英语语法基础时态
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2021年02月01日 10:56
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大学英语语法
1
——基础时态
时态（
Tense
）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，
当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应 时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为
16
种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来 、过去将来时，以及这四
者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。
1.
一般现在时
用法：
A)
表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。
B)
习惯用语。
C)
经常性、习惯性动作。
例：
He always helps others.
（他总是帮助别人。
）
D)
客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保
持
主句、从句时态一致。
Mr.
Lee
told
his
students
the early
bird (catch)
the
worm.
E)
表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，
（仅限于某些表示“来、去、
动
、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词
）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配
使用
。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方
式。
例：
The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
（下一趟火车今天下午
3
点开车。
）
How often does this shuttle bus run?
（这班车多久一趟？）
例：
If traffic problems will not be solved soon, driving in cities will
become impossible.
2.
现在进行时
(be doing)
用法：现在正在进行的动作。
表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。
例如：
She is leaving for Beijing.
她要去北京。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.
这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。
My wife is always criticizing me.
我的妻子总是批评我。
现在进行时与频度副词
always
、
continually
、
constantly
、
foreve r
等连用，
常表示不满或抱怨情绪等。
注意：
The food that Cathy is cooking in the kitchen _____ delicious.
A. is smelling B. smells C. has smelled D. will smell
感官动词，如
smell, taste, sound , feel
等
A study of the motion of objects is necessary if we are understanding
their behaviors and learn to control them.
表示感情、
拥有关系、
状态或思想的动词，
如
agree
、
believe,
belong,
contain,
hate,
hear(
听
到
),
like,
love,
mind,
notice,
possess,
see,
seem,
understand, want
等。
3.
现在完成时
(have done)
用法：
常与
since
，
for
，
yet
，
already
等词连用
A)
表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。
例：
I
bought
a
new
house,
but
I
_________
my
old
one
yet,
so
at
the
moment
I have two houses.
A) didn't sell
B) sold
C) haven't sold
D) would sell
B)
表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继 续延续
下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用
since
加一个过去的时间点， 或
for
加一段时间，或
by
加一个现在时间
。
例
1
：
Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and
are
being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge
C) have been challenged
B) may be challenged
D) are challenging
例
2.
I’
m
glad
that
Peter
decided
to
come
to
the
party
because
we
_____
him for several years.
A. haven
’
t seen B. don
’
t see
C. didn
’
t seen D. hadn
’
t seen
例
3. He ____ with Smith at least four times in the past two years.
A. has been seen to meet B. was seen to meet
C. had been seen meeting D. is seen meeting
Until
(till,
up
to)
now,
up
to
the
present,
so
far,
in
(for,
over,
during)
the past (last, recent) few (several, two
…
) months (years
…
)
等短语
E.g. Perhaps he has made some friends
by now
.
So far
we have only discussed the first five chapters.
He _____ Fuzhou for five years.
A. has come to B. has been in
C. has arrived D. has gone to
go, come, arrive, die, leave
等
He has come back for three weeks.
He came back three weeks ago.
He has been back for three weeks.
The writer has died for two years.
The writer has been dead for two years.
The writer died two years ago.
C)
表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。
It is useless to try to talk to him. He _______.
A. had just fainted just fainting
C. has just fainted D. has just fainting
注意事项
A)
现在完成时是联系过去和现 在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现
在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结 果，对现在有影响；过
去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。
例：
He
worked
in that hospital for 8 years.
（他曾经在那家医院工作
了
8
年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。
）
He
has worked
in that hospital for 8 y ears.
（他已经在那家医院里工
作了
8
年。
表示他从过去开始工 作，
一直工作到现在，
现在仍在那家医院工作。
）
B)
因为含有
for
加一段时间或
since
加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成 时，
有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。
例：
My sister has been married for 5 years.
（过去分词做表语表示状
态，可以延续）
My sister has married. Don't disturb her.
（终端动词）
C)
在
This is the first/ second/ third
……
time that
……
句型里要求用
完成时。
例：
This is the second time that the products of our company
have
been shown
in the International Exhibition.
（这是我公司产品第二次参加
国际展览会。
）
D)
句型
……
since
所使用的两种时态都正确。
例：
It is/ has been 10 years since I last
saw
him.
（从我上次见到他
以来已经
10
年了。
）
E) have been to
与
have gone to
的区别
4.
现在完成进行时
(have been doing)
用法：
表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，
延续或重复地出现 至今，
或将继续延
续至将来。
例：
We have been working on this project for over a month now.
（到
目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。
）
注意事项：
与现在完成时相比，
现在完成进行时更强调：
在从过去到现 在的时间
里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。
例：
1997
年
6
月四级第
45
题
It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have
to take the machine apart to put it right.
A) had leaked
B) is leaking
C) leaked
D) has been leaking
5.
一般过去时
用法：
A)
表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
B)
表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由
would/ used to do
表达的句型，本身表示
的就是过去时。
例：
The
old
man
would
sit
on
a
bench
in
the
quiet
park
and
look
at
others
for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.
（ 老人过去常常
坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，
看着其他的人，
一坐就是数个小时，< br>什么也不
干，也不和任何人交谈。
）
He
used to
visit his mother once a week.
（他以前总是每周看望一次他
的母亲。
）
C)
有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
例：
I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?
（我想向您借车
用一用，可以吗？）
Would you mind my sitting here?
（您介意我坐在这里吗？）
注意事项：
A)
注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词
或词组，如：
ye sterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago
等，绝对不可
与
recently, in the past 10 years, this month
等连用，因为这样的时间状
语都与现在有关系，应该用现 在完成时或一般现在时。
B) used to do
的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为
例：
used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do
都对。
Used to do
经常与
be used to doing sth/ sth
结构进行对比。前者表示
过去
常常或过去曾经
，
要求加动词原形；
后者表示
习惯于
，
要求加名词或动名词。
The
Minister
of
Finance
has
not
been
so
popular
since
he
had
raised
taxes
to such a high level.
It is time he _____ what is wrong.
A. was told B. is told C. must be told D. can tell
It is (high/about) time (that)
…
该…的时候了。
6.
过去完成时
(had done)
用法：
表示在过 去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。
就
是我们常说的：表示
< br>过去的过去
的动作或状态
。
Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.
A) didn't hear
B) hasn't been hearing
C) hasn't heard
D) hadn't heard
He discovered that his luggage ____ stolen.
He had not made out me until I approached him.
直到我走近，他才认出我。
在
、
……
w hen
等句型中，主句要求过去
完成时。
（倒装）
例：
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
We had hardly reached there when it began to rain.
That was the third time that I _______(visit) the place.
I would rather I _______(go) to bed earlier yesterday evening.
注意事项：
“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来 ，而不一定受某
个时间状语的限制。
例：
There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed
a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.
（刚
才有人在我们的房间里 ，
因为我们打开前门进来时，
我注意到地板上有一支仍在
燃烧的香烟。
）
分析：虽然时间状语是
just now
，似乎应该使用 一般过去时，但是“在房
间里”
这个状态是在
开门
和
注意
这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，
并存在影
响，所以应该用过 去完成时。
7.
过去将来时
(would/ should do)