建筑英语论文 (1)
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Community-oriented landscape design for
sustainability in
architecture and
planning
Abstract:
Sustainable design has a lot to do with
society, economy and environment's principles, and
these elements should be considered in
design process. Social aspects of sustainability,
is in need of
community participation.
Participation in the design process especially in
landscape architecture and
design is
one of the most important factors which are
emphasized in recent years and new
paper is
to
propose
a
systematic
guideline
to
find
community
needs
and
demands
in
order
to
develop
a
community-oriented
landscape
design. This
model
developed
to
meet
sustainability
in
architecture
and planning,
which is examined in case of Iran, Tehran, Majid-
Abad Park.
Keywords:
community-oriented;
landscape
design;
sustainable
design;customers'
needs;
customer
satisfaction;
majid-abad park
。
1. INTRODUCTION
The
urban
outdoor
spaces
have
exceptional
environmental
importance
with
regard
to
their
contribution to the reduction of
various types of pollution and to the improvement
of microclimatic
conditions.
Furthermore, urban open spaces make positive
contributions to human health and well
being and they lead to an important
contribution to human thermal comfort in exterior
spaces [1].
Beside
aesthetic,
psychological
and
health
benefits,
natural
features
in
cities
can
have
other
social
benefits [2]. Aspects such as
“
amount of public green
spaces per inhabitant
”
,
“
public
parks
”
and
“
recreation
areas
”
are often
mentioned as important factors to make the city
liveable, pleasant and
attractive
for
its
citizens.
It
is
strongly
believed
that
developing
more
sustainable
cities
is
not
just
about improving the abiotic and biotic
aspects of urban life, it is also about the social
aspects of city
life, that
is
—
among
others
—
about
people
’
s satisfaction,
experiences and perceptions of the quality
of
their
everyday
environments
[3].
So
a
good
strategy
for
a
sustainable
landscape
development
should not only
focus on sustaining the physical
landscape
resources,
but
it
should
also
and
perhaps
most
of
all
guarantee
that
the
residents
can
participate in the landscape
development [4]. Sustainability indicators for
urban development should
include
more
parameters
about
public
spaces
and
green
open
areas,
as
well
as
indexes
reflecting
citizens
’
satisfaction
and
perception
of
their
living
environments
[3].
This
paper
direct
to
the
importance
of urban parks for the well being of the citizens
and for the sustainability of the city they
live in.
2.
Literature Review
.
Community and Advantages of
Participation
Concepts
such
as
‘
< br>community
’
and
‘
community
participation
’
have
been
intensively
problematized in
recent decades in both developed and developing
countries. Contexts are indeed
different and varied [5]. The word
‘
community
’
is an umbrella term that is defined
and applied in
a myriad of ways
[6].
Citizen
participation
is,
however,
a
lot
more
than
just
consulting
people
for
the
successful
resolution
of
social,
cultural
and
economic
issues
related
to
environmental
conflicts.
The
primary
goal
of participation is to give proper responsibility
to people for, and control over, their lives [7].
The importance of community
participation has been emphasized in the 5th
Development Plan of
Islamic Republic of
Iran that highlighted the necessity community-
oriented approaches, especially in
landscape architecture.
. Participation in Process
Design
To produce an object-
design and, as far as necessary, a realization
design, one may want to design the
design
process
itself.
However,
as
in
the
realization
process,
in
many
cases
already
some
kind
of
design
process
may
be
in
place.
Experienced
individual
architectural
or
engineering
designers,
or
small teams of them, tend to use
informal procedures for their design processes,
which they have
developed over
time
through
their
initial
professional
training
and
through
subsequent
experimenting
and
learning
…
Professionalization
of
process
design
has
progressed
much
less
than
in
object
and
realization design. As we will see this
may be related to the fact that in object and
realization design
one
designs
respectively
material
objects
and
processes
with
strong
material
elements,
while
in
process
design one
designs human
action systems, which are of a fundamentally
different nature [8].
Armstrong (1993) observed that the
individual has a natural claim to participate in
decision making
related to his/her
situation with both psychological and social needs
to feel control over his or her
own
life conditions. He explains that decisions become
better when the
persons who
are affected
become a part of the
decision making process [9]. if one longs for
decision making and esteems the
design
of
expert
and
participative
technical
solutions
over
those
designed
through
,
object
and
realization design, the
technical/ participative approach is likely to be
used. Main stages of the design
process
can comes into account a general decide model
Identify, design, selection, implementation
and evaluation of environment are the
main stages of the design process, see figure
1.
Fig. 1. General model for
designing practical procedure
. Quality Function
Deployment
Quality function
deployment (QFD) is
‘
‘
an overall
concept that provides a means of translating
customer
requirements
into
the
appropriate
technical
requirements
for
each
stage
of
product
development
and
production
[10].
In
the
1960s, Quality
Control
and
Quality
Improvement
had
a
distinctively manufacturing flavor in
Japan. . . . In the late 1960s and early 1970s,
Joji [Yoji] Akao and
others went to
work on improving the design process so that when
the new product was introduced
to
manufacturing,
it
was
high
quality
from
the
beginning.
The
process
for
improving
design
was
called Quality Function
Deployment (QFD). From 1975 to 1995, this
tool/process was integrated
with
other
improvement
tools
to
generate
a
mosaic
of
opportunities
for
product
developers
[11].
Since
its
initial development in Japan in the
late 1960s and early 1970s, especially
since its rapidly
spreading
to the US in the 1980s and later to many
industries in many nations, a vast literature on
QFD
has
evolved.
To suit
the
different
needs
of QFD
researchers
and
practitioners,
its
literature
needs
categorizing and reviewing. This is a meaningful
but difficult work that seems having not been
done yet[12].
There is no definite boundary for
QFD
’
s potential fields of
applications And the interests in QFD
applications in process design are
growing slowly. Various applications within the
literature can be
grouped
under
three
categories
as:
QFD
implementations
before
the
design
process;
QFD
implementations during the design
process and QFD implementations after the design
process.
QFD
was
originally
proposed,
through
collecting
and
analyzing
the
voice
of
the
customer,
to
develop
products
with
higher
quality
to
meet
or
surpass
customer
’
s
needs.
Thus,
the
primary
functions
of
QFD
are
product
development,
quality
management,
and
customer
needs
analysis.
Quality
management
and
product
development
are
achieved
in
QFD
through
customer
needs
analysis
that,
in
fact,
is
always
the
very
first
step
of
a
QFD
process
and
is
thus
an
important
functional field of QFD
[13].
QFD is not a design
technique. It is a method from design process to
satisfy the customer. It is to
guide
the design process and to transform customer
requirements into design objectives. It is applied
to evaluate design solutions or outputs
from the creative process of design.
QFD is a pro-active
‘
‘
customer-driven
planning
process
’
’
so that problems could be found and
solved at the
very beginning
of
the product development and fewer
people
have to deal with the
problems at the later stages
[14].
3.
Inference Mechanism
. Research Tools
QFD offers a rationalized approach to
customer satisfactions and seems complex and
mathematical
with too many data. For
some landscape design, it
’
s
not easy to define the average customer, and
also
customers
may
not
know
all
possibilities.
In
the
first
part
of
present
study,
the
design
team
prepared
the
engineering
characteristics
that
would
enable
a
set
of
predefined
customer
needs
regarding the comfort
and improving product performance. Next, the
design team used the House
of
Quality
to
establish
the
and
the
engineering
mutual
relations
between
the
customer
needs
characteristics.
.
Research
Question
and
Research Method
How
a
customer-
oriented
approach
toward
landscape
design
may
be
established?
Qualitative
Research Method is adopted in this
paper which being supported by depth interview
technique with
questionnaire[15].
4.
Case Study:
QFD application in A Customer-Oriented Approach
Toward Landscape Design
.
Police Park
The
case
study
covers
a
QFD
exercise
carried
out
by
research
team
of
landscape
architecture
students
of
Tarbiat
Modares
University
in
the
case
of
Iran,
Tehran,
Police
Park.
Police
Park
is
located in the region
called the Garden of Majid Abad in the North East
area of Tehran and total
area is about
42 hectares. Since its completion in 2003, it has
become the most popular park in the
city.
This
park
split
to
northern
and
southern
section
by
Street.
We
will
remember
to
North
Majid-Abad
Park
and
South
Majid-
Abad
Park
in
this
paper.
The
purpose
of
this
research
is
employing qualitative techniques to
develop performance quality in neighborhood parks
design. In
this regard, North Majid-
Abad Park has been selected as samples and South
Majid-Abad Park as rival
Park in
computing and data collection in the field is
considered, Figure 2.
Fig.
2. North Majid-Abad Park and South Majid-Abad
Park
. Constructing the HOQ
Matrix
A difficult and
demanding part of the systems engineering process
is definition of the problem and
identification
of
the
needs
to
the
system.
QFD
is
related
to
systems
engineering
in
terms
of
facilitating specification of
stakeholders
’
wants and needs to the system at each
stage from research
and product
development to engineering and manufacturing, to
marketing and distribution. QFD is a
method
that
structures
system
planning
and
development,
and
enables
the
development
team
to
assess the proposed
system systematically in terms of how it meets the
needs and requirements [16].
? As stated before, the first step in
the application is to identify the expectations of
park users. To
achieve
this
purpose,
Several
methods
can
be
used
to
establish
customers'
expectations:
survey,
interviews;
questionnaires;
observation,
etc.
A
pilot
questionnaire
survey
was
made
based
on
literature review and
observation, and it was given to 36 park users.
The final survey questionnaire
was
modified based on the pilot study. Results of
customer surveys, interviews with park users have
constituted the entries of HOQ. The
determined customer requirements are presented in
five major
factors in Table
1.
?Access and connection:
Customers expect to easily communicate with their
desired location have
physical and
visual.
? Safety: feeling of
security and having a good mental image of the
environment.
? Health: To
minimize air pollution, sound pollution
and
…
.
? Sociability: the citizens are able to
place and person should own