数学概念的题目
-
数学概念的题目
ＯＧ
202.
Gortland
has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both
grain and meat. However,
as per capita
income in Gortland has risen toward the world
average, per capita
consumption
of
meat
has
also
risen
toward
the
world
average,
and
it
takes
several pounds of
grain to produce one pound of meat. Therefore,
since per
capita
income
continues
to
rise,
whereas
domestic
grain
production
will
not
increase, Gortland will
soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
Which of the following is
an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) The total acreage
devoted to grain production in Gortland will not
decrease
substantially.
(B)
The
population
of
Gortland
has
remained
relatively
constant
during
the
country’s years of
growing
prosperity.
(C) The
per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is
roughly the same across
all income
levels.
(D) In Gortland, neither meat
nor grain is subject to government price controls.
(E) People in Gortland who increase
their consumption of meat will not radically
decrease their consumption of grain.
Consumption
分成
meat and grain.
此消彼长的关系
关于逻辑中数量范围的问题
数量的范围是逻辑题常考，特别是
MUST
< br>BE
问题，混淆答案也常来于此。下面
一题是
LSAT
，先讨论，后再公布答案及解释。（
VA
LARIE
说得对，纪念完了，
我们要更加努力去学习）
The importance of
the ozone layer to terrestrial animals is that it
entirely filters
out some wavelengths
of light but lets others through. Holes in the
ozone layer
and the dangers associated
with these holes are well documented. However,
one danger that has not been given
sufficient attention is that these holes could
lead to severe eye damage for animals
of many species.
Which one
of the following is most strongly supported by the
statements above,
if they are true.
A). All wavelengths of
sunlight that can cause eye damage are filtered
out by the
ozone layer where it is
intact.
B).
Few
species
of
animals
live
on
a
part
of
the
earth's
surface
that
is
not
threatened by holes in
the ozone layer
C). Some
species of animals have eyes that will not suffer
any damage when
exposed to unfiltered
sunlight
D). A single
wavelength of sunlight can cause severe damage to
the eyes of
most species of animals
E).
Some
wavelengths
of
sunlight
that
cause
eye
damage
are more
likely
to
reach the earth's surface
where there are holes in the ozone layer than
where
there are not,
答案都对了，是
E
The importance of the ozone layer to
terrestrial animals is that it entirely filters
out some wavelengths of light but lets
others through. Holes in the ozone layer
and
the
dangers
associated with
these
holes
are
well
documented. However
,
one
danger that has not been given sufficient
attention is that these holes could
lead to severe eye damage for animals
of many species.
Which one
of the following is most strongly supported by the
statements above,
if they are true.
A). All wavelengths of
sunlight that can cause eye damage are filtered
out by the
ozone layer where it is
intact.
错的原因：
All wavelengths
太
strong
。原文只知完
好的臭氧层滤掉一部分光，让一部分通过，并说通过的那部分对很多动物有害。
< br>从这点很容易误认有害的都给滤掉了。其实原文没说是否那通过的一部分是否含
有
有害波长。所以错。
B).
Few
species
of
animals
live
on
a
part
of
the
earth's
surface
that
is
not
threatened by holes in
the ozone layer
错的原因：原文只说有
HOL
E
可能会使很
多动物受伤害，从这点也许可以推出有动物生活在
受
HOLE
威胁的地方，但原文
没说有
没有动物生活在不受
HOLE
威胁的地方，故错。
C). Some species of
animals have eyes that will not suffer any damage
when
exposed to unfiltered sunlight
错的原因：
有些人容易选这个，因为原文最后一句
话说
HOLE
会伤害很多动物的眼睛，就是说很多动物的眼睛
会受伤害，既然有很
多的眼睛受伤害，就有不受伤害的。错。关键是理解原文最后一句话
的
many
。
其实相当于
some
，表达的是有的概念，就是可以是
1-1
00
。相对或取非的概念
为
NONE<
/p>
。
就是说它们可以包括全部
100
。
所以有可能全部动物眼睛都会受
HOLE<
/p>
伤害。即
C
可能对，也可能不对，不是<
/p>
MUST BE TRUE
。故错。
D). A single wavelength of
sunlight can cause severe damage to the eyes of
most species of animals
错的原因：
也是容易选错，因为原文的最后一句话加上
中文对
MANY
和
MOST
（都
是很多）的理解。其实
MOST
（多数）是指
< br>51-100
。
MANY
指
1-100
。所以不能从
MANY
推出
MOST
，从
MO
ST
倒可以推出
MANY
。
即原文用
MOST
，
D<
/p>
选项用
MANY
，则为答案。
E).
Some
wavelengths
of
sunlight
that
cause
eye
damage
are
more
likely
to
reach the earth's surface
where there are holes in the ozone layer than
where
there
are
not,
从原文最后两句话可知完好的臭氧层滤掉了部分有
害的光线，则
说明有洞时，有害的光线更易到达地球。故对。
最后强调一点该问题虽然是
MOST
STRONGLY
SUPPORTED
，但不会出现两个能
从原文
MUST
BE
得出的答案，因为该题归为
MUST BE TRUE
题型，当然不存在
支持的程度问题。
119.
Which
of
the
following,
if
true,
would
cast
the
most
doubt
on
the
effectiveness of the authority’s
plan
to finance the proposed
improvements
by
increasing
bridge tolls?
评论措施的有效性！
就是
Raise
BridgeTol
l
能否为改
善道路融资
(A) Before the authority
increases tolls on any of the area bridges, it is
required
by law to hold public hearings
at which objections to the proposed increase can
be raised.
(B)
Whenever
bridge
tolls
are
increased,
the
authority
must
pay
a
private
contractor to adjust the automated
toll-collecting machines.
(C) Between
the time a proposed toll increase is announced and
the time the
increase is actually put
into effect, many commuters buy more tokens than
usual
to postpone the effects of the
increase.
(D) When tolls were last
increased on the two bridges in question, almost
20
percent of the regular commuter
traffic switched to a slightly longer alternative
route that has since been improved. P
上升
*Q
下降
=R
evenue
不一定。
(E)
The chairman of the authority is a member of the
Tristate Automobile Club
that has
registered strong opposition to the proposed toll
increase.
125.
Unlike the wholesale price of raw wool,
the wholesale price of raw cotton has
fallen
considerably
in
the
last
year.
Thus,
although
the
retail
price
of
cotton
clothing at retail
clothing stores has not yet fallen, it will
inevitably fall.
Which of
the following, if true, most seriously weakens the
argument above?
(A) The
cost of processing raw cotton for cloth has
increased during the last year.
棉花原材料批发
价下降
+
加工成本上升
=
棉布衣服零售价可以不变。
一件事情两个
步骤。
(B) The wholesale price of
raw wool is typically higher than that of the same
volume of raw cotton.
(C)
The
operating
costs
of
the
average
retail
clothing
store
have
remained
constant during the last year.
(D) Changes in retail prices always lag
behind changes in wholesale prices.
(E)
The cost of harvesting raw cotton has increased in
the last year.
170.
The proposal to hire ten new police
officers in Middletown is quite foolish. There
is sufficient funding to pay the
salaries of the new officers, but not the salaries
of
additional
court
and
prison
employees
to
process
the
increased
caseload
of
arrests and convictions
that new officers usually generate.
Which of the following, if true, will
most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn
above?
(A)
Studies
have
shown
that
an
increase
in
a
city’s
police
force
does
not
necessarily reduce crime.
(B) When one major city increased its
police force by 19 percent last year, there
were 40 percent more arrests and 13
percent more convictions.
(C) If
funding for the new police officers’ salaries is
approved, support for other
city
services will have to be reduced during the next
fiscal year.
(D) In most United States
cities, not all arrests result in convictions, and
not all
convictions result in prison
terms.
不增加警队的时候也是如此。
(E) Middletown’s ratio of police
officers to citizens has reached a level at which
an increase in the number of officers
will have a deterrent effect on
crime.
直接
给与原削弱结论
GWD-5-Q3:
The
average hourly wage of television assemblers in
Vernland has long been
significantly
lower than that in neighboring Borodia.
Since Borodia dropped all
tariffs on Vernlandian televisions
three years ago, the number of televisions sold
annually in Borodia has not changed.
However
, recent
statistics show a droip in
the
number
of
television
assemblers
in
Borodia.
Therefore,
updated
trade
statistics will
probably indicate that the number of televisions
Borodia imports
annually from Vernland
has increased.
V
的电视机组装工人的小时工
资小于
B
的
B
不再对
V
征关税，
< br>B
的电视机销量没有改变。
SUM
不变
但是，现在
B
电视机组装的工人人数下降。
N
下降
< br>----SUM
中非进口部分下降
所以推测
B
从
V
< br>进口的电视机数量在上升。要使
SUM
总数不变，进口部
分上升
Which of the following
is an assumption on which the argument depends?
The number of television
assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least
as
much as the number of television
assemblers in Borodia has decreased.
工人人
数的比较。
Televisions assembled in Vernland have
features that televisions assembled in
Borodia do not have.
The
average number of hours it takes a Borodian
television assembler
to
assemble
a
television
has
not
decreased
significantly
during
the
past three years.
The
number
of
televisions
assembled
annually
in
Vernland
has
increased
significantly
during the past three years.
The
difference between the hourly wage of television
assemblers in Vernland
and the hourly
wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely
to decrease in
the next few years.[C]
C is the assumption. C states that the
time
of a B assembler to
assemble a TV
hasn't drop, we know,
sum= N(assemebler) * working hour / T ( time
needed to
assemble a TV). To be
symplified, sum=N*H/ T, if T drop, even N drop,
then
sum will probably not drop. C
declares that T hasn't drop.
GWD-12-Q22*
Denoma, a major consumer-electronics
maker
, had a sizeable decline in sales
revenue for its most recent fiscal
year
.
This
result appears surprising, because
electronics retailers report that
although
their
是指零售商的销售
overall sales
were
considerably
lower
than
in
the
previous
year
,
their
sales
revenue
from
Denoma models actually grew, largely
thanks to some innovative and popular
models that Denoma introduced.
D
的销售收入下降