中小学英语语法总结
-
英语主干
1.
词汇
2.
时态
(
主动语态
+
被动语态
)
动作
时间
现在
一般现在时
sb. do/does
sth. be done
现在进行时
be doing
be being done
现在完成时
have/has
done
have/has been
done
过去
一般过去时
sb. did
/were
done
将来
一般将来时
do
done
过去
将来
一般过去将来
do
sth. would be
done
3.
从句
1)
主语从句
2)
宾语从句
3)
表语从句
4)
定语从句
5)
状语从句
6)
同位语从句
4.
其他句型：包括强调句、倒装句、
not...unitl
句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规则等。
1
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在完成进行时
have/has
been
doing
过去进行时
was/were
doing
was/were being
done
将来进行时
will be
doing
be
will be being
done
过去将来进行时
would be doing
would be
being
done
过去完成时
had done
had been done
将来完成时
will have done
will have
been
done
过去将来完成时
would have done
would have
been
done
主语从句
I.
主语从句
:
< br>主语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当主语
.
1.
当主语是陈述句时，连接词是
that
即：
th
at(
不省略
)+
该陈述句
Eg.
1.) That we will be late is certain.
(We will be
late.)
2.) That he did not come
yesterday is a pity.
(He
did not come yesterday.)
(
注意
)
主
语从句的
that
一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的
that
可以省略。
Eg. 1.) That we will be late is
certain. (
主语从句，
that
不能省略
)
2.) I hope
(that) we will win the game.
(
宾语从句，
that
可以省略
)
2.
当主语是一般疑问句时，连接词是
whether(or
not)
即：
whether(or not)
+
该一般疑问句的陈述语序
(
注意
)“if”
不能引导主语从句，这要与宾语从句进行区分。
Eg.
1.) Whether
he will go there is not known.
(Will he go there?)
2.) Whether they can finish the job (or
not) is not clear.
(Can
they finish the job?)
3.
当主语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词
“8W+H”
即：特殊疑问词
“8W+H”
+
该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
（注：
8W
指的是
what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/
when, H
指的是
how
）
Eg.
1.) What he did yesterday is not known.
(What did he do yesterday?)
2.) Where he went yesterday is not
clear.
(Where did he go
yesterday?)
3.) Which team he liked has
not been decided. (Which team did he like?)
4.) Who won the game seems certain.
(Who won the game?)
5.) Whom he met
yesterday is not clear.
(Whom did he meet yesterday?)
6.) Why he was late for the meeting is
to be found out.
(Why was he late for the meeting?)
7.) Whose book this is is not clear.
(Whose book is this?)
8.)
When he will arrive is not known.
(When will he arrive?)
9.)
How we will help the lost boy
will be discussed at the meeting.
(How will we help the lost boy?)
2
II. (
注意一
)
主语从句后置
!
为了避
免主语冗长
,
句子头重脚轻
,
经常用
it
作形式主语
,
主语从句放在后面作真正的主语
.
Eg. 1.) That we will be late is
certain.
--
It’s certain
that
we will be late.
2.) Whether he will go
there is not known.
-- It is not known
whether he will go there.
3.) Where he went yesterday
is not clear.
-- It is not clear where
he went yesterday.
●It
作形式主语常用句型：
(that
引导的主语从句是真正的主语
)
It is
possible/important/necessary/clear that...
It’s said/
reported that..
据说
/
据报道
…
It’s been
announced/declared that...
已经通知
/
宣布
…
It
seems/appears/happens that…
显然、明显、碰巧
..
It’s no wonder
that…
并不奇怪
/
无疑
…
（注意二）主语从句中
，谓语动词一
般用单数。
What
引导的主语从句，谓语动词根据表语决定<
/p>
What he needs _is_ that
book.
What he needs _are_ some books.
（注意三）
What
与
that
引导主语从句的区别
Eg. (1)
What you said yesterday is right. (What did you
say yesterday?)
(2) That she is still
alive is a puzzle.
(She is still alive.)
练习题
1.
___ he made an important speech at the
meeting was true.
A. That
B.
Why
C. What
D. How
2. ___we’ll go camping tomorrow depends
on the weather.
A If
B Whether
C That
D Where
3.___ is
known to us all is that America is a developed
country.
A. Which
B. As
C.
What
D. It
4. It’s known to us
all ___ a form of energy .
A. water is
B. that water is
C. is water
D. that water to
3
宾语从句
I.
宾语从句
:
< br>宾语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当宾语
.
1.
当宾语是陈述句时，连接词是
that
即：
th
at(
可省略
)+
该陈述句
Eg.
1.) I hope (that) he will come
tomorrow.
(He will come tomorrow.)
2.)
He guesses (that) this team will win.
(This team will
win.)
(
注意
)
主
语从句的
that
一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的
that
可以省略。
Eg. 1.) That we will be late is
certain. (
主语从句，
that
不能省略
)
2.) I believe
(that) we will win the game.
(
宾语从句，
that
可以省略
)
2.
当宾语是一般疑问句时，连接词是
whether(or
not)/if
即：
whether(or
not)/if +
该一般疑问句的陈述语序
Eg.
1.) I ask
whether/if Tom knows Jack.
(Does Tom know Jack?)
2.) I don
’
t know
whether/if he came back yesterday. (Did he come
back yesterday?)
3.
当宾语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词
“8W+H”
即：特殊疑问词
“8W+H”
+
该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
（注：
8W--
what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H--
how
）
Eg.
1.) I
don
’
t know what he did
yesterday.
(What did he do yesterday?)
2.) He wants to know where he went
yesterday. (Where did he go yesterday?)
3.) He didn
’
t
tell me which team he liked.
(Which team did he like?)
4.) We want to know who won the game at
last.
(Who won the game?)
5.) His mom asked whom he met
yesterday. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)
6.) He didn
’
t
find out why he was late for the meeting.
(Why was he late for the
meeting?)
7.) I am not sure whose book
this is.
(Whose book is this?)
8.)
They ask me when he will arrive.
(When will he arrive?)
9) We have discussed how we will help
the lost boy.
(How will we help the lost boy?)
4
II.
(
注意一
)
当主句的谓语动词是
command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest
等表示要求或建议的动
词时，从句谓语动词用（
should
）
+
动词原词，
should
可以省略。
eg
（
1
）
She
required (that) he (should) go back home right
now.
She required (that) he
go
back home right now.
（
2
）
I
suggested (that) he (should) ask his teacher for
help.
I suggested
(that) he
ask
his
teacher for help.
（注意二）
当主句中
believe/expect/suppose/think
等作谓语动词时
，否定要前移。
Eg. I
don
’
t
think that he will come tomorrow. (He
won
’
t come tomorrow.)
He
doesn
< br>’
t
believe
that it is true.
(It is not
true.)
（注意三）宾语从句的语序
宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语
序，即连接词
+
主语
+
谓语
+
其他成分
eg. I believe that they will come soon.
He asked me whether I was a
teacher.
They wanted to
know what they can do for us.
（注意四）宾语从句的时态
宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即
：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句
是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过
去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去
完成时态。
eg. 1)She says that she is a student.
She
said that she was a student.
2)She says that she will fly to Japan
in a week.
She said that she would fly to Japan in
a week.
（注意五）
由
whether
或特殊疑问词
8W+H
引导的宾语从句
(
也就是第二、第三种情况
时
)
，如果宾
语从句的主语和主句的主
语是同一对象，可以用“疑问词
+
不定式”做宾语的简单句结构
。
eg.
I
don’t know what
I
should do next.
I don
’t know
what to do next.
He
didn’t know where
he
would live.
5
He
didn’t know
where to live.
He
wasn
’
t clear which way he
should go to reach the bank.
=He
wasn
’
t clear which way to go
to reach the bank.
（注意七）
含有宾语补足语时，若宾语是个句子，宾语通常用形式宾语
it
代替，真正的宾语放在宾
语补足语之后。
Eg.
1)
We
think
it
wonderful
that
we
will
go
on
a
trip
this
weekend.
(
宾语是陈述句
)
think it uncertain whether we will win
the game.
（宾语是一般疑问句）
3) We hope it discussed how
we will solve the problem.
(
宾语是特殊疑问句
)
练习题
1
。
—
Do you know ______ the
Capital Museum?
—
Next Friday.
A. when will they visit
B. when they will visit
C. when did they visit
D. when they visited
2.
–
Can you tell me ______?
–
She is in the
computer lab.
A. where
Linda was B. where is Linda
C. where was Linda D. where Linda is
3
。
3<
/p>
。
—
Guess ________ I
did yesterday
！
—
I think you went to a
party.
A. where B. when C. what D. which
4.
—
Could you let me know
___________ yesterday?
—
Because the traffic was
heavy.
A. why did you come
late B. why you came late
C. why do you come late D. why you come
late
5
。—
Do you know
__________ the MP3 player last week?
—
Sorry, I have no idea.
A. how much did
she pay for
B. how much will she pay for
C. how much she paid for
6
2)
I
同位语从句
同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表
示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从
句的名词通常有：
advice
,
fact,
truth,
decision,
fact,
hope,
idea,
information,
message,
news,
promise, proposal,
reply, report, suggestion,
word
（消息
), agreement(
< br>一致
)
，
problem
，
question,
doubt,
thought
等。
The
news
that Mr.
Li will be our new English teacher is true.
有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词
隔开。
如：
The
news
is true
that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher.
1.
（一）
.
当同位语从句是陈述句时，连接词是
that
即：
that(
不省略
)+
该陈述句
Eg.1)
The
news
that Mr. Li will be
our new English teacher is true.
2.) He admitted
the
fact
that he had stolen
the wallet.
(
注意
)
t
hat
引导同位语从句时只是中心词和同位语从句之间的桥梁而已，无任何意义，也不充
当任何成分，但
that
不可以省略
（二）
.
当同位语从句是一般疑问句时，连接词是
whether(or
not)
即：
whether(or not)
+
该一般疑问句的陈述语序
(
注意
)
此处不能用
if.
1.)
He hasn’t made the
decision
whether he will go
there.
(decision
的内容是
Will he go
there?)
2.) They have not
come to an
agreement
whether
he should take part in this game.
(agreement
的
内容是
Should he take part in this game?)
（三）
.
当同位语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词
“8W+H”
即：特殊疑问词
“8W+H”
+
该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
（注：
8W
指的是
what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/
when, H
指的是
how
）
1.) I have no
idea
what the boy is doing
in the next room now.
2.)
We
haven’t yet settled the
question
where we are going to spend our summer
vacation this year.
3.) We
have not come to a
conclusion
which team is the best.
4.) The
question
who should do the work is being discussed at the
meeting.
7
5.)
The
doubt
whom he talked
with yesterday is important to the
case(
案件
).
6.) The
doubt
why
he did not come yesterday is important to the
case(
案件
).
7.) The
problem
whose money this is has not been solved.
8.) I have no
suggestion
when he will be
back
．
9.) The
thought
came to me how I can
solve this problem.
2
.
that
引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别
1)
意义不同：
that
引导的同位语从句是用来进一步说明前面名词的内容
，
是
解释中心词
；
而
that
引导的定语
从句用来
修饰、限定前面的先行词，是
修饰中心词（先行词）
。
Eg.
①
The
news
that our team has won
the final match is true.
②
The news that
he told us is true.
[
分析
]
①中
that
引导同位
语从句，解释说明“news”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。
②中
that
引导定语从句，对“news”加以限
定：是他告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道，起
修饰作用。
2) that
功能不同：
that
引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，
只是
中心词和同位语从句之间的连接词，
不充当任何成
分；而
that
引导定语从句时，是关系代词，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代
先行词并在从句中充
当主语、宾语等成分。
Eg.
①
Dad made a
promise
that he would buy me a CD player if I
passed the English test.
②
. Dad made a promise that
excited all his children.
[
分析
]
①中
that
引导
同位语从句，其中
that
无词义，也不充当任何成分；
②
.
中
that
引导定语从句，
that
指代
promise
，
又在
从句中充当主语，
且
that
可以用<
/p>
which
替换。
3)that
可否省略：
that
引导同位语从句时，不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作
宾语，可以省略，若作主
语则不可以省略。
8
Eg.
①
The
news
that our team has won
the final match is true.
②
The news (that)
he told us is true.
③
The news that
is from this newspaper is true.
[
分析
]
①中
that
引导
同位语从句，不能省略。
②
.
中
that
引导定语
从句，
that
指代
news
，
在从句中充当宾语，
that
可以用
which
替换，
也
可以省略。
③中
that
也是引导定语从句，
that
指代
news,
在从句中充当主语，
that
可以用
which
替
换，但
that
不能省略。
3.
< br>有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被解释说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
定语从句有时也可以不紧跟在被修
饰的先行词后面，而被别的词隔开。
Eg.
①
The
news
is true that a new teacher will come
tomorrow to teach us English.
②
A new teacher will come
tomorrow who will teach us English.
（定语从句
who will teach you
English
修饰
a new teacher,
被
will come tomorrow
< br>隔开，
定语从句
与先行词分离）
练习题
1). They expressed the hope _______
they would come over to China soon.
2)
The fact _______ he didn’t see Tom this
morning is true.
3) Word has
come _______ some American guests will come to our
college for a visit next week.
4)
. He can’t answer the
question _______ he got the money from his home
yesterday.
5).
Do you have any idea _______ is actually going on
in the classroom?
6). The problem _______ we
should have the meeting in the hall now must be
decided at once.
2. The suggestion ___
the monitor gave is good.
The suggestion ___ we will
have a trip on the Great Wall this week is good.
A.
that
B.
C. which
D. where
9
定语从句
定语从句：
定语是个句子
,
也就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。
定语一般是
由形容词充当，
所以
定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从
句是由
关系代词或关系副词
引导的，故又称作
< br>关系从
句。
关系代词和关系副词又统称为
引导词
。
区别：
汉语中，
定语只能放在名词前面，
而英语中，
定语既可以放在名词前
（形容词修饰名词）
，
也可以放在名词
后面（定语从句修饰名词）
。
被修饰的中心词叫作先行词。
Eg.
（
1
）
He is a clever boy.
He
is a boy
who
is clever.
(a
boy
是中心词或者先行词，
who is clever
是修饰
a boy
的定语从句，
who
是关系代词，替
代先行词
a boy)
拆成两个句子：
He
is a boy.
（主干）
This boy is clever.
（定语）
定语从句一般要紧跟在中心词（先行词）的后面
，即：
He is a boy (
this boy
is clever).
去掉定语
从句中与中心词（先行词）
重复的部分，即
this boy,
把它替换成指人的关系代词
who,
即
He is a
boy who is clever.
< br>（
2
）他是一个我们喜欢的男孩。
拆成两个句子：他是一个男孩。
He is a boy.
(
主干
)
我们喜欢这个男孩。
We like this boy.
(
定语
)
定语从句在中心词（先行词
）的后面
，即：
He is a boy (we like
this boy
).
去掉定语从句中
与中心
词（先行词）重复的部分，即
this boy,
把它替换成指人的关系代词
who,
即
He is a boy (we
like
who).
但是，
定语从
句中，关系代词要紧跟中心词（先行词）后面，
所以
who
要紧跟在
a boy
后
面，即：
He is a boy
who we like.
一
.<
/p>
关系代词引导的定语从句
1.
关系代词代替前面的先行词，关系代词
/
先行词
都在定语从句中充当句子成分，
可以作主语、
宾语、定语等。常
见的关系代词有：
that, which, who,
whom, whose
。
that
既可指
人
又可指
物
，在定语从句中作
主语或宾语
，作
宾语时还可省略。
which
代替<
/p>
物
，在定语从句中作
主语或宾语
，作宾语时还可省略
10
who
代替
人
，在定语从句中作
主语或宾语
，
作宾语时还可省略。
whom
代替<
/p>
人
，在定语从句中作
宾语
，还可省略。
whose
既
可指
人
又可指
物
，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。
（一）
.
先行词是人，
1)
在定语从句中充当主语时：
that/who
Eg. An architect is a person that/who
designs buildings.
I will
never forget the teacher that/who taught us
chemistry in my middle school.
2)
在定语从句中充当宾语时：
that/who/whom/
(
关系代词省略
)
Eg.
Do you know the man that/who/whom/ we
met in the school library yesterday?
This is the student that/who/whom/ my
father taught ten years ago.
3)
在定语从句中充当定语
(
所有格
)
时：
whose/ of whom
girl whose
father is an engineer studies abroad.
其父是一位工程师的那个女孩在国外留学。
The girl the father of whom
is an engineer studies abroad.
A child whose parents are
dead is called an orphan.
A
child the parents of whom are dead is called an
orphan.
（二）
.
先行词是物，
1)
在定语从句中充当主语时：
that/which
Eg. Tom works
in a factory that/which makes watches.
I do not like stories
that/which have unhappy endings.
2)
在定语从句中充当宾语时：
that/which/
(
关系代词省略
)
Eg. This is the book
that/which/ you want to buy?
The letter that/which/ I
received yesterday is very important.
3)
在定语从句中充当定语
(
所有格
)
时：
whos
e /(which
’
s) /
of which
Eg
.
Do you know
the hotel whose window we can see here?
( = Do you know the hotel
which
’
s window we can see
here?)
=Do you know the hotel the window of
which we can see here?
（关系代
词
whose
指代先行词
hotel,
也可以用
of which, whose
window=the window of which,
意思
是
: the window
of the hotel
。
）
He can repair the desk
whose leg is broken.
(= He
can repair the desk which
’
s
leg is broken.)
=He can repair the desk the
leg of which is broken.
11
（三）
.
先行词既有人，又有物，
1)
在定语从句中充当主语时：
that
Eg. The time, place and
persons that are mentioned in the story are very
important.
He was watching
the children and parcels that filled the car.
他正望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。
2)
在定
语从句中充当宾语时：
that /
(
关系代词省略
)
Eg. The time,
place and persons that/ the writer mentioned in
the story are very important.
（注
意）
1.
当介词与关系代词紧密相连时，
即介词
后面的关系代词用
whom
（指人时）
或者
which(
指物时
)
，
而不用
who
（指人时）和
that
（指人或物时）
。例如：
(1)
The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is
our English teacher.
我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。
注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用
who
，也可用
that
，还
可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：
①
The man whom
our headmaster talked
to
just now is our English teacher.
②
The man who our headmaster
talked
to
just now is our
English teacher.
③
The man that our
headmaster talked
to
just
now is our English teacher.
④
The man our headmaster
talked
to
just now is our
English teacher.
第
4
句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。
(2)This is the book for
which you asked.
注意：介词与关系代词
不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用
which
< br>，也
可用
that
，还可以省略
关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下三种说法：
①
This is the book which you
asked
for.
②
This is the book that you
asked
for.
③
This is the book you asked
for
.
2.
关系代词
which
可以指代前面的整个句子。
关系代词
as
也可以指代前面的整个句子。
Eg.
He comes from America,
which
I know from his accent.
(which
< br>在定语从句中作
know
的宾语，其先行词是前面的整个
句子
he comes from America.)
= He comes from
America,
as
I know from his
accent.
12
练
习
题
1. Is this the factory __ you visited
the other day?
A. that
B. Which
C.
D.
A
、
Band C
2.
Finally, the thief handed everything __he had
stolen to the police.
A. which
B. what
C. who
D. that
3. His
parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ___ family
was poor.
A. of whom
B. whom
C. of whose
D. whose
4 All ____is needed is a supply of oil.
A. the thing
B. that
C. what
D. which
5.
The place___you are going to visit is
a
place of interest
.
(
名胜古迹
)
which
which
6.
The Summer
Palace
（
颐和园）
is one of the most beautiful
parks____built in the Qing Dynasty.
（
清
朝）
were
was
were
was
7. She showed me
the ditionary___she paid a lot of money.
A. which
B.
which
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
常用的
关系副词只有三个：
when,where,why
，关系副词
在定语从句中作状语
,
在定语从句中充当
时间、地点和原因状语。
（一）关系副词
< br>when
的用法
关系副词
when
代替的先行词表示的是时间，<
/p>
when
在定语从句作时间状语。
Eg. I will never forget those days
_____we lived together.
= I
will never forget those days
which
we lived together
in
.
=
I will never forget those days
in
which
we lived together.
= I will never forget those days
when
we lived together.
(
时间
the time)
in/on/during which... =
(
时间
the time) when...
(
区分
) I will never
forget those days ____ we spent together.
（二）关系副词
< br>where
的用法
13
关系副词
where
代替的先行词表示的是地点，
where
在定语从句作地点状语。
Eg. This
is the place _______ Li Bai once lived.
=This is the place
which
Li Bai once
lived
in
.
=This is the place
in which
Li Bai once lived.
= This is the place
where
Li Bai once lived.
=This is
where
LiBai once lived.
(
地点
the place)
in/at which... = (
地点
the
place) where...
(
区分
) This is the
place ____ Li Bai once visited.
（三）关系副词
why
的用法
关系副词
why
代替的先行词表示的是原因，
why
在定语从句作原因
状语。
Eg. This is the reason
_______ he did not come yesterday.
=This is the
reason
which
he did not come
yesterday
for
.
（
He did not come yesterday
for
this
reason.
）
= This
is the reason
for which
he
did not come yesterday.
=This is the reason
why
he did not come
yesterday.
(
原因
the reason)
for which...= (
原因
the reason)
why...
(
区分
) This is the
reason ____ he explained.
（注
意）
1.
以下由关系副词
when/where/why
引导的定语从句，如果把先行词去掉，则变成了表语从句。
关系副词引导的定语从句：
Those days are the time when we lived
together.
This is the place where we
lived together 10 years ago.
This is the reason why she did not come
yesterday.
表语从句：
Those days are when we
lived together.
This is where
we lived together 10 years ago.
This is why she did not come yesterday.
2.
区分定语从句与其它从句的区别。
14