2017年新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意(词义)解题策略(附带答案)
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2017
届新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略
高考考情分析解读：
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可 以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以
是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是 熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内
容的判断。通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一 般有
1
－
2
题。考查相对比较稳定，但难度
略有增加，需要在复杂的 句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。
在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的
意义往往不停 留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟
悉的词或词 组的含义。
2016
年全国卷设问形式例子：
(1)What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
？
(2016
年课标全国卷Ⅱ
)
(2)What does the underline phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean
？
(2016
年课标全国卷Ⅲ
)
(3)What does the word “contributions” in t
he last paragraph refer to
？
(2015
年课标全国卷Ⅰ
)
常见的命题形式有：
The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”
．
Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?
The underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2
can best be replaced by “________”
．
What does the phrase “________”in Paragraph 1 mean?
本学案结构：
利用定义
definition
或同义解释
利用构词法
word-building
单词或短语
利用语境和逻辑关系
意思猜测题
根据语法知识猜测
根据常识
common sense
判定
代词指代猜测题目
句子猜测句意题目
附：典故谚语知识储备
单词或短语意思猜测题
重述
举例
反义（同义第一部分已讲）
因果
该题型着重考查考生根据上下文 猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从
“
已知
”
得出
“
未知
”
的过程，即利用上下文的
已知部分
(
尤其是该词或短语前后的句子
)
进行推理，
有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。
考查范围涉及对
某个 生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。
定义或者同义解释：
作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义 ，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章
中，
定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。< br>下定义时，
作者通常使用信号词，
如
i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer
to, known as
等等。利用同义解释猜词
同义解释形式多样，
有的利用下定义，
有的利用
or
，
that is(to say)
，
in other words
，
namely
等引出后面的解释，
有的利用破折号 、同位语
(
从句
)
、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。
1).
Anthropology
is the scientific study of man.
2).It will be very hard but very
brittle
—
that is , it will break easily.
3). This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.
A.
Having been abandoned
B.
Having been used to home life
C.
Having been used to life in the wild
D.
Having been weak and hungry
4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.
5). She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and French equally well.
6). Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.
7).
The
schools
are
reluctant
to
take
time
off
——
even
teachers
with
tickets
for
the
England-Argentina
game
had
trouble getting the day off.
•
The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_______.
A.
kind
B. unwilling
C. free
D. careless
同义词（近义词
）
在同一句、同 一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因
此，考生只 要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。并列关系
(
同义关系）提 示
词：
and, also, as …
as,
the same as
利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义
。
例如
.
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips- of those, 51 have been abroad. I
have 42 hours to carry stem cells
（干细胞）
in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they
last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(
捐献者
) to the time they can be implanted in the
patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
题目
.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?
A. provider
B. delivery man
C. collector
D. medical doctor
9).Mr. White loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as him.
10).Mark Twain was not the author
’
s real name; it was a pseudonym.
11).The new tax law supersedes, or replaces,
the law that was in effect last year.
12).If you agree, write
“
Yes
”
; if you dissent, write
“
No
”
.
13).Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also
regard drinking as harmful.
利用构词法猜词
英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构 成的，
运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。
根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许 多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要
的构词法有助于猜测词义。< br>
根据词根、前缀、后缀、复合、派生等猜测词义。
super-
inter-
mini-
micro-
-some
anti-
co-
post-
pre-
-ship
pro-
表示“往前”
progress
['pr
ə
ugres]
n./v.
进步
promote v.
增进，促进，提高
pre-
提前，领先
predict
vt.
预测
prevent
vt.
预防；妨碍
preview
n./v.
预览；预习
prevent
记：预先
pre
走掉（
-vent
，似
went
）是预防
Timely repetition will prevent you from forgetting words.
及时重复才能预防忘记单词。
timely
adv.
及时地
repetition
n.
重复
per
“每个，都，一直”
person
n.
人
percent
n.
百分比
persist
v.
坚持
persuade [p
ə
'sweid]vt.
说服，劝服
记：一直（
per
）碎碎（
sua
）念就
可以说服
re-
表示“再次，重复，往回，
”
repeat
n./v.
重复
rewrite
v.
重写，改写
recall
v.
回想，记起；召回
recover
v.
重新获得，恢复
report
n./v
报告
表示“往上”的前缀
up-
和
in-
“向下”的前缀
de
grade
n.
等级，级别，成绩
upgrade
___________
degrade ______________
increase
n./v
上升
增加
decrease
n./v
减少，减小
in-
除了表示“往上”
，
更重要的意思是“往里”
。
和它音近的
im-
，
en-
，
em-
都是“往里”的含义
inside
a.
里面的
import
vt.
进口
记：
port
港口，进到（
im-
）港口来，叫进口
invite
v.
邀请
ink
n.
墨水
in-
是“往里”
，
那想想“往外”怎么说？
往外
ex-
，
e-
export
v./n
出口
expand
v.
扩张
exit
v.
出口
['eksit]
experience
n.
经历，经验
vt.
体会
explain
v.
解释
exhibit
v.
展览
[ig'zibit; eg-]
表示否定的前缀：
un- unfair,unhappy
non-nonsmoker
(
常用在
n. adj. adv.
前
)
in-inactive, inhuman, indirect
(
常用在
adj.)
dis-disagree,disappear
im- impolite,impossible
(
用在
b,p,m
开头的词前
)
il- illegal
ir-irreal, irregular
(B).
表示错误或失当的前缀
:
mis-misjudge, misdirect(
误导
)
(C).
表示向背的前缀
:
pro-(
亲，支持
)
pro- Chinese, pro-American
anti-
（阻止，抗）
antiwar, anti- Japanese war
(D).
表示程度、大小的前缀
super-
superstar,supermarket,
superman,
superpower
over-
overhead, overeat, overuse
mini-
minibus, miniskirt, mini-car
under-
underground, underestimate
semi-(
半，部分
)
semicircle, semiskilled,
(E).
表示时间的前缀
pre-
prewar
post-
postwar
fore-(
前，预先
)
foretell,
forecast, foresee,
weather forecast
(F).
表示方位的前缀：
sub-
subway, submarine
inter-
international,
interclass(
年级之间的）
trans-(
横过，通过，超越，进入
)
transplant,
transatlantic
（横渡大西洋的）
常见的后缀
-ment
名词性后缀，表“行为，结果或具体物”
move
v.
移动；搬家
movement
n.
运动，活动
agree
v.
同意
agreement
n.
同意，协议
manage
v.
管理
management
n.
管理
-tion
名词后缀，表动作，性质，状态
1. n.
行动
action
2. n.
污染
pollution
3. n.
人口
population
4. n.
手术
operation
-ty
名词后缀，加在形容词后面
,
表示特性或情况
1. n.
诚实
honesty
2. n.
安全
safety
3. n.
多样；种类；
；变化
variety
4. n
焦虑
anxiety
5. n.
残酷
cruelty
-able,
形容词后缀
有”能够、有某种特性”的意思
1. adj.
舒服的
comfortable
2. adj.
合适的
suitable
3. adj.
时尚的，时髦的
fashionable
4.
adj.
有道理的，合理的，公道的
reasonable
5. adj.
可信赖的，可靠的
v.
信赖
rely
reliable
6. adj.
大量的；可观的
考虑
动词是？
considerable
adj.
大量的，可观的
7. adj.
稳定的
stable
adj.
稳定的
记：
s-
音似“死”；
-table
桌子。一个死的桌子，肯定是很稳定的。
可用的，可得到的
available
adj
可用的，可得到的
-ish
为形容词和名词后缀。
1. adj.
愚蠢的
foolish
2. adj.
自私的
selfish
记忆：一条自私的鱼
3. n.
垃圾
rubbish
4. n.
英语
English
5. adj.
英国的，英国人的
British
-ful
形容词后缀
1. adj.
鲜艳的，多姿多彩的
colourful
2. adj.
高兴的，愉快的
cheerful
delightful
3. adj.
有希望的，有前途的
hopeful
4. adj
有意义的，意味深长的
meaningful
5. adj.
奇妙的，极好的，精彩的
wonderful
1.
动词变名词：
-ation
satisfaction,
education,
realization
-ment
development,
movement,
disappointment
-al
arrival, refusal
-ee
trainee
（受训者）
, employee
-er
teacher, worker
-or
visitor, sailor
wrong-doer
做错事情的人
补充学习
over- :
too much
overcrowded
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
-
动词前缀
enable,
endanger,
enrich
3.
重要后缀
-ment, -ion, -ness, -tion, -ful, -able, -less, -en
等
4.
合成词
For them, playing well and winning are often
life-and-death
affairs.
Down-to-earth
spirit
is
a
necessity.
Sharp
words
from
a
teacher
can
usually
bring
a
day-dreaming
student
down-to-earth.
Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her,
tongue- tied
in
her
presence.
…At
any
rate,
my
love
for
Rachel
remained
without
result.
We
graduated
from
high
school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army.
I was sent
overseas
during the war. For a time we wrote, and
her letters were the
highlight
of those terrible endless years.
词性转换（解释意思）
He is a man with broad
shoulders.
We will
shoulder
the responsibilities at any time.
So when someone has
hurt
you,
calm
yourself first. Take a couple of breaths, and think of something that gives you
p
leasure…Keep
in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean accepting the action of the person who
upsets
you.
Never trouble trouble until
trouble troubles you.
(trouble
词性与意义？
)
[
真题演练
] A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
利用语境及逻辑关系猜词
利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、 解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特
别留心某些词语，
如
or
，< br>that is
，
in other words
，
includin g
，
although
，
but
，
even if
，
on the other hand
，
on the contrary
，
other than
，
rather than
，
more than
，
instead of
等。
利用上下文线索猜测词义
(1)
重述
作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使 用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重
述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开
(
有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号
)
或用信号词引导。常
见的信号词有 ：
or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way
等等。
[
典例
]
In the library, I found my way into the
“
Children's Room.
”
I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books
off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had recently had a
beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.
(2)
举例
作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助 读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：
such
as,
such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially
等。
[
典例
] Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger
or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.
1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a
$$1,750,000 house in London.
2). You can take any of the periodicals
: The World of English, English Learning, or Reader’s
Digest.
(3)
对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。
有时作者 会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。
表示对 比或反义的信号词
/
词组常见的有：
(whether)
．
..or , unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless,
instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand
，
but,
however, although , though
，
while(
然
而
),
rather than, instead of
等标志词。
[
典例
]
If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat
group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
73
．
The underlined word
“
upbeat
”
in the second paragraph probably means
“
________
”
.
A
．
cheerful
B
．
average
C
．
serious
D
．
temporary
举例：
He had been getting better, However , during the night his condition deteriorated.