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微妙-会计毕业论文题目
Abstract: As we know, Hanfeizi is the most
representative figure of the legist school.
His ideas are best described in his book
“Hanfeizi ”,in which he strongly advocated
the
importance of “law”, “means”, “force ” for an
emperor to control his country.
About one
thousand years later, in Italy there was an
politician named Machiavelli.
In his famous
book called “The Prince”, he adopted the same
attitude with Hanfeizi
towards how an emperor
should rule his country. In this paper, the author
tries to
explore some similarities and some
dissimilarities between the two great thinkers
from the aspect of their background, their
attitudes towards the nature and
relationship
of human beings and so on.
I
Similarities in their backgrounds
Hanfeizi (280BC_233BC) was born in the Spring and
Autumn Period in Han state.
At that time Han
state was the most weakest state of the seven
states.
Hanfeizi ,who was much influenced by
his teacher Xunzi and the Taoism, saw the
political corruption in his country and put
forward much useful advice to carry out
reform.. Unfortunately the emperor of Han
would not like to adopt his ideas and let
his
country wither away. However the emperor of
Qinshihuang admired the talent of
Hanfeizi and
wanted to give him a position in Qin state.
Although Qinshihuang finally
killed Hanfeizi
owing to listening to the unfaithful advice of
Lisi., he ruled his country
on the principles
advocated by Hanfeizi. Until that time did the
divived situation
come to an end and the
united central right come out.
Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy at a
time when the country was in political
upheaval . Italy was divided between four
dominant city-states, and each of these
was
continually at the mercy of the stronger foreign
governments of Europe. Since
1434 Florence was
ruled by the wealthy Medici family. Their rule was
temporarily
interrupted by a reform movement,
begun in 1494, in which the young Machiavelli
became an important diplomat. When the Medici
family regained power in 1512 with
the help of
Spanish troops, Machiavelli was tortured and
removed from public life.
For the next 10
years he devoted himself to writing history,
political philosophy, and
even plays. He
ultimately gained favor with the Medici family and
was called back to
public duty for the last
two years of his life. Machiavelli's greatest
work is The
Prince, written in 1513 and
published after his death in 1532. The work
immediately
provoked controversy and was soon
condemned by Pope Clement VIII. Its main
theme
is that princes should retain absolute control of
their territories, and they
should use any
means of expediency to accomplish this end,
including deceit.
Scholars struggle over
interpreting Machiavelli's precise point. In
several section
Machiavelli praises Caesar
Borgia, a Spanish aristocrat who became a
notorious and
much despised tyrant of the
Romagna region of northern Italy. During
Machiavelli's
early years as a diplomat, he
was in contact with Borgia and witnessed Borgia's
rule
first hand. Does Machiavelli hold up
Borgia as the model prince? Some readers
initially saw The Prince as a satire on
absolute rulers such as Borgia, which showed
the repugnance of arbitrary power
(thereby implying the importance of liberty).
However, this theory fell apart when, in 1810,
a letter by Machiavelli was discovered
in
which he reveals that he wrote The Prince to
endear himself to the ruling Medici
family in
Florence. To liberate Italy from the influence of
foreign governments,
Machiavelli explains that
strong indigenous governments are important, even
if they
are absolutist.
II
Similarities in their attitudes reflected in their
works
force
From the experience
Machiavelli learned that weak countries had no
diplomatic
relationship with other counties.
In his work he put forward that the weakest thing
in the world was the power that was
exaggerated. He tried to persuade the emperor
to make a strong army, which would become the
solid foundation of any course.
While Hanfeizi
held the same opinion with Machiavelli, he said
that the most
important task for an emperor
was to develop his country in many ways such as
increasing the production of agriculture,
establish clear encouragement and
punishment
laws, have a forceful army under his control.
2. On humans nature and their relationship
Though humanists of Machiavelli's time
believed that an individual had much to
offer
to the well being of the state, Machiavelli was
quick to mock human nature.
Humanists believed
that aturity- both intellectually
and morally-
through participation' in the life of the
state.
Machiavelli generally distrusted
citizens, stating that e of adversity, when
the state is in need of it's citizens there
are few to be found.” Machiavelli further
went
on to question the loyalty of the citizens and
advised the Prince that
en a wretched
creatures who would not keep their word to you,
you
need keep your word to them.
The same
to Hanfeizi. Under the influence of his teacher
Xunzi, Hanfeizi adhered to
the principle that
human nature was bad. And his developed his ideas
to the
enumerated kingdom which he thought was
the heaven of the earth. He believed
that
human beings were driven by the greed for profit.
We can see some trace in his
famous saying:
strict mother has kind children, while kind mother
has brute children.
Both of them believed
that the relationship among human beings was a
kind of
naked interest_oriented relationship.
They make use of each other, not believe in
others, and would try every means to reach
ones aims.
the image of emperor.
In The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli presents a view
of governing : state that is
drastically
different from that of humanists of his time.
Machiavelli believes the
ruling Prince should
be the sole authority determining every aspect of
the state and
put in effect a policy, which
would serve his best interests. These interests
were
gaining, maintaining, and expanding his
political power. His understanding of
human nature was a complete
contradiction of what humanists believed and
taught. Machiavelli strongly promoted a
secular society and felt morality was not
necessary but in fact stood in the way of an
effectively governed principality.
Though in
come cases Machiavelli's suggestions seem harsh
and immoral one must
remember that these views
were derived out of concern Italy's unstable
political condition. If a prince can not be
both feared and loved, Machiavelli suggests,
it would be better for him to be feared
bey
the citizens within his own principality. He makes
the generalization that men
are,
profit;
while you treat them well they are as being self
centered and not willing to act in the best
interest of the state,
is in danger they turn
against[him].
feared by stating: Machiavelli
postulates that a prince must also deceive those
whoattempt to flatter him.
In choosing
wise men for his government and allowing those the
freedom to speak
the truth to him, and then
only concerning matters on which he asks their
opinion,
and nothing else. But he should also
question them toughly and listen to what they
say; then he should make
up his own mind.
Machiavelli actively promoted a secular form
of politics. He laid aside the
Medievalli
conception
material, and social well-
being.
of political power only
if it
contributed to the common good of the people he
served, and the ethical side of
a princes
activity...ought to be based on Christian moral
principles....
Machiavelli believed a secular
form of government to be a more realistic type.
His
views were to the benefit of the prince,
in helping him maintain power rather than to
serve to the well being of the citizens.
Machiavelli promoted his belief by stating:
The fact is that a man who wants to act
virtuously in every way necessarily comes
to
grief among those who are not virtuous. Therefore,
if a prince wants to maintain his rule he must
learn not to be sovirtuous, and to
make use of
this or not according to need.
Hanfeizi also
had the same attitude .He advocated his ideas
about the
“law”, ”mean”, ”force”. Many
emperors in the Chinese history adopted his ideas
in
order to rule their countries. He believed
that as an emperor ,one should know the
dividing line of the encouragement and
punishment and use these them wisely. The
emperor should learn to get rid of the
opponents and use law to rule the country so
that all the citizen would know what they
should do and what they should not.
III
Their different result
Hanfeizis ideas
have led our country to the absolutism, while
Machiavellis ideas
became the
resources
of the western democracy. Their ideas were about
the same, why their
result had so much
difference? This was because that the feudality
system lasted for
almost two thousand
after Machiavelli there existed many philosophers
in the west to discuss the validity of the
absolute monarchy. They changed with the
tides, while on the other hand we Chinese kept
the old form and too outdated.