《英语语法大全完全
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2021年02月01日 10:48
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《英语语法大全
(
完全版
)
————————————————————————————————
作者：
————————————————————————————————
日期：
2
语法
1
．
5
种类型的谓语
1326
在一 个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有
5
种类型的
谓语。
第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）：
He came
．
My wife cried
．
第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（
TV
＋
O
）：
John likes me
．
His uncle wrote letters
．
第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（
DV+IO+DO
）：
They teach me English
．
I bought Mary sugar
．
第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（
LV
＋
C
）：
He is a teacher
．
She looks sad
．
第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（
FV
＋O
＋
C
）：
We made him king
．
She left the house dirty
．
1
．基本成分
1302
根据其结构，句子可以分为
5
类：
a
．主语
＋
不及物动词
John
came
．
（
S
）
（
IV
）
b
．主语
＋
及物动词
＋
宾语
John
likes
oranges
．
（
S
）
（
TV
）
（
O
）
c
．主语
＋
双宾动词
＋
间接宾语
＋
直接宾语
John
gave
Mary
books
．
（
S
）
（
DV
）
（
IO
）
（
DO
）
d
．主语
＋
系动词
＋
主语补语
John
is
happy
．
（
S
）
（
LV
）
（
SC
）
e
．主语
＋
宾补动词
＋
宾语
＋
宾语补语
John
makes
Mary
angry
．
（
S
）
（
FV
）
（
O
）
（
OC
）
主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补 动词、宾语及补语
可以称为基本句子成分。
在上面的句子中，
如把任何一个成分删除，
都会成为病
句。
从上面例句也可看出，
完整的句子一般至少包含
2< br>个基本成分，
至多
4
个基
本成分。
2
．附属成分
1303
基本成分可以加修饰语：
1
）定语（即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或
从句）或
2
）状语（即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）。下
面例 句中，修饰语为斜体字，被修饰的词为黑体字：
1
）
Poor
John
tottered toward a
hospital
nearby
．
John likes
oranges
imported from the U
．
S
．．
John gave Mary many
books
，
which are full of illustrations
．
2
）
John often
came
to chat with me
．
John
likes
oranges very much
．
Whenever he gets drunk
，
John
makes
Mary very
angry
．
这类句 子，即使把修饰语去掉，结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语，可能在意思
上很重要，但在结构上不影响句子的 完整性，因此称作附属成分。
3
．独立成分
1304
句中还有一类成分，可以去掉，不影响句子的完整性，并和句子 的
其他词没有语法的关系，可以称作独立成分。
Oh
！
What
is that
！（惊叹词）
He has
，
alas
，
failed again
．
Come here
，
John
．（呼语）
Roll on
，
Ocean
，
roll on
．
4
．省略成分
1305
此外还有一类被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的
意思：
（
You
）
Come here
．
（
I wish you
）
Good luck
！
Some gave him praises
，
but others
（
gave him
）
rotten eggs
．
5
．连接成分
1306
最后还有连接成分， 它实际上是一个并列连词，用来连接两个或几
个平行的词、短语和分句。
1307
，一个完整的句子（从句或分句）必须包含
2
个到
4
个基 本成分，
此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。
1
．解析
That
—指示形容词，修饰单数名词
boy
。
boy
—普通名词，阳性，单数，主格，为动词
shook
的主语。
shook
—及物动词，过去式。
his
—物主代词，阳性，单数 ，第三人称，所有格，修饰名词
head
。
head
—普通名词，中性，单数，宾格，
shook
的宾语。
2
．分析
3
．图解
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
解析对词的分类处理过多，
不甚有用。
分析说明了句中词之间的关系，
但有
时 显得很复杂。
图解最有用，
因为它以最简单明了的方式说明了词与词之间的关
系，这种 关系有时会把读者弄糊涂。
1
．
4
个基本成分的图解办法
1309
5
类基本句及
4
种基本成分可以用下面的方式加以图解：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
一个词的特定地位意味着它的特定作用。和横线交叉的左边 竖线把主语
S
（在左面）
和动词
V
（在右面）
分开。
斜线表示它右面的词为主语或宾语的补语。
另一竖线表示右面的词为宾语
O
。
2
．附属成分的图解办法
1310
主语、动词。宾语及补语这
4
种基本成分都放 在横线的上方，附属
成分，如形容词、副词及起相同作用的其他词语，都放在横线的下方，紧挨在它们所修饰词的下面：
My father left yesterday
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Some people write commercial letters skillfully
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Some naughty little children broke his expensive spectacles
purposely
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
A downright bad man is very often a wonderfully successful man
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
The
old
man
opposite
the
street
visited
his
children
in
Francein
1968
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
3
．成语、助动词、动名词等的图解办法
1311
< br>应当记住，一个空位通常只容一个词（类），但成语由几个词构成
却起一个词（类）的作用。因此 有必要把构成成语的几个词放在一个空位中，因
为成语表示一个单一的意思，不宜分割成几个词（类）：
The Minister of Economics paid attention to the inflation
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
助动词应和主要动词放在一起：
She has been raising her children for the last ten years
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
介词 短语、不定式短语、动名词短语或名词从句，在用作主语、宾语或补语
时，可用一个
他词的关系：
He is in a bad temper
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意，这个句子有
3
个基本成分：主语
+
系动词
+
补语。第三部分
in a bad
temper
的图解，
不仅说明了这
4
个词之间的关系，
还通过使用
说明它作为一
来进行图解，不仅表 示其内在结构，还表示它作为一个词和其
个单一词类和其他词之间的关系，即起形容词的作用，作为系动 词
is
的补语。
在下面图解中，
这个短语占了
2
个空位，
这样容易引起误会，
因为人们会以为这
个句子包含
4个基本成分：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
To tell lies is not always successful
·
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
上面图解中
to tell lies
这个不定式短语，一方面表明了
to
tell
是一
个 及物动词，
lies
是它的宾语，另一方面说明整个短语起名词作用，只占一个
空，作 为句子的主语。如果用下面图解，就会引起误会：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
He likes playing tennis in the morning
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意上面动名词
playing
tennis
in
the
morning
的图解，
一方面说
明
playing
为及物动词，
tennis
为其宾语，而
in the morning
为 其修饰语，另
一方面说明这个短语起名词作用，用作及物动词（谓语动词）
like
的 宾语。
He washes before taking dinner
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意，
talking dinner
这个动名词短语，通过使用
，表明为一个单一词
类，起名词作用，用作介词
before
的宾语。如作下面图解则 会引起误会：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
know that you speak English well
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意
that
引起的从句的图解，一方面 表明了这
5
个词之间的关系（
that
为
连词，主语为
yo u
，
speak
为及物动词，宾语为
english
，
we ll
为
speak
的修饰
语），另一方面说明整个从句起一个单一词即名词的 作用，用作及物动词，
know
的宾语。
that
上下的两条模线表明它是一 个连词。
4
．其他规则
1312
在图解中省略的词应用圆括号标出：
He has walked fifty miles
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Come here
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
What
（
=The thing which
）
I know is unimportant
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
问号及惊叹号放在正横线右边末尾，在图解中大写字母保持不变：
Can he come
？
What a trip we have had
！
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
只要句子的意思保持不变，词语位置的任何变动都不影响图解。
He left for France yesterday
．和
Yesterday he left for France
．图
解的方式一样：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
同样，
I
sing
this
song
specially
for
you
．和
Specially
for
you
I
sing
this song
．图解的方式一样：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
My happy days are gone
！和
Gone are my happy days
！也如此：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
某个特殊的句子，根据不同的理解可有不同的图解方式。例如在
He
is
out
of temper
．中，
out of temper
可看作是成语，是一个整体，这时图解方式如
下：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
如果把它看作介词短语，包含
2
个成分，则可作如下图解：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
在
Walking
along
the
street
，
John
met
Mary
．这个句子中，
Walking
along
the street
可以看作定语，这时可以按下面方式图解：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
如果把它看作状语，图解会是下面这个方式：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
还有一些其他规则，说明如下：
在主要横线左端下方的竖线来表示它后面或下面的词 和全句有关，
可以是一
个句子修饰语或是一个把这个句子和另一句子连接起来的并列连词：
Luckily
，
I found the lost ring
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
In at word
，
I can do no more
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
I study music and my wife does housework
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
He is a great politician
；
besides
，
he is an artist
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
He
worked
very
hard
；
on
the
other
hand
，
his
children
played
all
day
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Indeed he knows his fault
，
but he refuses to own it
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
最后，注意以后各节中，
凡有星号的例句，
都将在各句型讲完之后加以图解。
Ⅰ．名词（或代词）
1314
Books are good companions
．
London is populous
．
如果由名词表示的主语受到强调或有较长的修饰语，它可以由一 个代词代
替，本身则移到句子末尾：
He is a nice fellow
，
your uncle
．
It is truly long
，
that bridge across the Yellow River
．
They
have gone away
，
those rascals
．
There it stood a monument of all ages
．
It is funny the way
（
that
）
he teaches his children
．
（主语可以跟一定语从句）
It astonishes me the number of the wives he has
．
It is inscrutable the rumour that is spreading
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
[
＝
]
表示它上面的整个词组和它前面的词指的是同一东西。
Ⅱ．名词成语
1315
“
Crocodile
tears
”
means
pretended
sorrow
．
The
dog
star
is
the
largest fixed star
．
A
“
field piece
”
means a cannon
．
The
river
bed
is
muddy
．
I
wore
a
sun
hat
．
He
is
a
paper
tiger
and
who
is afraid of him
？（名词
+
名词）
His
maiden
speech
is
wonderful
．
A
leap
year
comes
every
fourth
year
．
His
untimely end is beyond
belief
．
A
wet blanket and
a queer fish
are coming
toward us
．
Is a heavy hand enough to suppress the revolt
？（形容词
+
名
词）
Today
is
All
Fools'Day
．
A
cat's
paw
may
be
a
scapegoat
．
This
printer's
ink is poor
．“
Man's estate
”
means the age of manhood
．（名词所有格
+
名词）
An apple of discord was thrown among them
．
A Jack of all trades may
be
a
good- for
－
nothing
．
A
fish
out
of
water
will
die
soon
．
Here
is
a
case
in point
．
A friend at court will help me
．（名词
+
介词
+
名词）
The ins and outs of this scandal interested us
．
The long and short
of
the
story
is
this
．
The
ups
and
downs
of
life
are
familiar
to
my
uncle
．
（名
词
+and +
名词）
Guangdong Province is in the south of China
．
Stratford-on- Avon is
the
birth
－
place
of
Shakespeare
．
The
Ministry
of
Education
has
issued
an
important ordinance
．（专有名词短语）
其他例子：
A curtain lecture
，
elbow room
，
an insect bite
，
fairy tales
The
Almighty
Dollar
，
the
Dark
Continent
，
the
black
market
，
a
dark
room
，
a golden wedding
，
an aching void
，
a low diet
The
bull's
eye
，
a
sheep's
eye
，
a
fool's
cap
，
a
sailors
home
，
Achilles'
heel
，
Adam's apple
，
the lion's share
，
the king's evil
The age of machinery
，
the art of God
，
the man in the street
，
a bed
of roses
，
a woman of the world
，
a man of family
，
a letter of credit
，
a
word of honour
，
castles in the air
，
a friend in need
，
a man about town
All beer and skittle
，
the alpha and beta
，
the why and where
－
fore
the sum and substance
，
Darby and Joan
，
David and Jonathan
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Ⅲ．代词
1316
We shall start tomorrow
．
She likes it
．
Mine
（
= My family
）
is an unhappy family
．
His
（
=His fate
）
has been
the fate of an unusual artist
．
Hers is a car made in Germany
．（ 名词性
物主代词
+
系动词
+
名词）
We
（
=
Our
class
）
are
full
up
．
We
（
=
Our
office
）
close
on
Saturday afternoon
．
He
（
= His watch
）
is too fast
．
We
（＝
Our things
）
have been packed
．（人称代词有时可用来表示属于某人的东西）
My
uncle
he
（名词
+
多余的代词）
wants
it
done
．
People
in
town
they
have
never seen cows
．（文化低的人的语言或歌谣中的说法）
She is a nice girl
，
Mary
．
They are very selfish
，
those people
．（代
词在前，指同一人或东西 的名词在后，参阅
1314
节）
It is hot
（
or cloudy
，
snowing
，
rain ing
．）（
It
指天气）
It
is
spring
（
or
morning
，
Sunday
，
my
birthday
）；
struck
three
，
is growing towards evening
．（
It
指时间）
It is ten miles
（
or a long way
）．（
It
指距离）
It is I
（
or me
）．（
It
指一个身份尚不清楚的人）
It is all over with him
．
How is it with him
？
How goes it
？（
It
泛
指一般情况）
It is my sister
（主语受到强调）
that
（
or who
）
studied English at
A
．
A
．
A
．
School when she was seventeen
．（用
It is
…
that
…这种结 构可以
对主语、宾语、状语短语或状语从句加以强调。
My sister studied at
A
．
A
．
A
．
School when she was seventeen
．是原来的句子，对主语加以强调时
可改为上面形式。）
It is English
（宾语受到强调）
that
（
or which
）
my sister studied
，
etc
．
It
is
at
A
．
A
．
A
．
School
（状语短语受 到强调）
that
（
or
where
）
my
sister
studied English
，
etc
．
It
is
when
she
was
seventeen
（状语从句受到强调）
that
my
sister
studied
English at A
．
A
．
A
．
School
．
It is I that said so
．
It is waiting for a chance that will not do
．
It is here
（
or then
，
for this reason
，
with a lightning speed
）
that
he married her
．
It was after seeing her that he became crazy
．
Who is it that you want
？
What is it that he is looking for
？
It
is
only
arithmetic
that
he
is
afraid
of
．
It
is
only
her
idols
that
she pays attention to
．
It is not his children that he cares about
，
but
his business
．
It is a good horse that never stumbles
．（
= No horse is so good as
to never stumble
．）（这类常 在谚语中出现的句子，结构虽和上面句子相同，
意思却不一样。）
It is a silly fish that is caught twice
．（
= no fish is so silly as
to be caught twice
．）
It is an ill bird that fouls his own nest
．（
= No bird is so ill as
to foul his own nest
．）
注：
It
可以代表一个动名词、不 定式或从句。可参阅
1318
—
1322
。
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
It
表示
the thing
，
that
引起的从句可以 看做定语，修饰主语
It
。
that
起从属连词和代词的作用，图解记号异于 并列连词。
Ⅳ．
the+
形容词（或分词）
1317
The
brave
deserve
the
fair
．
The
young
are
to
be
educated
．
There
are the dying and the dead
，
the slain and the van
－
guished
．（复数主
语）
The beautiful
and the good is our ideal
．
The middle or the thick
of the forest has many animals in it
．
The accused
（
or The deceased
）
is
a rich man
．
The French is different in character from the English
．（单
数主语）
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Ⅴ．不定式
1318
作主语 的不定式常常由
it
代替，本身放到句末作为
it
的同位语：
To live in Tokyo would be too expensive
．
It would be too expensive
to live in Tokyo
．
To
go
out
of
town
every
weekend
became
our
custom
．
It
became
our
custom
to go out of town every weekend
．
To have broken his leg is his bad luck
．
It is his bad luck to have
broken his leg
．
To be happy requires
（
or needs
，
wants
）
no great fortune
．
It requires no great fortune to be happy
．
To be rich or to be poor makes a lot of difference
．
It makes a lot
of difference to be rich or to be poor
．
To
raise
the
fund
，
to
set
up
the
building
，
to
employ
workers
，
all
these
take time
．
The
story
makes
me
sick
to
repeat
．
To
repeat
the
story
makes
me
sick
．
It
makes me sick to repeat the story
．（这三句意思相同，却有不同的主语。）
This
theory
takes
much
time
to
understand
．
To
understand
this
theory
takes much time
．
It takes much time to understand this theory
．
To answer the question you asked in your letter is easy
．
It is easy to answer the question you asked in your letter
．
The question you asked in your letter
，
it is easy to answer
．
（这三句意思相同，可比较其主语。）
To
handle
a
wife
who
comes
of
a
rich
family
seems
difficult
．
It
seems
difficult to handle a wife who comes of a rich family
．
A wife who comes
of a rich family
，
it seems difficult to handle
．
不定式可以有一个意义上的主语：
For John to live in Tokyo would be too expensive
．
It would be too
expensive for John to live in Tokyo
．
For
a
commoner
to
marry
a
nobleman's
daughter
does
not
astonish
me
．
It
does not astonish me for a commoner to marry a nobleman's daughter
．
For politicians to talk about peace is as funny as for drinkers to
talk about temperance
．
It is as funny as for drinkers to talk about
temperance
，
for politicians to talk about peace
．
下面句子中的不定式没有意义上的主语。
for you
，
of you
等和
it is
有
关，起补语作用：
It is
for
（
or up to
）
you to say yes
or
no
．（＝
To
say
yes
or
no is for[or up to] you
．）
It is easier for you to speak to the boss than for me
．（
=To speak
to the boss is easier for you than for me
．）
It is very kind of you to do so
．（
=To do so is very kind of you
．）
It is natural in Mary to love John
．
It is inconvenient to her to wait so long
．
It is up to you to apologize
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意意义上的主语
for John
是如何图解的。
Ⅵ．动名词
1319
和不定式一样，作主语的动名词也可以用
it
代替：
Living in Tokyo would be too expensive
．
It would be too expensive
living in Tokyo
．
Crying
over
spilt
milk
is
no
use
．
It
is
no
use
crying
over
spilt
milk
．
There is no climbing up the cliff
．（
= Climbing up the cliff is
impossible
．）
There is no denying the fact
．（
=Denying the fact is impossible
．）
John's
（
or His
）
living in Tokyo would be too expensive
．
It would be too expensive John's
（
or his
）
living in Tokyo
．
（动名词这里有意义上的主语）
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
注意动名词意义上主语
John's
如何图解的。
Ⅶ．
that
引起的从句
1320
由
that
引起的主语从句常可用
it
代替，
而本身则移到句尾，
作为
it
的同位语：
That he had succeeded pleased me very much
．
It pleased me very much
that he had succeeded
．
That he was killed is a serious matter
．
It is a serious matter that
he was killed
．
That he has done his best is clear
．
It is clear
（
that
）
he has done
his best
．（如果句子不长，
that
可以省略。）
The fact
（
or The circumstance
）
that he was killed was a serious
matter
．（
that
引起的从句前面常可放
the fact
或
the circumstance
）
It is clear
（
or likely
，
certain
）
that he likes his job
．
It would be better that he give up smoking
（
=He had better give up
smoking
）．
It is rumoured
（
or said
，
learned
，
denied
）
that the premier decides
to resign
．
It is a pity that he should die so young
．
It
happened
（
or
chanced
，
came
about
，
developed
，
turned
out
）
that
the
detective himself was the thief
．
It came about that we had not enough money to pay the bill
．
It seems
（
or appears
，
occurs
）
to me that she is a poet
．
It struck me that I could be a lawyer
．
He is poor
，
but it does not follow that he will cheat anyone
．
It is not that A is an upright man
，
but that he has no chance to do
evil
．
It
may
be
that
B
is
too
hungry
to
do
any
good
，
but
it
cannot
be
that
he is willing to do any evil
．
It is
（
high
）
time that we started
．
How
is
it
that
you
know
so
much
？
How
comes
it
（
about
）
that
you
know
so much
？
How come
（
=why
）
you know so much
？
（
It is
）
Some
（
Little
，
No
）
wonder
（
that
）
he failed
．
（在用
wonder
作补语时，
it is
可以省略。）
（
It was
）
A wonder
（
that
）
he did not fall
．
What wonder
（
was it
）
that he falled
？（
= It was natural that he failed
．）
It is said
（
or denied
，
rumoured
）
that the Mayor fell in love with
Mary
．
The
Mayor
，
it
is
said
（
or
denied
，
rumoured
）
，
fell
in
love
with
Mary
．
（这
两句意思几乎相同，但在第二句中不能用
that
。）
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
由< br>that
引起的从句用作名词及主语。注意连词
that
的图解方式。
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Ⅷ．疑问词引起的从句
1321
由疑问词引起的从句，和
that
引起的从句一样，可以由
it< br>代替：
How
he
could
do
it
seemed
a
mystery
．
It
seemed
a
mystery
how
he
could
do it
．
Where
he
had
escaped puzzled
me
．
It
puzzled
me
where
he
had
escaped
．
What is it to me who he is
？
It does not matter when you get married
，
but
…
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
连接词
how
和副词
how都在这个图解中表示出来，但一个需加括号。
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Ⅸ．疑问词
+
不定式
1322
疑问词引起的不定式，
和连接词引起的从句一样，也可以用
it
代替：
How to escape seems to be a problem
．
It seems to be a problem
，
how
to escape
．
What to say puzzles me
．
It puzzles me what to say
．
Whether or not to follow the policy depends upon circumstances
．
It
depends upon circumstances
．
whether or not to follow the policy
．
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
Ⅹ．术语和引语
1323
On
is
a
preposition
．
Buy
means
“
get
by
paying
a
price
”．
“
Look
before you leap is a famous proverb
．“
Honesty is the best policy
”
is a
saying often ridiculed by people
．
Ⅺ．介词短语
1324
From
seven
to
seven
is
our
store
hours
．
From
infancy
to
manhood
is an important period
．
From here to there is a short distance
．
Good in
the saddle is good for everything
．（这样的短语用作主语时很少）
Ⅻ．省略
1325
（
You
）
Sit
down
，
please．
（
You
）
Wait
a
minute
．
（
Do
you
）
Like
it
？
（
You
had
）
Better
say
no
．（
Are
you
）
Feeling
any
better
？（
It
）
Seems
to be impossible
．（作主语时，有些代词有时省略。）
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}
1
．
5
种类型的谓语
1326
在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有
5
种类型的
谓语。
第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）：
He came
．
My wife cried
．
第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（
TV
＋
O
）：
John likes me
．
His uncle wrote letters
．
第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（
DV+IO+DO
）：
They teach me English
．
I bought Mary sugar
．
第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（
LV
＋
C
）：
He is a teacher
．
She looks sad
．
第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（
FV
＋O
＋
C
）：
We made him king
．
She left the house dirty
．
2
．动词的短语形式
1327
不过动词、宾语及补语 的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动
词、
不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，
但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语
或成语。例如“及物动词
+
名词”可以看作是一种 不及物动词：
He lost heart
．（他
灰心
了。）
This habit has struck root
．（这种习惯已
根深蒂固
）
下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：
I looked for my lost dictionary
．（我在
找
我弄失的字典。）
He paid attention to his lesson
．（他很
注意
他的功课。）
He gave up drinking
．（他
戒
酒了。）
He is afraid of blood
．（他
怕
血。）
He can't get along with anyone
．（他和谁都
处
不好。）
下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：
I waited for him to come
．（我
等他来
。）
详见
1182
—
1206
节。
3
．宾语的
9
种形式
1328
此外 ，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有
9
种东西可用作及物
动词、
双宾动词 及宾补动词的宾语。
由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，
可以称作
名词等同体（
Noun
－
Equivalent
），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：
I know John
（名词）．
She kept the floor dirty
．
I will teach John Chinese
．
I know him
（代词）．
She kept it clean
．
That depends upon them
．
He threw out an apple of discord
（名词短语）．
I have just visited the Board of Trade
．
I am not fond of wild goose chase
．
This matter interests the rich and the poor
（
the +
形容词或分词）．
The general visited the dying and the wounded
．
I know the long and
（
the
）
short of this case
．
He wants to go to college
（不定式）．
She refuses to marry me
．
I asked to see a friend in prison
．
He is fond of swimming in the morning
（动名词）．
He avoids meeting any of his friends
．
I postponed going to the doctor
．
I know that she loves me
（
that
引起的从句）．
I am sure that you will succeed
．
Is he afraid that he will be defeated
？
I wonder what he wants
（疑问词引起的从句）．
I asked where he had been
．
I don't know which way I should go
．
I don't know what to do
（疑问词引起的不定式）．
I am doubtful how to settle this problem
．
I do not care where to eat dinner
．
4
．补语的
15
种形式
1329
不 只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的
9
种名词等同体以及
下面例句中的
6
种形容词等同体（
Adjective
－
Equiva
－
lent
）都可用作系动词
或宾补动词的补语。
名词及名词等同体作补语：
He is a king
（名词）．
We chose him chairman
．
It is me
（代词）．
He became a fish out of water
（名词短语）．
I find it a moot point
．
The victims are always the poor
（
the +
形容词）．
To respect others is to be respected
（不定式）．
Seeing is believing
（动名词）．
His purpose is that all children should be educated
（
that
引起的从
句）．
The problem is who is to blame
（疑问词引起的从句）．
My problem is how to learn
（疑问词引起的不定式）．
形容词及形容词等同体作补语：
He seems happy
（形容词）．
You look young
．
He makes me angry
．
He is out
（地点副词）．
The show is over
．
Time is up
．
He is at home
（介词短语）．
We are on good terms
．
He leaves his desk out of order
．
It seems interesting
（现在分词）．
The situation grows encouraging
．
I saw Mary smoking
．
I am astonished
（过去分词）．
He looked frightened
．
I had my clothes washed
．
He is to blame
（不定式）．
It is to be thrown away
．
He wants his daughter to marry a rich man
．
5
．再复杂的句子也可简化
1330
因 此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，
把许多不同形式看作同类东西，
从而使句子的结构变得简单化 。例如我们可以把
I know that he does not like
to live in this country
．中的
10
个斜体词和
I know John
．中的一个斜体词
看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的 宾语。我们也可把
He
begged to see a friend in prison
．中的
6
个斜体词和
He begged pardon
．中
的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。
同样，我们也可把
He is to come to the office at eight
．中的
7
个斜
体词和
He is punctual．中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。
另外下面
4
个句子中的斜 体词，
形式不一，
我们却可看作一类东西，
都是及物动
词或是起及物动词作用 的词组：
He likes chocolate
．（他
喜欢
巧克力。）
He is fond of teaching
．（他
爱
教书。）
John pays attention to his business
．（约翰
关心
他的买卖。）
I
am
sure
that
he
will
be
a
good
husband
．（我
肯定
他会是一个好丈夫。）
此外， 在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽
管形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样 作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂
的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。
2
．一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中
1332
为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子：
a
．
I know him to work hard
．
b
．
We want him to come
．
c
．
She let us to use her car
．
d
．
They suppose all of us to obey
．
e
．
John saw Mary to walk with a boy
．
所有这些句子的谓语都属于第
42
种类型 ，即“宾补动词
+
名词
+
不定式”，
但只有
b
．句 的谓语是正确的，因为只有
want
这一动词可用于这个类型，其他
动词都不能这样用 。再看下面句子：
a
．
I tried advising her
．
b
．
I asked seeing the boss
．
c
．
He thinks going with you
．
d
．
We wish moving to another place
．
e
．
They refused helping us
．
上面所有谓语都属于第
13
种类型，即“ 及物动词
+
动名词”，但只有
a
．句
是正确的，因为动词
t ried
可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。
从上面
10
个 例句我们可以看出，
一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，
在一特定类型中，
一个 特定的动词能用还是不能用，
完全是一个习惯用法的问题。
1333
从下面句子中可以看出
know
可用在多少类型的谓语中：
I know John
．（及物动词
+
名词）（正确）
I know John to come tomorrow
．（宾补动词
+
名词
+
不定式）（错误）
I know that John comes tomorrow
．（及物动词
+that
引起的从句）（正
确）
I know to answer this question
．（及物动词
+
不定式）（错误）
I know the work easy
．（宾补动词
+
名词
+
形容词）（错误）
I know how to answer this question
．（及物动词
+
疑问词引起的不定式）
（正确）
I know the work to be easy
．（宾补动词
+
名词
+to be+
形容词）（正确）
I know John coming
（宾补动词
+
名词
+
现在分词）．（错误）
I know organizing a political party
（及物动词
+
动名词）．（错误）
从上面例句我们可以 看出某些动词只能用在
47
种类型的某些类型中，不能
在许多类型中使用。
3
．一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词
1334
有些类型中可以使用很多动词，
另一些却只能使用少量动词。< br>例如在
“系
动词
+that
引起的从句”这种类型中只能用
b e
这一个动词。在“不及物动词
+
介
词
+
疑问词引起的从句 ”这种类型中约可用
20
个动词，在“及物动词
+
不定式或
动名词” 这类类型中，约可用
50
个动词，而在“及物动词
+that
引起的从句”< br>这种类型中，
约可用
150
个动词。
每种类型中能用的动词，
在本单元中将几乎全
部列出并加上例句，
以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些
谓语类型中可用的动词极多
（可说是成百上千）
。
在这种情况下 只能给出一小部
分动词。
C
．谓语类型与句型
1335
关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：
1
．
动词只须与主语在人称 和数上一致，
因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。
而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂，这在下 面
47
种谓语类型中可清楚看出。
如果对主语不加考虑，
这
47种谓语类型也就是
47
种句型。
事实上在下面讨论中，
谓语类型的公式都 采用“
S
＋
TV
＋
N
”，“
S+DV
＋< br>N
＋
N
”，“
S
＋
FV
＋
N
＋
A
”这类
形式，里面包含了主语（
S
），因此也就代表了句型。