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2021年2月11日发(作者：foxconn)

必修

3 unit1

Festivals and celebrations

Festivals

and

celebrations

of

all

kinds

have

been

held

everywhere

since

ancient

ancient

festivals

would

celebrate

the

end

of

cold

weather,planting

in

spring

and

harvest

in

mes

celebrate

would

be

held

after

hunters

had

caught

that

time

people

would

starve

if

food

was

difficult

to

find,especially

during

the

cold

winter

’s

festivals

have

many

origins ,some religious,some seasonal, and some for special people or events.

Festivals of the Dead

Some

festivals

are

held

to

honour

the

dead

or

to

satisfy

the

ancestors,who

might

return either to help or to do the Japanese ,people should go to

clean graves and light incense in memory of their also light lamps and

play

music

because

they

think

that

this

will

lead

the

ancestors

back

to

Mexico,people

celebrate

the

Day

of

the

Dead

in

early

this

important

feast day,people eat food in the shape of skulls and cakes with”bones”on them.T

hey

offer food,flowers and gifts to the Western holiday Halloween also had its

origin

in

old

beliefs

about

the

return

of

the

spirits

of

dead

people.

It

is

now

a

childr

en’s festival,when they can dress up and to to their neighbours’

homes to ask for

the

neighbours

do

not

give

any

sweets,the

children

might

play

a

trick

on

them.

Festivals to Honour People

Festivals

can

also

be

held

to

honour

famous

people .The

Dragon

Boat

Festival

in

China

honours

the

famous

ancient

poet,

Qu

the

USA

Columbus

Day

is

in

memory

of

the

arrival

of

Christopher

Columbus

in

New

has

a

national

festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi,the leader who helped gain India’s

independence from Britain.

Harvest Festivals

Harvest

and

Thanksgiving

festivals

can

be

very

happy

are

grateful

because

their

food

is

gathered

for

the

winter

and

the

agricultural

work

is

European countries,people will usually decorate churches and town halls with flowers

and fruit,and will get together to have people might win awards for their

farm

produce,like

the

biggest

watermelon

or

the

most

handsome

and

Japan

have

mid- autumn

festivals,when

people

admire

the

moon

and

in

China,enjoy

mooncakes.

Spring Festivals

The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of

winter

and

to

the

coming

of

the

Spring

Festival

in

China,people

eat

dumplings,fish and meat and may give children lucky money in red are

dragon

dances

and

carnivals,and

families

celebrate

the

Lunar

New

Year

Western countries have very exciting carnivals,which take place forty

days before Easter,usually in carnivals might include parades,dancing

in the streets day and night,loud music and colourful clothing of all is an

important religious and social festival for Christians around the celebrates the

return of Jesus from the dead and the coming of spring and new ’s Cherry

Blossom Festival happens a little country, covered with cherry tree flowers,

looks as thought it is covered with pink snow.

People love to get together to eat , drink and have fun with each als let us

enjoy life,be proud of our customs and forget our work for a little while

必修

5

Unit

1

JOHH

SHOW

DEFEATS

“KING

CHOLERA”

John

Snow

was

a

famous

doctor

in

London

-

so

expert,

indeed,

that

he

attend

ed

Queen

Victoria

as

her

personal

physician.

But

he

became

inspired

when

he

tho

ught

about

helping

ordinary

people

exposed

to

cholera.

This

was

the

deadly

diseas

e

of

its

day.

Neither

its

cause

nor

its

cure

was

understood.

So

many

thousands

of

terrified

people

died

every

time

there

was

an

outbreak.

John

Snow

wanted

to

face

the

challenge

and

solve

this

problem.

He

knew

that

cholera

would

never

be

contr

olled

until

its

cause

was

found.

He

became

interested

in

two

theories

that

possibly

explained

how

cholera

kille

d

people.

The

first

suggested

that

cholera

multiplied

in

the

air.

A

cloud

of

dangero

us

gas

floated

around

until

it

found

its

victims.

The

second

suggested

that

people

absorbed

this

disease

into

their

bodies

with

their

meals.

From

the

stomach

the

dis

ease

quickly

attacked

the

body

and

soon

the

affected

person

died.

John

Snow

suspected

that

the

second

theory

was

correct

but

he

needed

evide

nce.

So

when

another

outbreak

hit

London

in

1854,

he

was

ready

to

begin

his

en

quiry.

As

the

disease

spread

quickly

through

poor

neighbourhoods,

he

began

to

gat

her

information.

In

two

particular

streets,

the

cholera

outbreak

was

so

severe

that

more

than

500

people

died

in

ten

days.

He

was

determined

to

find

out

why.

First

he

marked

on

a

map

the

exact

places

where

all

the

dead

people

had

liv

ed.

This

gave

him

a

valuable

clue

about

the

cause

of

the

disease.

Many

of

the

de

aths

were

near

the

water

pump

in

Broad

Street

(especially

numbers

16,

37,

38

an

d

40).

He

also

noticed

that

some

houses

(such

as

20

and

21

Broad

Street

and

8

and

9

Cambridge

Street)

had

had

no

deaths.

He

had

not

foreseen

this,

so

he

mad

e

further

investigations.

He

discovered

that

these

people

worked

in

the

pub

at

7

C

ambridge

Street.

They

had

been

given

free

beer

and

so

had

not

drunk

the

water

f

rom

the

pump.

It

seemed

that

the

water

was

to

blame.

Next,

John

Snow

looked

into

the

source

of

the

water

for

these

two

streets.

He

found

that

it

came

from

the

river

polluted

by

the

dirty

water

from

London.

He

imm

ediately

told

the

astonished

people

in

Broad

Street

to

remove

the

handle

from

the

pump

so

that

it

could

not

be

used.

Soon

afterwards

the

disease

slowed

down.

He

had

shown

that

cholera

was

spread

by

germs

and

not

in

a

cloud

of

gas.

In

another

part

of

London,

he

found

supporting

evidence

from

two

other

deaths

that

were

linked

to

the

Broad

Street

outbreak.

A

woman,

who

had

moved

away

fr

om

Broad

Street,

liked

the

water

from

the

pump

so

much

that

she

had

it

delivered

to

her

house

every

day.

Both

she

and

her

daughter

died

of

cholera

after

drinking

the

water.

With

this

extra

evidence

John

Snow

was

able

to

announce

with

certaint

y

that

polluted

water

carried

the

virus.

To

prevent

this

from

happening

again,

John

Snow

suggested

that

the

source

o

f

all

the

water

supplies

be

examined.

The

water

companies

were

instructed

not

to

expose

people

to

polluted

water

any

more.

Finally

Cholera

was

defeated.

COPERNICUS’

REVOLUTIONRRY

THEORY

Nicolaus

Copernicus

was

frightened

and

his

mind

was

confused.

Although

he

h

ad

tried

to

ignore

them,

all

his

mathematical

calculations

led

to

the

same

conclusio

n:

that

the

earth

was

not

the

centre

of

the

solar

system.

Only

if

you

put

the

sun

t

here

did

the

movements

of

the

other

planets

in

the

sky

make

sense.

Yet

he

could

not

tell

anyone

about

his

theory

as

the

powerful

Christian

Church

would

have

pun

ished

him

for

even

suggesting

such

an

idea.

They

believed

God

had

made

the

wo

rld

and

for

that

reason

the

earth

was

special

and

must

be

the

centre

of

the

solar

system.

The

problem

arose

because

astronomers

had

noticed

that

some

planets

in

the

sky

seemed

to

stop,

move

backward

and

then

go

forward

in

a

loop.

Others

appe

ared

brighter

at

times

and

less

bright

at

others.

This

was

very

strange

if

the

earth

was

the

centre

of

the

solar

system

and

all

planets

went

round

it.

Copernicus

had

thought

long

and

hard

about

these

problems

and

tried

to

find

an

answer.

He

had

collected

observations

of

the

stars

and

used

all

his

mathematic

al

knowledge

to

explain

them.

But

only

his

new

theory

could

do

that.

So

between

1510

and

1514

he

worked

on

it,

gradually

improving

his

theory

until

he

felt

it

was

complete.

In

1514

he

showed

it

privately

to

his

friends.

The

changes

he

made

to

the

old

theory

were

revolutionary.

He

placed

a

fixed

sun

at

the

centre

of

the

solar

system

with

the

planets

going

round

it

and

only

the

moon

still

going

round

the

earth.

He

also

suggested

that

the

earth

was

spinning

as

it

went

round

the

sun

and

this

expl

ained

changes

in

the

movement

of

the

planets

and

in

the

brightness

of

the

stars.

His

friends

were

enthusiastic

and

encouraged

him

to

publish

his

ideas,

but

Coperni

cus

was

cautious.

He

did

not

want

to

be

attacked

by

the

Christian

Church,

so

he

only

published

it

as

he

lay

dying

in

1543.

Certainly

he

was

right

to

be

careful.

The

Christian

Church

rejected

his

theory,

saying

it

was

against

God's

idea

and

people

who

supported

it

would

be

attacked.

Yet

Copernicus'

theory

is

now

the

basis

on

which

all

our

ideas

of

the

universe

are

built.

His

theory

replaced

the

Christian

idea

of

gravity,

which

said

things

fell

to

ea

rth

because

God

created

the

earth

as

the

centre

of

the

universe.

Copernicus

show

ed

this

was

obviously

wrong.

Now

people

can

see

that

there

is

a

direct

link

betwe

en

his

theory

and

the

work

of

Isaac

Newton,

Albert

Einstein

and

Stephen

Hawking.

必修

5

Unit

2

PUZZLES

IN

GEOGRAPHY

People

may

wonder

why

different

words

are

used

to

describe

these

four

countr

ies:

England,

Wales,

Scotland

and

Northern

Ireland.

You

can

clarify

this

question

if

you

study

British

history.

First

there

was

England.

Wales

was

linked

to

it

in

the

thirteenth

century.

Now

when

people

refer

to

England

you

find

Wales

included

as

well.

Next

England

and

Wales

were

joined

to

Scotland

in

the

seventeenth

century

and

the

name

was

chan

ged

to

Britain

Happily

this

was

accomplished

without

conflict

when

King

Ja

mes

of

Scotland

became

King

of

England

and

Wales

as

well.

Finally

the

English

g

overnment

tried

in

the

early

twentieth

century

to

form

the

United

Kingdom

by

gettin

g

Ireland

connected

in

the

same

peaceful

way.

However,

the

southern

part

of

Irela

nd

was

unwilling

and

broke

away

to

form

its

own

government.

So

only

Northern

Ir

eland

joined

with

England,

Wales

and

Scotland

to

become

the

United

Kingdom

and

this

was

shown

to

the

world

in

a

new

flag

called

the

Union

Jack.

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