猜测词义题型阅读解题技巧(技巧总结)
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2021年01月29日 22:55
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猜测词义题型阅读解题技巧
题型介绍
< br>高考大纲要求考生能
“
根据上下文推断生词的词义
”
。
词义猜 测题一般占阅读理解总题
量的
10%
左右。所猜词汇可以是生词，也可以是熟词新义， 还可以是人称代词的指代内容。
常见提问方式
The underlined word “______”in the passage means ______.
What does “_______” in the third paragraph stand for?
The word/phrase “________” most near
ly means ______.
The word/phrase “______” could best be replaced by ______.
The word/phrase “______” in Line…, Para …refers to______.
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase/word/sentence “________”?
What’s the meaning of “______” in Line …, Para …?
The underlined sentence in the first /second... paragraph probably means that ________.
正确选项的特点
1.
对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将它代入回原文，则符合逻辑，使文章通顺易懂。
2.
对于未超纲的词或短语的正确解释，往往是熟词新义，是根据上下文推测的一个特定场< br>合的含义。
干扰项的特点
1.
字面意思：对于熟悉的词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常规含义。
2 .
无关意思：除了字面意思，出题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其它意思来干扰考生，但只要将
此意 思带入原文，不符合逻辑就能够排除。
解题思路
1.
返回原文，结合上下文，理解该词的意思。
2.
搜索时应注意同位语、特 殊标点、定语从句、
（表示上下文之间的逻辑关系）关键提示词
及前后缀，特别注意找出其中和 生词处于同一位置的词去推测。
特别提示：
1.
不管这个词多超纲
,
根据上下文都能得出其意思。
2.
不管这个词多熟悉
,
都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。
解题技巧
构词法
派生词：通过分析派生词，猜测划线单词的意思。
Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoy’s
War and Peace
, is more than once described as having “fat
little
hands”. Nor does he “sit
well
or
firmly
on
the
horse”. He
is
said
to
be
“
undersized
”
with
“short legs” and a “round stomach”.
undersized=under (
低于
) +size (
尺寸、
大小
)
，通过构词法可知以
-ed
结尾 的派生词可作形容
词
(
如
three-legged
三只脚的
)
，
再结合后面的
short legs (
短腿
)
，
可猜出
undersized
意为
“
身
材矮小的
”
。
Overwork may cause diseases.
前缀
over-
的意思是“
过分的，过量的
”
，故
overwork
的意思应为
“
工作过度
”
。
There was a dissatisfied
look in the manager’s eyes.
satisfied
的意思是
“
满意的
”
，
前缀
dis-
的意思是
“
不
”
，
故
dissatisfied
的意思应该是
“
不满意的
”
。
合成法：指由两个或两个以上单词组合成一个新词。通常情 况下，合成词的词义为组成词
的词义之和。
He never wore ready-made clothes.
ready-made
由
ready和
made
加连字符合成一个词，
该词在
clothes
前，< br>可知其词性为形容词，
结合各个词的本意：
ready“
准备就绪的
”
，
made“
做好的
”
，
可知句中的
ready- made
是
“
现成的、
做好的
”
的意思。
转化法：指单词的词形不改变，只通过词性的改变来使单词具有新的意义和作用。 而这种
单词叫转化词。
Great
cultural
changes
led
to
more
open
communication
and
a
more
democratic
process
that
encourages everyone to have a say.
say
一般作动词，意为“
说、表达
”
。观察句子，
say
前面带
a
， 表示
say
在此转化为名词，意
为
“
发言权、决定权
”。
语境法
利用释义词
(
句
)
、举例或同位语：
同位语是对 所修饰词语的进一步说明和解释，
若对所修饰的词语不熟悉，
可通过其后同位语
的“
说明或解释
”
来确定其词义。表示释义或举例词语的信息词有
for
example,
for
instance,
such as, in other words, that is to say, namely, or, also known as, to put it differently, refer to
等，
符号则有
e.g. (
举例
)
、
i.e. (
也就是
)
。
In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.
利用生词后面的同位语
an endangered wild cat
，可知
ocelot
是一种猫。
Yes, that is the Tai Mahal, one of the most famous buildings in the world. (
全国卷
)
由后面的同位语的解释我们清楚地知道
Tai Mahal
就是一座著名的建筑物。
A linguist is a person who studies the science of language.
< br>Linguist
就是一个
“
研究语言科学的人
”
，即
“
语言学家
”
。
They described him as a loon, or a mad man.
句中的
or
是对
loon
的解释，即
loon
与
a mad man
同义，即表示
“
疯子
”
。
It will be very hard but also very brittle, that is, it will break easily.
句中的
that is
表明
it will break easily
是对
brittle
的解释，
从而猜测 出其意为
“
易碎的
”
。
“
脆的
”
In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, battle site, theatre and other public halls.
因为
mansion
与
“
战场遗址
”
、
“
剧院
”
、
“
其它公众厅
”
并列，所 以
mansion
也应该属于建筑物
或场所。
利用对比、
类比或转折词
表示对比、
类比或转折的常见信息词有
but, yet, however, while, unlike, in contrast, on the other
hand, on the contrary, despite, in spite of, instead, rather than, though
等，
有时也用破折号或冒号
等符号。
Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it.
由
but
可知
genius
是与fool(
蠢才
)
相对的，由此推测其意为
“
有才能的人
”
、
“
天才
”
。
He had been getting better, but during the night his condition deteriorated.
句中的
but
表明
deteriorate
应该与
get better
的意思相反，即
“
恶化
”
。
In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth.
上文说两个经济上的极端，那么下文中
penury
应与
great wealth
相对，即表示
“
贫困
”
。
Mrs. Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type.
while
表对比，意为
“
而
”
，所以
loquacious
应是
silent
的反义，即
“多嘴的
”
。
If you agree, draw a circle; and a cross if you dissent.
既然画圈表示同意，画 叉便是
“
不同意
”(dissent)
。
利用因果关系
表示因果关系的信息词有
because, as, since, for, thus, so, so
such… that, hence, therefore, as a
result
等。
That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
既然一天之内看不完所有的展品，那么
immense
的意思应该是
“
很大
”
了。
Everyone agreed that the woman in the photo was gorgeous. It was easy to see why she had won
the beauty contest.
既然
“
她在选美比赛中获胜
”
，说明她
“
很美丽
”(gorgeous)
。
利用上下文
(
结合生活常识、背景知识）
猜测词义题在考查熟词新 义以及代词指代内容时往往需要综合考虑上下文，
有时也需要结合
常识和背景知识。
It’s said that B
ill Gates is the most affluent person in the world.
根据常识，
Bill Gates
为世界首富，所以
affluent
可能是
“
富有的
”
。
As a scientist, Edison is very famous for his contrivances.
根据常识，
Edison
为发明大王，他应因
“
发明
”
而闻名于世。
The snake slithered through the grass.
根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出
sl ither
的词义为
“
爬行
”
。
真题再现
1.
What does “hands
-on-
science” mean in the last paragraph?
A. Science games designed by kids.
B. Learning science by doing things.
C. A show of kids’ science work.
D. Reading science books.
Try hands-on-science. Visit one of the many hands-on-science
museums
around the country. These
science
play-lands
are great
fun
for
kids and grown-ups alike
.
do the words “the follower” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A bee.
B. A bird.
C. A honey seeker.
D. A beekeeper.
Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from
time to time for
the curious
animal or person
as it
leads them
to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower
reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.
does the word “It” underlined in Paragraph 4 refer to?
A. The boat.
B. The wind.
C. The sail.
D. The angle.
In this case, you must keep
the sail
half way outside the boat;
it
should be at a 45 degree angle to
the boat. It needs to be out eno
ugh to catch the wind, but it shouldn’t flap (
摆动
).
do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A painting of the skeleton (
骨骼
).
C. A copy of the skeleton.
B. A photograph of Lucy.
D. A written record of Lucy.
The Lucy on
exhibition
at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica
while
the real remains
are usually locked in a secret storeroom.
humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness
happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(
夜间活动的
)
species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's
light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal
beings.
Yet
it's
the
only
way
to
explain
what
we’ve
done
to
the
night
:
We've
engineered
it
to
receive us by filling
it
with light.
What does “it” (Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?
A. The night.
B. The moon.
C. The sky.
D. The planet.
didn’t.
From
day
two
(everyone
wanted
to
walk
the
cute
puppy
that
first
day),
neither
thought to walk the dog. While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her
shots, to schedule her vet appointments, to feed and clean her, Misty knew this on day one. As she
looked up at the three new humans in her life (small, medium, and large), she calculated, “
The
medium one is the sucker in the pack.”