初中英语基础语法整理
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2021年02月01日 10:19
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初中英语基础语法整理
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句子成分知识分析（
1
）
< br>组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和
宾语补足语 等。各成分在句中的作用如何
?
分别由哪些词及短语充当
?
1.
主 语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式
或动名词等充当。如：
The car is running fast.(
名词
)
We are students.(
代词
)
One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(
数词
)
It's bad manners to spit in public.(
不定式
)
Eating too much is bad for your health.(
动名词
)
【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用
it
作形式主语，而把真正的主语
(
不定式短语
)
放在句后。
2.
谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实
义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓
语，情态动 词与省略
to
的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：
He works in a factory.(
实义动词
)
I felt cold.(
系动词
+
表语
)
How can I get to the station?(
情态动词
+
实义动词
)
Do you speak English?(
助动词
+
实义动词
)
They are working in a field.(
助动词
+
实义动词
)
【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。
3.
宾语：是 及物动词所涉及的对象，一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如：
He is doing his homework.(
名词
)
They did nothing this morning.(
代词
)
She wants to go home.(
不定式
)
We enjoy playing football.(
动名词
)
【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直 接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：
give
，
buy
，
lend，
pass
，
tell
，
leave
等。如：
He bought me a book.
Pass me the ball
，
will you?(
间宾
+
直宾
)
直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把 直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当
的介词如
to
或
for
等。如：
Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(
直宾
+
间宾
)
Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(
直宾
+
间宾
)
②有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用 动名词。这类动词有：
want
，
wish
，
hope< br>，
promise
，
decide
，
agree
，< br>
choose
，
care
等。如：
I hope to see you again.
③有的动词一般 只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：
enjoy
，
finish
，
mind
，
practise
，
miss
，
suggest
，
keep(on)
等。如：
Do you mind my opening the window?
④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
a)forget to do
表示
“
未发生的动作
”
，
forget doing
表示
“
已完成的动作
”
。如：
Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(
还没来
)
I forgot returning the book to him.(
书已还给他了
)
b)stop to do(
不定式为状语
)
表示
“
停下
原来的事，去做另一件事
”
，
stop doing
表示
“
停止做某事
”
。如：
I stopped to talk with him.(
我停下来与他谈话。
)
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(
老师进来时学生们停止谈话。
)
句子成分练习题（一）
(
一
).
指出下列句中主语的中心词（
4
分，
4
分钟）
①
The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
②
There is an old man coming here.
③
The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④
To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(
二
)
选出句中谓语的中心词（
10
分，
10
分钟）
①
I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't
B. like
C. picture
D. wall
②
The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get
B. longer
C. days
D. summer
③
Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do
B. usually
A. will be B. meeting
D. bus
④
There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
C. the library
D. afternoon
⑤
Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
B. twins
C. have
D. breakfast
⑥
Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom
B. didn't
C. do
D. his homework
⑦
What I want to tell you is this.
A. want
B. to tell
C. you
D. is
⑧
We had better send for a doctor.
A. We
B. had
C. send
D. doctor
⑨
He is interested in music.
A. is
B. interested
C. in
D. music
⑩
Whom did you give my book to?
A. give
C. whom
D. book
(
三
)
挑出下列句中的宾语（
10
分，
10
分钟）
①
My brother hasn't done his homework.
②
People all over the world speak English.
③
You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④
How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤
Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
⑥
The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦
They made him monitor of the class.
⑧
Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨
You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩
They didn't know who
really is.