to type last month.
上个月他教我
(
如何
)
打字
.
He learned (how) to type last month.
上个月他学会了
(
如何
)
打字。
They haven
’
t decided
下一步做什么。
什么时候出发。
我不知道
去哪里。
去问谁。
怎么做这件事。
to go.
他们还没决定
走。
when to go.
where to go.
how to go.
The student forgot to do his homework.
那学生忘记做作业了。
The student forgot how to do his homework.
那学生忘记了如何做这作业。
We couldn
’
t decide whether to go eastward or westward
。
我们难以决定是向东走还是向西走。
什么时候走。
去哪里。
怎样走。
不定式作宾语,后接宾 语补足语时,常用先行词
it
作形式宾语,而把不定式放到后面。
I don
’
t think it worthwhile to go there
.
我认为到那里去不值得。
This made it hard for me to control myself
这使我难以控制自己。
He thought it unwise to refuse the offer.
他认为拒绝这帮助是不明智的。
I made it a rule to take part in physical labor
.
我规定自己应参加体力劳动。
不定式作介词的宾语时,一般需要加上疑问词;但是介词
but
,
except
后经常接不定式
作宾语。
Everyone has his own opinion of how to do it
.
如何做这事各人有不同的看法。
I
’
m interested in what to do but not how to do it
.
我对干什么感兴趣,而对如何干并不感兴趣。
I had no choice but to give up the chance to go abroad
.
我没有办法,只好放弃这次出国的机会。
I
’
ve got nothing to do but depend on m yself
.
(
句中有实义动词
do
,不定式可不带
to< br>)
我没有办法,只好依靠自己。
在这里感觉怎么样
?
不定式作表语
The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat.
对付肥胖的最好办法就是减少身体内部脂肪。
Her philosophy of life is to take every opportunity.
她的处世态度是抓住每一个机会。
The problem is how to get the money for the project.
问题是如何为工程筹集资金。
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
现在我唯一能做的事情就是我独自继续干下去。
注意:
若主句部分有
do
的各种形式,表语部分的不定式可以不带
to
。
不定式作补足语
不定式作补足语,包括作宾语补足语和主语补足语。
I heard her sing
.
我听到她唱歌。
(
宾补
)
She was heard to sing
.
有人听到她唱歌。
(
主补
)
能用不定式结构作宾补的动词大体可分成四类:
(1)
表示感觉的动词
(
即感官动词,作宾补的不定式不带
to
,转为被动语态时 带
to)
:
see
,
hear
,
feel
,
watch
,
notice
,
observe
等。
Did you notice anyone come in?
你有没有注意有人进来
?
Did you see him go out?
你看到他出去了吗
?
We saw the car stop
我们看到汽车停了下来。
但是:
The car was seen
to
stop
.
(2)
表示“致使”等意义的 动词
(
即使役动词
)
。
Ⅰ.
have
,
let
,
make
跟不带
to
的不定 式作宾语补足语时,但是变成被动语态时,要接带
to
的不定式。
使役动词
h ave
一般不用于被动语态。
The beauty of music made us forget everything.
We were made to forget everything by the beauty of music.
音乐之美使我们忘记了一切。
I
’
ll have my friend help me with my homework
.
我要让我的朋友帮助我完成作业。
Ⅱ.
a dvise
,
allow
,
ask
,
beg
,drive
,
encourage
,
expect
,
f orbid
,
force
,
get
,
invite
,
permit
,
persuade
,
rem ind
,
teach
,
tell
,
trust
,< br>urge
,
want
,
warn
等都接带
to
不定式。
No doubt advances in medicine have enabled people to live longer
.
毫无疑问,医学的发展使人们更加长寿。
The office network allows users to share files and software
,
and to use a central
printer
.
办公室网络使用户得以共享文件和软件,并使用中央打印机。
Can you remind me to phone her tomorrow?
你明天能否提醒我给她打电话
?
He urged me to write a play about Ireland
.
他敦促我写一个关于爱尔兰的剧本。
They have invited me to speak at the meeting.
I
’
ve been invited to speak at the meeting
.
他们请我在会议上发言。
(3)
表示“心理状态”的动词。
consider
,
declare
,
find
,
prove
,think
,
know
,
believe
,
feel< br>,
imagine
,
judge
,
suppose
,
understand
等后面一般接“
to be +
其他”结构,在consider
,
declare
,
find
,
pr ove
,
think
等动词后面
to be
可以
省略,但如果是不定式完成式形式,就不能省略。
We consider him(to be) our best English teacher
.
我们认为他是我们最好的英语老师。
Foreign guests find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful now
.
外国友人发现中国人都很幸福快乐。
The accused declared himself(to be) innocent
.
那被告宣称自己是无罪的。
know
We
believe judge
看出
him to be a skilled worker.
我们
认为
断定
他是熟练工。
We found the answer(to be)quite satisfactory
.
我们对答复感到很满意。
We found the answer to have been quite satisfactory
.
注意:
这类动词转为被动语态时,
to be
的省略与否
,
与主动语态相同。
We proved him(to be) friendly
.
He was proved(to be) friendly
.
我们证明了他是友好的。
We know him to be a good student
.
He is known to be a good student
.
我们知道他是个好学生。
(4)
表示情感状态的动词。
love
,< br>hate
,
like
,
prefer
,
want等后面跟带
to
不定式。这类动词接不定式时一般不转为被动语态。
Would you like me to go with you?
你要我和你一起去吗
?
I
’
d prefer you to go with me
.
我更喜欢你和我一起去。
I want you to think it over
.
我希望你仔细考虑一下。
I hate you to do that so often
.
我讨厌你老是这么做。
5.
不定式作定语
不定式结构作定语,通常只能置于名词或代词之后。
It is a pleasant thing to remember
.
这是一件值得记忆的愉快往事。
Every citizen has a right to vote and to be voted
.
每个公民都有选举权和被选举权。
It
’
s difficult to find a place to park his car
.
他不容易找到停车位。
考点聚焦
不定式加介词的用法:
不定式结构作定语,
在意义上与前面的名词或代词可能是主谓关系或动宾关系。在有动宾关系的情况下,
如果不定式是不及物动词,其后必须加上一个适当的介词。
I use a pen to write
with
.
我用钢笔写。
There is no stool to sit
on
.
没有凳子可坐。
Mathilde had only a small cold room to live
in
.
玛蒂尔德住的是一间狭小的冷屋。
There are so many different cell phones to choose
from
.
有那么多不同的手机可供选择。
I think him a very nice person to get along
with
.
我想他是一个很容易相处的人。
注意:
不定式修饰的 名词是
time
,
place
,
way
时,经常省略介词。
This is the best way to make friends (in).
这是交朋友的最好方法。
We are looking for a place to put these books (in).
我们在找放书的地方。
不定式作状语
(1)
表示目的。
The test questions are kept secret to prevent cheating
.
试题保密以防作弊。
They often went to the supermarket to buy necessaries
.
他们常去那家超市买生活必需品。
They play music to satisfy their inner desire
.
他们演奏音乐是为了满足内心的欲望。
To ensure safety the maglev train is controlled by an advanced computer system.
为了确保安全,磁悬浮列车由先进的计算机系统控制。
(2)
表示结果
What did he say to make you so excited?
他说了什么话使你如此激动
?
He woke up and looked out of the window to find the world outside greatly changed
.
他醒了向窗外看了看,结果发现外面变化很大。
We came home to find our garden neat and tidy
.
我们回到家,发现花园整整齐齐。
注意:
表示未曾预料的结果时,常在不定式前加
only
。
I opened the box only to find it empty.
我打开盒子,却发现里面什么也没有。
(3)
表示原因
不定式表示原因时往往跟在表示高兴、愉快、生气、荣耀、遗憾等情绪的形容词之后。
I
’
m pleased to be invited to talk here
.
我很高兴被邀请在这里讲话。
I
’
m sorry to have troubled you so much
.