英语15选10选词填空
-
大学英语四级考试
15
选
10
专项训练
Unit One
Directions:
In this passage
there are ten blanks. You are required to select
one word for each blank from a list of choices
given in a word bank following the
passage. Read the passage through carefully before
making your choices. Each choice
in the
bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the
corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet
2 with a single line
through the
centre. You may not use any of the words in the
bank more than once.
Questions 1 to 10 are based on the
following passage.
Looking
back on years of living in a working-class home in
the North of England, I should say that a good
living room
must 11 three principal
things: homeliness, warmth and plenty of good
food. The living-room is the
warm
heart of the
family and 12
often slightly stuffy to a middle-class visitor.
It is not a social centre but a family center;
little entertaining
goes on
there
or in
the
front room, if there 13 to be one; you
do not entertain in anything approaching the
middle-class 14
The wife's
social life outside her 15 family is found over
the washing-line, at the little shop on the
corner, visiting relatives at
a
moderate 16 occasionally, and perhaps
now and again
a visit with
her husband to his pub or club. Apart
from these two
places, he has just his
work and his football matches. They will have,
each of them, friends at all these places, who may
well not know what the inside of their
house is like, having never
The family
hearth is
18
for the family itself, and those who
are
and who look in for a talk or just
to sit. Much of the free time of a man and his
wife will 19 be passed at that hearth. Just
staying in is still one of the most
common leisure-time
20
A.
happens
B.
professions
C.
sense
D.
nevertheless
E. fashioned
F.
distance
G.
immediate
H.
usually
I.
occupations
J.
preserved
K.
imitate
L.
provide
M. therefore
N
reserved
0.
contribute
Unit Two
Passage
2
Flying over a desert area
in an airplane, two scientists looked down with
trained eyes at trees and bushes. After an hour's
11
one of the scientists wrote in his
book,
region, sent a 13 to other
scientists on the ground,
word,
None of the
scientists had X-ray eyes
:
they had no 14 powers for looking down below the
earth's surface. They were 15
putting
to use one of the newest methods of
16
minerals in the
ground
—
using trees and
plants as 17 that
certain minerals may
lie beneath the ground on which the trees and
plants are growing.
This
newest method of searching for minerals is
18
on
the fact that minerals deep in the earth may
19
the
kind of bushes and trees that grow on the surface.
At Watson Bar Creek, a brook six
thousand feet high in the mountains of British
Columbia, Canada, a mineral search group
gathered bags of tree seeds. Boxes were
filled with small branches from the trees. Roots
were dug and put into boxes. Each
bag
and box was 20 marked. In a scientific laboratory
the parts of the forest trees were burned to ashes
and tested. Each
small part was
examined to learn whether there were minerals in
it.
A.
signs
B.
sufficiently
C.
locating
D.
affect
E. merely
F.
magic
G.
hints
H.
carefully
I. finding
J.
message
K.
flight
L.
probable
M.
revealing
N.
based
O.
information
Unit Three
.
Passage 2
America's most
famous woman is the Goddess of Liberty, i. e.
the Statue of
Liberty.
It
was
first
thought
of
in
1865
by
Edouard
de
Laboulaye
and designed by another Frenchman,
Frederic Bartoldi.
They wanted to
11 liberty and friendship.
It was hoped that the monument would be
completed by 1876 when America 12 its centennial.
Fund raising and the 13 of
the statue
in France went slowly. It was 1885 when the 214
crates containing the statue reached New York.
- 1 -
Americans
were initially
14
for they had not raised the money to
pay for the erection of the base.
Fund
raising by
popular subscription was behind 15
.
One fund raising method
used was to have popular Americans write
letters which were then sold in public.
The base and statue,
16
272 feet tall,
were completed in 1886. From a 17
standpoint, the statue is a
marvel. The inner structure was
designed by the French engineer, Alexandre Eiffel.
His design for the stressed copper skin
of the statue anticipated many of the
18
utilized in modern aircraft.
After a century, the monument began to
show signs of getting worse in 19
.
Just as Frenchmen had created the
Statue,
so it was with restoration.
A
Frenchman
noted
the
decay
and
French
and
American
craftsmen
and contributions
brought
about the renewal of the Statue in time for its y
is still
20
in France and the United
States.
A. completely
B.
measures
C.
popular
D.
together
E. honor
F.
manufacture
G.
schedule
H.
reward
I.
celebrated
J.
principles
K.
embarrassed
L.
technical
M. voluntary
N
conditions
0.
discouraged
Unit Four
Passage
2
Sophy Brent came to visit
me nearly every day. She made me feel uneasy most
of the time. She smoked 11 and never used
an ashtray. She followed me into the
kitchen while I made tea or coffee or supper and
12 herself to the children's orange
juice. She made a great hit with my
two-year-old daughter Flora, who would 13 about
her for hours and refer to her
lovingly
as
I could not decide why she chose my
14 , although I realized that nobody else paid her
very much attention. Her situation
was
very difficult in that she was 15 out of drama
school and only nineteen, but being 16 to play a
leading part in a
company of fairly 17
and experienced actors. They would not have liked
her much even if she had been good, and as, from
all accounts, she was not good so they
took every 18 to run her down. I think she thought
that I was the only person around
who
was both unconnected with the theatre and
tolerably 19 . To associate with me was not, at
any rate, to step down the
scale. And
for my part, although I felt troubled by her I did
not dislike her. There was something genuinely
outstanding in
her personality, and she
had such physical 20 that with me she could get
away with anything. She was nice to have around,
like flowers or a bowl of fruit.
A. helped
B. smart
B.
constantly
D.
treated
E.
required
F. supreme
G.
hang
H.
charm
I. continually
J. company
K.
opportunity
L.
distinguished
M. straight
N.
partner
O.
disappointed
Unit Five
Passage 2
Many
people often enjoy eating out either before or
after a visit to the theatre. However, most of us
would rather keep the
two 11 separate.
One man who thinks that they can be successfully
combined has not only expressed his ideas in a
recent
book, but also set up an
establishment where the theory is put very 12 into
practice. The man is Paul Thornton, and the
place is the Hollics, an old farmhouse.
Whenever I visit a new restaurant, I
feel the same excitement that keen theatre-goers
must experience on opening night. I
had
this feeling last Friday evening at dusk, as my
wife and I were taking a walk in the beautiful
gardens of the restaurant
13 after we
had arrived. Dinner was as excellent as we had
been 14 . There is no menu, for Mr. Thornton
creates his meals
rather as a director
produces a play. Nevertheless, the various
combinations of 15 at each course are always 16 as
if they
were done by magic. He and his
team of highly skilled helpers serve, cut and cook
the food, moving about the
confidently
as 17 actors. The meal is as different from what
one finds in ordinary restaurants as a 18
performance of
A
Midsummer
Night's Dream
would be from a second-
rate television production.
May I offer
a few words of advice in case you are thinking of
paying him a visit.
Try not
to arrive just after noon, as Mr.
Thornton does not serve a normal lunch.
His
19
the
best
20
of a traditional
English breakfast,
is served around eleven
o'clock and is so plentiful that lunch is
unnecessary.
A. features
B.
shortly
C. potential
D. definitely
E. perfect
F. promoted
G. live
H. professional
I. characters
J. promised
K. choices
L. includes M.
pleasures
N. vigorously
O.
- 2 -
substitutions
Unit Six
Passage 2
Student expeditions do a great deal of
good work on the Arctic islands but from time to
time cause trouble in the huts,
probably because students are not
familiar with the 11 of the little wooden huts
dotted all over the islands of the Spizbergen
group.
Each hut 12 has an
inner and an outer door, shutters over the
windows, a store of wood 13 up outside, dry
chopped wood
inside, utensils and
cutlery, and above all, a small store of food. All
these things must be completely in
14
whenever the
hut is left.
It makes no 15 if it is
only the middle of July. That 16 hut may not be
visited again before the winter. A door left open
can
lead either to snow filling up the
hut to the ceiling, or 17 still, wind blowing the
roof off. Unfastened shutters leave the
windows an easy prey for polar bears 18
for food and the result is again snow in the hut.
The ready-chopped wood is also
very
important.
A traveler visiting the hut
in the middle of the dark time and perhaps in bad
weather, his feet, hands and face bitten by the
frost, will have his difficulties
doubled if the wood he left has been used up by
others and he had nothing with which to
19
a
fire.
Ten or more years ago there were
enough hunters to look after most of the huts, but
now many buildings have become
useless
because there is no one to repair them and because
of
20
A. worse
B.
peculiar
C.
laid
D.
light
E.
generally
F.
order
G.
particular
H.
conventions
I.
carelessness
J
．
difference
K.
built
L.
fashions
M.
searching
N.
ordinarily
O.
result
Unit Seven
Passage
2
Most of us trade money for
entertainment. Movies, concerts and shows are
enjoyable but 11 .If you think that you can't
have a good time without spending a lot
of money, read on. A little resourcefulness and a
few minutes of
newspaper-scanning
should give you some pleasant surprises.
People may be the most interesting show
in a large city. 12 through busy streets and see
what everybody else is doing. You
will
probably see people from all over the world; you
will 13 see people of every age, size, and shape,
and you'll get a free
fashion show,
too. Window-shopping is also a 14 sport if the
stores are closed.
Check the listings
in your neighborhood paper. Local colleges or
schools often 15 the public to hear an interesting
speaker
or a good 16 . The film or
concert series at the local public library
probably won't cost you a penny. Be sure to check
commercial advertisements too. A flea
market can provide hours of pleasant looking
round. Perhaps you can find a free
cooking or crafts 17
in a department store.
Plan
ahead for some activities. It is always more
pleasant not to have people in front of you in a
museum or at a zoo. You
may save some
money, too, since these places often 18 aside one
or two free 19 days at slow times during the week.
Make
sure that you are including the
indispensable
20
that people travel miles to see. If you
feel like taking an
interesting walk,
find a free walking tour, or plan one yourself.
A.
expensive
B.
Wonder
D.
admission
E.
set
F.
Wander
H.
addition
I.
valuable
J.
dispute
e
L.
confidently
M.
sights
N.
demonstration
nly
Unit Eight
Passage 2
When a person feels low, blue, or down
in the clumps, it usually means he has been hurt,
disappointed, or saddened by
something
that causes a confused and listless feeling. There
is 11 a type of music called
sound to
12
these universal human feelings.
Depression is another name for this
mood. Feeling depressed is a normal and natural 13
to experiences of loss, failure,
and
undeserved bad luck. Indeed, it has been pointed
out that without depression, we would 14 much of
the world's great
tragic literature,
music, and art.
- 3 -
In
some
cases,
however,
depression
becomes
something
more
than
just
15
feelings
of
blues
or
letdown.
A
large
number of
people suffer from what psychiatrists call
illness.
than common
listless feelings. Sometimes a serious 17 of
depression can begin with the loss of a loved one
or a change of
job. Many times, in very
18 cases, there doesn't
seem to be any circumstance serious enough to have
caused the depression.
Some
psychiatrists suggest that the key feature in
depression is change. The person becomes different
from the way
before
the
onset
of
his
depression.
He
may
even
become
the
opposite
of
his
usual
self.
There
are
many
examples:
the
businessman who becomes a wanderer, the
mother who wants to 19 her children and herself.
Instead of seeking satisfaction
and
pleasure, the depressed person
20
it.
A. ever
E. avoids
I. severe
M. harm
B.
F.
J.
N.
escape
even
lessen
lack
C.
G.
K.
O.
intense
express
dense
normal
D.
response
H.
realization
L.
period
Unit Nine
A growing world
population and the discoveries of science may 11
this pattern of distribution in the future. As men
slowly
learn to master diseases,
control floods, prevent famines, and stop wars,
fewer people die every year; and in 12 the
population of the world is 13
increasing. In 1925 there were about 2,000 million
people in the world; by the end of the
century there may well be over 4,000
million.
When numbers rise the 14
mouths must be fed. New lands must be I bought
under cultivation, or land already farmed made
to 15 larger crops. In some areas the
accessible land is largely so intensively 16 that
it will be difficult to make it provide
more food. In some areas the population
is so dense that the land is parceled out in units
too 17 to allow for much
improvement in
farming methods. Were a larger part of this
farming population drawn off into industrial
occupations, the
land might be farmed
much more productively by modern methods.
There is now a race for science,
technology, and industry to keep the
18 of food rising faster than the
number of
people to be fed.
New strains of crops are being
developed which will thrive in
19
climates;
irrigation and
dry-farming methods
bring poor lands under the plough, dams hold back
the waters of great rivers to
20
water
for the
fields in all seasons and to provide electric
power
for
new
industries;
industrial
chemistry
provides
fertilizers
to
suit particular soils;
aero planes spray crops to
destroy insects
and
many plant
diseases.
A.
ensure
B.
violently
C.
alter
D.
harmful
E.
cultivated
F.
unique
G. transplanted
H.
yield
I.
consequence
J.
output
K.
extra
L.
steadily M. tiny
N.
unfavorable
O. produce
Unit Ten
Passage 2
In the United States, it is not 11 to
telephone someone very early in the morning. If
you telephone him early in the day,
while he is shaving or having
breakfast, the time of the call shows that the
matter is very important and requires immediate
attention. The same meaning is attached
to telephone calls made after 11: 00 p. m. . If
someone receives a call during
sleeping
hours, he 12 it's a matter of life and death. The
time chosen for the call 13 its importance.
In 14 life, time plays a very important
part. In the U. S. A. , guests tend to feel they
are not highly regarded if the 15 to a
dinner party is extended only three or
four days before the party date. But it is not
true in all countries. In other areas of the
world, it may be considered foolish to
make an appointment too far in 16 because plans
which are made for a date more
than a
week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of
time differs in different parts of the world.
Thus, misunderstandings
17 between
people from cultures that treat time differently.
Promptness is valued 18 in American
life, for example. If people are not prompt, they
may be regarded as impolite or not
fully responsible. In the U. S. no one
would think of keeping a business 19 waiting for
an hour, it would be too impolite. A
person who is 5 minutes late is
20
to make a short
apology.
If he
is
less
than
5
minutes
late,
he
will
say
a
few
words
of explanation, though
perhaps he will not complete the
sentence.
A. highly
B.
engagement
C.
customary
D.
social
- 4 -
E. inform
F.
invitation
G.
advance
H.
absence
I.
heavily
J.
associate
K.
expected
L.
assumes
M. habitual
N.
arise
O.
communicates
Unit Eleven
Passage 2
Personality is, to a large extent,
inherent
—
A-type parents,
usually bring about A-type children. But the
environment must
also have a 11 effect,
wince if competition is important to the parents
it is likely to become a major 12 in the lives of
their
children.
One place
where children soak up A characteristics is
school, which is, by its very nature, a highly
competitive institution.
Too
many schools 13 the
current 14 for
making children compete against their classmates
or against the clock produces a two-layer system,
in which
competitive A types seem in
some way better than their B-type fellows. Being
15 keen to win can have dangerous
consequences: remember that
Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped
dead seconds after saying;
conquer!
By far the worst
form of competition in schools is the extreme 16
on examinations. It is a rare school that allows
pupils to
17 on those things they do
well. The merits of competition by examination are
somewhat 18 , but competition in the certain
knowledge of failure is positively
harmful.
Obviously, it is
neither
19
nor desirable that all A youngsters
change into B's.
The world needs types, and
schools have an important duty to try
to 20
a
child's
personality to his
possible
future employment.
It
is top
management.
A.
enough
B.
fit
C.
emphasis
D.
practical
E.
innumerable
F.
concentrate
G.
adopt
H.
questionable
I.
profound
J.
factor
K.
too
L.
substance
M.
passion
N.
emotion
O.
fix
UNIT 12
Passage 2
As the 11 of life
continues to increase, we are fast losing the art
of relaxation. Once you are in habit of rushing
through life,
being on the go from
morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But
relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and
body.
Stress is a natural part of
everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In
fact, it is not the bad thing it is often 12 to
be. A
certain amount of stress is 13 to
provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is
only when the stress gets out of control
that it can lead to poor
14
and ill health.
The amount of stress a person can 15
depends very much on the individual. Some people
are not afraid of stress, and such
characters are 16 prime material for
managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at
the first signs of 17 difficulties. When
exposed to stress, in whatever form, we
react both chemically and physically. In fact we
make choice between
unlikely
to be so 18 , but however little the stress, it
involves the same response. It is when such a
reaction lasts long,
through continued
19 to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such
serious conditions as high blood pressure and
heart
disease have established links
with stress. Since we cannot 20 stress from our
lives(it would be unwise to do so even if we
could) , we need to find ways to deal
with it.
A.
cancel
B. pace
C. extreme
D. automatically
E.
remove
F. vital
G. performance
H. supposed
I.
rate
J.
exposure
K. achievement
L.
unusual
M
obviously
N withstand
O harsh
Unit Thirteen
Passage 2
What is your
favorite color? Do you like yellow, orange, red?
If you do, you must be an optimist, a leader, an
active person
who 11 life, people and
excitement. Do you prefer greys and blues? Then
you are probably quiet, shy, and you would rather
follow than lead. You 12 to be a
pessimist. At least, this is what psychologists
tell us, and they should know, because they
have been seriously studying the
meaning of color preference, as well as the effect
that colors have on human beings. They
tell us, among other 13 , that we do
not choose our favorite color as we grow
up
—
we are born with our
preference. If you
happen to love
brown, you did so, as soon as you opened your
eyes, or at least as soon as you could see
clearly.
Colors do 14 our
moods
—
there is no doubt
about it. A yellow room makes most people feel
more cheerful and more
- 5
-
relaxed than a dark green one; and a
red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest
winter day. On the other hand, black
is
15 .A black bridge over the Thames River, near
London, used to be the 16 of more suicides than
any other bridge in the
area
—
until it was
repainted green. The number of suicide attempts
immediately fell 17 perhaps it would have fallen
even
more if the bridge had been done
in pink or baby blue.
Light and
18
colors make people not only
happier but more active. It is
an
19
fact that factory workers work better,
harder, and have fewer
20
when their machines are painted
orange
rather than black or grey.
A.
bright
B. scene
C.
wholly
D.
favor
E.
facts
F. depressing
G.
accidents
H.
interfere
I. established
J. incidents
K.
disgusting
L.
sharply
M.
enjoys
N.
tend
O.
influence
Unit Fourteen
Passage 2
Women are also
underrepresented in the administration and this is
because there are so few women 11 professors. In
1985,
Regent Beryl Milburn produced a
report blasting the University of Texas System
administration for not 12 women. The
University was rated among the lowest
for the system. In a 1587 update, Milburn 13 and
praised the progress that was made
and
called for even more
14
One of the positive results from her
study was a system-wide program to inform women of
available administrative jobs.
College
of Communication Associate Dean, Patricia
Witherspoon, said it is important that woman be 15
when it comes to
relocating if they
want to 16
in the ranks.
Although a woman may face a chilly 17
on campus, many times in order for her to succeed,
she must rise above the
problems around
her and concentrate on her work.
Until
women make up a greater 18 of the senior positions
in the University and all academia, inequalities
will exist.
Spirduso said.
discrimination that they think exists
here, they are 20 wasting valuable study time.
A. full
B.
recalled
C.
improvement
D.
rise
E. encouraging
F.
flexible
G.
recognized
H.
idly
I.
ratio
J.
persuading
K.
movable
L.
possibly
M. successful
N.
climate
O.
percentage
Unit Fifteen
Passage 2
In October 1987,
the National Board for Professional Teaching
Standards began
its
work
to
set
new
standards
of
accomplishment
for
the
teaching
profession and to improve the
11
of education available to
all
children in the United States.
Teachers are 12 to students and their
learning. They must act on the belief that all
students can learn. They must recognize
13 differences in their students and
adjust their practice 14 . They must know that
their mission extends beyond developing
the cognitive capacity of their
students. They must be 15 with their students'
self-concept, with their motivation, and with
the development of character.
Teachers must know the subjects they
teach and how to teach them. They must 16
specialized knowledge of how to convey
a subject to students. Teachers are
responsible for managing and monitoring student
learning. They must call on 17 methods
to meet their goals, knowing and being
able to 18 a variety of instructional skills.
Teachers must think systematically about
their practice and learn from
experience, seeking the 19 of others and drawing
on education research and scholarship to
improve their practice.
As
members of learning communities, teachers
contribute to school effectiveness by
collaborating with other professionals.
They take ___20
of
community resources,
cultivating knowledge of their school's
community as a powerful resource for
learning.
A.
employ
B.
advice
C.
quantity
D.
committed
E. command
F.
consulted
G.
manual
H.
approximately
I. concerned
J.
advantage
K.
multiple
L.
accordingly
M.
individual
N.
embrace
O.
quality
- 6 -
Unit Sixteen
Passage 2
If you are looking for information,
library shelves are a good place to start. But if
you need up-to-the-minute data or have
specialized needs, you may find a
computerized database more useful, less expensive,
and less time 11 .A database, a file of
information on one subject or family of
subjects, can be stored and 12 in a computer's
memory. The speed of the computer
then
13 you to recall any item in this file almost
14
The three
main types of databases are statistical,
bibliographic, and full text. Statistical
databases store 15 amounts of
numerical
data, such as wage and price indexes, census
information, foreign 16 rates and bond prices.
Bibliographic
databases store
references to and summaries of articles in
periodicals and newspapers. Full-text databases
offer the complex
texts of such 17
as newspaper, magazine, and
journal articles.
Thousands of
databases exist today, and their numbers are
growing. Many companies have their in-house
database, which is
18 to employees
through computer terminals or microcomputers. In
addition, several hundred commercial databases are
now available to the 19 , with
literally millions of items of information readily
obtainable. These databases 20 specific
fields, such as law and financial
forecasting, or general information, such as
sports and weather data.
A. exchange
B.
public
C.
instantly
D.
cover
E. enables
F.
consuming
G.
remained
H.
materials
I.
hide
J.
intensively
K.
vast
L.
communication
s
M.
exhausting
N.
accessible
0.
maintained
Unit Seventeen
Passage 2
No one knows
exactly how many disabled people there are in the
world, but 11
suggest the
figure is over 450 million.
The number of disabled people in
India
12
is probably more than
double the total population of Canada.
In the United Kingdom, about one in ten
people have some disability. Disability is not
just something that happens to other
people: as we get older, many of us
will become less
13
, hard of hearing or have failing
eyesight.
Disablement can take many
forms and occur at any time of life. Some people
are born with disabilities. Many others
become disabled as they get older.
There are many 14 disabling diseases. The longer
time goes on, the worse they become.
Some people are disabled in accidents.
Many others may have a period of disability in the
form of a mental illness. All are
affected by people's attitude towards
them.
Disabled people face many 15
barriers. Next time you go shopping or to work or
to visit friends, imagine how you would
16 if you could not get up steps, or on
to buses and trains. How would you cope if you
could not see where you were going
or
could not hear the traffic? But there are other
barriers; 17 can be even harder to break down and
ignorance 18 represents
by far the
greatest barrier of all. It is almost impossible
for the able-bodied to fully appreciate what the
severely disabled go
through, so it is
important to 19 attention to these barriers and
show that it is the individual person and their
ability, not their
disability, which
20
A.
inevitably
B.
evaluations
C.
estimates
D.
manage
E.
alone
F.
counts
G.
prejudice
H.
physical
I.
mobile
J.
indifferently
K.
withdraw
L.
progressive
M.
regular
N.
accounts
O.
draw
Unit Eighteen
Passage 2
Social customs and
ways of behaving change. Things which were
considered impolite many years ago are now
11
.
Just a few years ago, it was
12 impolite behavior for a
man to smoke on the street.
No man who
thought of himself as being a gentleman
would make a
13
of himself by smoking when a lady was
in a room.
Customs also differ from
country to country.
Does a
man walk on the left or the right of a woman in
your country? Or
doesn't it 14 ? What
about table manners? Should you use both hands
when you are eating? Should you leave one in your
lap, or on the table?
The
Americans and the British not only speak the same
language but also 15 a large number of social
customs. For example,
in both America
and England people shake hands when they meet each
other for the first time. Also, most Englishmen
will
open a door for a woman or offer
their seat to a woman, and so will most Americans.
16 is important both in England and in
America. That is, if a dinner
invitation is for 7 o'clock, the dinner guest
either arrives
17
to
that time or calls up
- 7 -
to explain his
18
The important thing to remember about
social customs is not to do anything that might
make other people feel
uncomfortable
—
19
if they are your guests. There is an old story
about a man who gave a formal dinner party. When
the
food was served, one of the guests
started to eat his peas with a knife. The other
guests were amused or shocked, but the
20
calmly picked up his knife
and began eating in the same way.
A.
especially
B.
attainable
C.
close
D.
delay
E.
considered
F.
host
G.
delivery
H.
Preparation
I.
share
J.
fool
K.
specifically
L.
acceptable
M.
matter
N.
Promptness
0.
care
Unit Nineteen
Passage 2
The economy of the
United States after 1952 was the economy of a
well-fed, almost fully employed people. Despite 11
alarms, the country escaped any postwar
depression and lived in a 12 of boom. An economic
survey of the year 1955, a
typical year
of the 1950's, may be typical as 13 the rapid
economic growth of the decade. The national output
was 14 at 10
percent above that of
1954(1955 output was estimated at 392 billion
dollars). The production of manufactures was about
40
percent more than it had 15 in the
years immediately following World War I . The
country's business spent about 30 billion
dollars for new factories and
machinery. National income 16 for spending was
almost a third greater than it had been in
1950. Consumers spent about 256 billion
dollars; that is about 700 million dollars a day,
or about twenty-five million
dollars
every hour, all round the 17 . Sixty-five million
people held jobs and only a little more than two
million wanted jobs
but could not find
them. Only agriculture 18 that it was not sharing
in the boom. To some observers this was a sad
reflection of the mid-1920's. As
farmers' share of their products 19 , marketing
costs rose. But there were, among the
observers of the national economy, a
few who were not as confident as the majority.
Those few seemed to fear
that the
boom could not last long and
would
20
lead to the
opposite
—
depression.
A.
eventually
E. valued
I.
casual
M. clock
B.
F.
J.
N.
averaged
form
argued
available
C.
G.
K.
O.
gradually
declined
descended
illustrating
D.
H.
L.
state
occasional
complained
Unit
Twenty
Passage 2
Growth of trade will depend greatly on
availability of energy sources. There may still be
a trillion barrels of recoverable oil
in the Middle East.
But the oil crisis of 1974
has
11
to renewed interest in coal and to a
search for
12 sources of
energy. Solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy will
play a large role in the years to come.
Solar energy is available in 13 forms.
Buildings can be heated and cooled by direct use
of solar radiation, crops and trees,
which are the most efficient converters
of sunlight into energy, can be grown for their
energy potential, wastes can be
burned
as 14 , sunlight can be converted into DC (direct
current) electricity, electric power can be 15
from the sun-warmed
surface waters of
the ocean, and lastly, solar radiation can be
converted into heat that will drive electric power
generators.
Serious problems still
remain as to 16 and storage of solar energy.
Geothermal
energy
is
the
energy
contained
within
the
earth.
Heat
is abundantly available
deep in the
earth's core and is
constantly being produced. However, this heat is
usually located at too deep a level for
17
exploitation.
In short, very little is known on the use of
geothermal energy, and it has
18 been exploited.
Nuclear energy is produced in nuclear
power plants. At these plants atoms of uranium are
split, thus
19
masses of energy.
Another source of energy
under development is the nuclear fusion
of certain atoms of hydrogen. This could
eventually
20
natural gas as
a source of
energy.
A. rarely
E. led
I.
derived
M.
transportation
UNIT 21
B.
transformation
C.
fuel
F.
alternative
G.
commercial
J.
various
K.
relieving
N.
financial
O.
described
D.
H.
L.
replace
briefly
releasing
- 8 -
Like most parents, geologist Brain
Atwater worries about his daughter's safety. But
these days, he has an unusual concern;
The public school she
11 in Seattle has unreinforced brick
walls, a
12
being easy to collapse during
earthquakes. The same
13
of walls crushed hundreds of thousands
of people during the 1976 Tangshan quake in
China.
A decade ago, Atwater
would have paid little notice to schoolroom walls.
But over the last several years, he and other
scientists have found 14 signs that the
Pacific Northwest has experienced giant quakes in
the distant past and that the area
may
be headed for a destructive shock in the near
future.
At a meeting of the American
Geophysical Union in December, researchers
discussed the 15 uncovered evidence of quake
potential in the Pacific Northwest.
While some remain unconvinced that huge
earthquakes
—
with magnitudes
of 8 or
higher
—
do
indeed 16 this region, a growing number consider
such shocks a serious possibility.
What's worrisome, they say, is that
northwestern cities such as Portland, Seattle and
Vancouver have not prepared for
earthquakes of this magnitude, which
could shake the region's 17 centers with enough
force to make the recent San
Francisco
area damage seem
18
in comparison.
Paul Somerville of Woodward.
At the meeting, Somerville and his colleagues 19
estimates of the degree of shaking.
Portland and Seattle would suffer
during such a
20
earthquake.
A.
massive
B.
recently
C.
construction
D.
displayed
E.
relatively
F.
attends
G.
type
H.
strike
I.
structure
J.
participates
K.
excessive
L.
mild
M.
disturbing
N.
population
0.
presented
Unit Twenty-Two
Passage 2
During the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries, migrations
have taken place within 11 countries; the cities
with their
industries have attracted
people away from the country. The possibility of
earning a fixed 12 in a factory or office was more
attractive than the possibility of
staying on the farm and having one's
work
13
by
frost,
storms,
or
droughts.
Furthermore,
the
development of agricultural machinery
made it possible for fewer people to do the same
14
of
work.
Thus, at the
same time when the industrial revolution made it
possible to produce goods more 15 and more quickly
in
factories, agricultural revolution
also took place. Instead of leaving fields empty
every third year, farmers began to plant
clover or some other crop that would 16
the soil. Instead of using only animal fertilizer,
farmers began to use chemical
fertilizers to keep the soil
• 150 •
rich.
These methods
have enabled French farmers,
for example,
to
get five times as much wheat as w
as
17
from the same land two centuries ago.
In many countries farmers find it more
18 to raise only one crop or one kind of animal.
They choose the kind that gives the
best results. Then they sell all that
they produce, instead of trying to grow a little
of everything and consume what they
grow. This is a more feasible type of
19 because modern methods and machinery are
adapted to specific animals and
specific crops. Therefore, it would be
too expensive to do all the work by hand, or to
buy the 20
needed for
several
different kinds of farming.
A.
salary
E.
deserted
I.
equivalent
M.
destroyed
B.
freely
F.
operation
J.
enrich
N.
certain
C.
profitable
K. fruitful
O.
cheaply
D. obtained
H. payment
L.
equipment
Unit Twenty-
Three
Passage 2
The difference between a liquid and a
gas is obvious under the conditions of temperature
and pressure commonly found at
the
surface of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an
open container and fill it to the level of a free
surface. A gas forms no
free surface
but tends to diffuse throughout the 11 available;
it must therefore be kept in a closed container or
held by a
gravitational field, as in
the 12 of a planet's atmosphere. The distinction
was a 13 feature of early theories describing the
- 9 -
phases of
matter. In the nineteenth century, for example,
one theory maintained that a liquid could be
without losing its identity, and
another theory 14 that the two phases are made up
of different kinds of molecules. The
theories now prevailing take a quite
different approach by emphasizing what liquids and
gases have in 15 They are both
forms of
matter that have no 16 structure, and they both
flow readily.
The fundamental
similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly
apparent when the temperature and pressure are 17
somewhat. Suppose a closed container 18
filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid
expands, or in other words becomes less
dense; some of it evaporates. In
contrast, the vapor above the liquid surface
becomes denser as the evaporated molecules
are 19 to it. The combination of
temperature and pressure at which the densities
become
20
is called the critical point.
A.
added
B.
case
C.
prominent
D.
held
E.
equal
F.
partially
G.
example
H.
previous
' I. space
J, lifted
K.
permanent
L.
particularly
M. extended
N.
raised
0.
common
Unit Twenty-Four
Passage 2
Scientists at
Sussex University appear to be on the way to 11
how the mosquito, carrier of diseases such as
malaria and
yellow fever, homes in on
its target. The problem is that they have found
that the best way to avoid being bitten is: stop
breathing, stop sweating, and keep down
the temperature of your immediate surroundings. 12
the first suggestion is
impossible and
the others very difficult.
Scientists
have found that there are three 13 stages in a
mosquito's assault. Stage one is at fifty feet
away, when the insec
t
first
smells a man or a animal to 14 . Stage two is
thought to come into operation about twenty-five
feet from the target,
when the insect
becomes guided by the carbon dioxide breathed out
by the intended victim. Stage three is when the
mosquito is only a matter of inches
from its 15 the warmth and moisture given off by
the vic
tim is the final
clue.
The researchers then *
16 how repellents interfere with its three-stage
attack. They found repellents act more subtly than
by
just giving off a nasty smell. A
Canadian researcher says that repellents appear to
17 mosquitoes first when it is following
the carbon dioxide and second during
the final approach, where the warmth and moisture
are the insect's
18
.
Air pervaded by one of the many
chemical repellents stops the mosquito reacting to
the victim's carbon dioxide, and the
repellent seems to affect the tiny
hairs with which the insect senses moisture in the
air. The sensors are blocked so that the
19
does not know whether it is flying
through a moist current, or
the sensors
are made to send the
20
signals.
A. examined
B.
animal
C.
wrong
D.
insect
E.
bite
F.
Unfortunately G.
inventing
H.
distinct
I.
prey
J.
guide
K.
checked
L.
definite
M.
Unnecessarily
N.
confuse
O.
discovering
Unit Twenty-Five
Passage 2
Climate, more than
any other single factor, 11 the distribution of
life on Earth. Climatic boundaries establish the
limits
within which organisms can
survive. Plants, even more than animals, must be
12 adapted to climate in order to survive.
They cannot move about or
take shelter but must be equipped to 13 whatever
weather conditions are likely to occur. In the
harsh conditions of the far north of
the earth, for example, low growing mosses,
lichens, and a few flowering plants all hold
to the ground for shelter from icy
winds.
Animals, despite their 14 to
move about and find shelter, are just as much
influenced by climate as plants are. Creatures
such as the camel and the penguin are
so highly specialized that they have an 15 limited
distribution. Others, such as bears,
are flexible enough to adapt to a 16
range of climates.. Ocean-dwelling organisms are
just as sensitive to climatic
changes
—
in this
case temperature and
salinity
—
as land animals.
Reef corals can survive only in clear warm
seawater.
Certain foraminaters are so
sensitive to changes in their 17 that their
presence can be taken as an 18 of sea temperature.
Human beings are among the 19
specialized of all animals and can live almost
anywhere.
Their clothes and
their homes
20
as a sort of
A.
least
E.
broad
I.
endure
B.
determines
c.
ability
F.
behave
G.
worst
J.
extremely
K.
entertain
D.
urgently
H.
index
L.
well
- 10 -
Unit Twenty-Six
M.
neighborhood
N.
act
O.
environment
Passage 2
I have never
attended a large company's board meeting in my
life, but I feel certain that the discussion often
takes the
following lines. The 11 of
producing a new
—
for
example
—
toothpaste would
make 8 Op the decent price for it, so we will
market it at £
l. 20. It is
not a bad toothpaste (not specially good either,
but not bad) , and as people like to try new
things it
will sell well to start with;
but the 12 of novelty soon fades, so sales will 13
. When that starts to happen we will reduce
the
price to £
l.
15. And we will turn it into a bargain by printing
5p OFF all over it, whereupon people will rush to
buy it even
though it still costs about
forty-three percent more than its
14
price.
Sometimes it is not 5p OFF but lp OFF.
What a shame to advertise lp OFF your soap or
washing powder or dog food or
whatever.
Even the poorest old-age pensioner ought to regard
this as an insult, but he doesn't. A bargain must
not be 15 To
be offered a
Even if it represented a 16 reduction
it would be an insult. Still, people say, one has
to have washing powder (or whatever)
and one might as well buy it a penny
cheaper. When I was a boy in Hungary a man was 17
of murdering someone for the
sake of
one pengo, the equivalent of a shilling, and
pleaded 18 The judge shouted 19 :
can
you say in your 20 ?
says, too:
A.
missed
B.
defense
C.
real
D.
cost
E.
anxiously
F.
attraction
G.
fair
H.
expense
I.
fall
J.
angrily
K.
dismissed
L.
accused
M.
guilty
N.
faulty
O.
security
Unit Twenty-
Seven
Passage 2
Sugar is so much a part of our modern
life that we only really think about it when, for
some 11 , we cannot obtain it. It has
been known to man for at least 3,000
years, but has 12 into common use only in 13
times. Until quite recently it was
considered as a medicine and as a
luxury for the very rich only.
Sugar
is, then, 14 to our civilization. But what 15 is
it? Of course, most of us recognize sugar
immediately as the sweet
material which
we put in coffee or cakes. This common form of
sugar is derived from two plants: the sugar cane
(a type of
grass which grows to a
height of twenty feet) and the sugar beet (which
grows under ground). But there are in fact many
types of sugar, and the chemist
recognizes hundreds of different 16 , each coming
from a different source.
About 90% of
the sugar is produced as food. Only 10% is used in
industry for 17 other than food production. Yet
sugar has
great possibilities for use
as the basis of chemicals. It can even be used for
making plastics. In the future these potential
uses
will certainly be developed more
than in the past.
There are many
reasons why we should
18
the production of sugar.
Most important is that it is one of the most
highly concentrated of energy foods.
Thus sugar cane and beet produce an
average of 7,000,000 calories per acre. In this
way they have the advantage over
potatoes which give only 4, 000, 000,
while the 19 for wheat and beans is 2 ,000,000
each. So three acres of land growing
wheat, beans and potatoes give only
20
more energy than one acre
of
sugar.
A.
slightly
B.
intention
C.
reason
D.
modern
E.
strongly
F.
figure
G.
come
H.
significant
I.
exactly
J.
increase
K.
proposals
L.
turn
M. purposes
N.
varieties
O.
serious
Unit Twenty-Eight
Passage 2
The birth of computers has brought with
it a new set of opportunities for mischief and
crime. Today, computers are easy to
come by and many people know how
computer technology 11 . More importantly, the
growing use of computer networks
can
multiply the violation of security, making large
numbers of people more vulnerable than would be
the case if they were
using
12
, stand-alone
computers.
What's more, computer
experts agree that
—
despite
recent widespread publicity-computer viruses are
13 one of the many
computer security
problems facing the nation.
The U. S.
Defense Advanced Research Project Agency has
requested that the Research Council's Science and
Technology
- 11 -
Board 14 the security problems posed by
computer technology, see what 15 may already
exist, review research efforts 16 at
avoiding security problems in the
future, and evaluate existing policies 17 to
computer security. The study committee will
examine the 18 of security for a broad
spectrum of users, including the business,
national security, and academic
communities, as well as the 19 public.
David. Clark, senior research
scientist, Laboratory for Computer Science,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
will
chair the
20
of experts in
electronic
security, net-work security, computer law,
software engineering ? and operating systems. The
committee will
also include computer
users from the defense and banking industries.
A. only
B.
works
C.
solutions
D.
general
E. issue
F.
fundamentally
G.
universal
H.
assess
I.
aimed
J.
single
K.
committee
L.
generates
M. relevant
N.
question
O.
community
Unit Twenty-Nine
Passage 2
Leonardo da Vinci
was the first man to suggest that growing trees
add a new ring in their trunks each year.
The
11
in these rings relates to the physical
conditions which the tree experienc
es.
Thus, trees grown in a
12
area and time
each develop a pattern or configuration of their
rings.
This 13 was of little
significance until Andrew E. Douglas began to
study tree rings in Arizona in 1900. Using a
technique
called cross dating, he was
able to employ tree rings to the study of
archaeological sites and date the ruins with 14 .
Some
were as old as 6700 B. C. ! This
study of tree rings is called dendrochronology.
In time the cross dating was 15 by a
carbon 14 process. This approach measured the
amount of carbon 14 radiating from a
piece of wood and 16 to determine the
age of that wood. Further use of the carbon 14
technique has shown that the radiation
process is more complex and less 17
than had been at first thought.
The
most
18
aspect
of
tree
ring
research
is
now
called
dendroclimatology. This 19 of the
reconstruction of climates and climatic cycles and
events from the evidence found in the
tree rings. From this it is hoped that
a 20 of drought cycles can be determined in the
American Southwest. Such information
will be of great help in determining
the life and ecology of that region of the United
States.
A.
thus
E.
accuracy
I.
proposition
M.
supplemented
B.
model
F.
exciting
C.
G.
K.
O.
variation
consists
further
excellent
D.
H.
L.
concept
given
pattern
J.
composes
N.
reliable
Unit Thirty
Passage 2
Gary Finkle had
his backbone severely 11 in a swimming-pool
accident seven years ago. A heavy-set, bearded man
of 27,
he is one of thousands of
Americans who have lost 12 all feeling and
movement from their shoulders down. He lives with
his wife, Micky, and a female monkey
named Jo outside the village of Andes, N. Y.
Gary is a participant in a remarkable
13 called Helping Hands: Simian Aides for the
disabled. The nonprofit organization 14
the disabled with trained monkeys that
reduce the disabled person's 15 on family, friends
and hired attendants.
Using his mouth,
Gary controls a small laser pointer mounted on his
wheelchair. With it, he directs Jo to change books
or
cassette player. She brings him
drinks from a refrigerator and
16
away empties.
When asked, Jo will fetch the remote
control for the TV and place it on Gary's working
table where he can operate it with
his
mouth-stick. The mouth-stick is his 17 tool. It
can be used for practically everything: turning
the pages of a book, 18 the
telephone,
changing channels on the TV, working at a
typewriter or computer. If Gary's mouth-stick
drops to the floor, Jo
will pick it up
and
19
reinsert it into his mouth.
He will always
need
20 assistance
for such things as getting in or
out of
bed, bathing or changing his clothes. A.
human
B.
dependency
C.
humble
D.
virtually
E.
injured
F.
clears
G.
visibly
H.
agent
I.
cleans
J.
supplies
K.
wounded
L.
primary
M.
dialing
N.
enterprise
O.
gently
Unit Thirty-One
Passage 2
- 12 -